Explanation of Pressure Effect for High Temperature Superconductors Using Pressure Dependent Schrodinger Equation and String Theory

A pressure dependent Schrodinger equation is used to find the conditions that lead to superconductivity. When no pressure is exerted, the superconductor resistance vanishes beyond a critical temperature related to the repulsive force potential of the electron gass, where one assuming the electron total energy to be thermal, where applying mechanical pressure destroys Sc when it exceeds a certain critical value. However when the electron total energy is an assumed to be that of the free electron model and that the pressure is thermal and mechanical, the situation is different. The quantum expression for resistance shows that the increase of mechanical pressure increases the critical temperature. Such phenomenon is observed in high temperature cupper group.

An integrated machine learning model for accurate and robust prediction of superconducting critical temperature

Discovering new superconductors via traditional trial-and-error experimental approaches is apparently a time-consuming process,and the correlations between the critical temperature(Tc) and material features are still obscure.The rise of machine learning(ML) technology provides new opportunities to speed up inefficient exploration processes,and could potentially uncover new hints on the unclear correlations.In this work,we utilize open-source materials data,ML models,and data mining methods to explore the correlation between the chemical features and Tcvalues of superconducting materials.To further improve the prediction accuracy,a new model is created by integrating three basic algorithms,showing an enhanced accuracy with the coefficient of determination(R2) score of 95.9 % and root mean square error(RMSE) of 6.3 K.The average marginal contributions of material features towards Tcvalues are estimated to determine the importance of various features during prediction processes.The results suggest that the range thermal conductivity plays a critical role in Tcprediction among all element features.Furthermore,the integrated ML model is utilized to screen out potential twenty superconducting materials with Tcvalues beyond 50.0 K.This study provides insights towards Tcprediction to accelerate the exploration of potential high-Tcsuperconductors.

Violating of the Essam-Fisher and Rushbrooke Relationships at Low Temperatures

The Essam-Fisher and Rushbrooke relationships (1963) that connect the equilibrium critical exponents of susceptibility, specific heat and order parameter (and some other relations that follow from the scaling hypothesis) are shown to be valid only if the critical temperature TС > 0 and T → TC. For phase transitions (PT’s) with TC = 0 K these relations are proved to be of different form. This fact has been actually observed experimentally, but the reasons were not quite clear. A general formula containing the classical results as a special case is proposed. This formula is applicable to all equilibrium PT’s of any space dimension for both TC = 0 and TC > 0. The predictions of the theory are consistent with the available experimental data and do not cast any doubts upon the scaling hypothesis.

Summary of the First Generation High Temperature Superconducting Wire: Processing, Characterization and Applications

Silver-clad （Bi,Pb）2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10＋x long wires produced by powder-in-tube techniques, which have been recognized as the first generation of the High Temperature Superconducting （HTS） wires, are expected to apply widely especially in strong current applications. In this work, the processing, characterization and application of the silver-clad （Bi,Pb）2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ol0＋x HTS wires are summarized. The HTS wires are fabricated using the combination of powder-in-tube technique, and the resulting wires are fully characterized by the means of chemical analyses, microstructural observation, electrical and magnetic measurements. The relationship among fabrication parameters, chemical and microstructural characteristics, and electrical and magnetic properties are analyzed. Applications of the HTS wires have also been introduced according to their strong current behaviors with various prototype devices made.

Band Structure of New ReFeAsO Superconductors

We investigate the band structure of Fe-based superconductors using the first-principle method of density-functional theory. We calculated the band structure and the density of states at the Fermi level for ReFeAsO (Re = Sm, Er) superconductors. Our calculations indicate that the maximum critical superconducting transition temperature Tc will be observed for compounds with Sm and Er at 55 and 46 K, respectively.

High Temperature Superconductivity in the Past Twenty Years Part 2——Towards to Practical Applications

After discovering high temperature superconducting materials 20 years ago, the preparation of applicable HTS materials has been pursued along with HTS mechanism and characteristic study. At present, the focus on the applied HTS technology has been moving to the industrial preparations from the laboratory research stage, and the technology has been well verified for practical applications from small to large scales. The fabrication techniques of engineering HTS materials are being industrialized; and various HTS devices are also on the way towards practical applications. This paper provides a comprehensive summary on the applied high temperature superconductivity with regard to various applicable HTS materials, their preparation techniques and charac- terization, and applications in a wide range.

X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH T_c SUPERCONDUCTOR YBa_2 Cu_3 O_(7-x)

The XPS spectra of superconducting(123-orthorhombic structure)and non-superconducting (123-tetragonal structure)YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-x)ceramics were obtained at room temperature and 130 K with RIBER LAS 3000 surface analysis system,in which a sample cooling stage and a surface cleaning scraper,both made by the authors,were installed.No evidence of Cu^(3+)was found.The O 1s shows double lines.They are attributed to O1 and O4 with higher binding en- ergy and to O2 and O3 with lower binding energy respectively,and it was confirmed by cal- culation of SW-X_α method.The differences and changes in valence states of Y,Ba,Cu and O in both samples were discussed.

An Inquiry into Two Intriguing Values of the Critical Current Density of Bi-2212

The empirically reported values of the critical current density (jc) of Bi-2212 as 2.4 × 105 (jc1;Sample 1) and 1.0 × 106 A/cm2 (jc2;Sample 2) are intriguing because both of them correspond to the same values of the temperature T = 4.2 K and the applied magnetic field H = 12 × 104 G. This difference is conventionally attributed to such factors—not all of which are quantifiable—as the geometry, dimensions and the nature of dopants and the manners of preparation of the samples which cause their granular structures, grain boundaries, alignment of the grains and so on to differ. Based on the premise that the chemical potential μ subsumes most of these features, given herein is a novel explanation of the said results in terms of the values of μ of the two samples. This paper revisits the problem that was originally addressed in [Malik G.P., Varma V.S. (2020) WJCMP, 10, 53-70] in the more accurate framework of a subsequent paper [Malik G.P., Varma V.S. (2021) JSNM, 34, 1551-1561]. Besides, it distinguishes between the contributions of the electro-electron (e-e) and the hole-hole (h-h) pairs to jc—a feature to which no heed was paid earlier. The essence of our findings is that the jcs of the two samples differ because they are characterized by different values of the primary variables μi and , where is the effective mass of a charge-carrier and me is the free-electron mass and i = 1 and 2 denote Sample 1 and Sample 2, respectively. In the scenario of the charge-carriers being predominantly h-h pairs, the values of these parameters are estimated to be: μ1 ≈ 12.3 meV, η1 ≈ 0.58;μ2 ≈ 22.7 meV, η2 ≈ 0.94. Following from these and similar estimates when the charge-carriers are e-e pairs, given below for each sample are the detailed results for the values of the secondary variables viz. the number density of the charge-carriers and their critical velocity, the number of occupied Landau levels and the magnetic interaction parameter.

Manipulating the Phase Transition Behavior of Dual Temperature-Responsive Block Copolymers by Adjusting Composition and Sequence

Temperature-responsive polymers have garnered significant attention due to their ability to respond to external stimuli.In this work,dual temperature-responsive block copolymers are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization(RAFT)polymerization utilizing zwitterionic monomer methacryloyl ethyl sulfobetaine(SBMA) and N-isopropyl acrylamide(NIPAAm) as monomers.The thermal responsive behaviors can be easily modulated by incorporating additional hydrophobic monomer benzyl acrylate(BN) or hydrophilic monomer acrylic acid(AA),adjusting concentration or pH,or varying the degree of polymerization of the block chain segments.The cloud points of the copolymers are determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry,and these copolymers exhibit both controlled upper and lower critical solu bility temperatures(LCST and UCST) in aqueous solution.This study analyzes and summarizes the influencing factors of dual temperature responsive block copolymers by exploring the effects of various conditions on the phase transition temperature of temperature-sensitive polymers to explore the relationship between their properties and environment and structure to make them more selective in terms of temperature application range and regulation laws.It is very interesting that the introduction of poly-acrylic acid(PAA) segments in the middle of di-block copolymer PSBMA_(55)-b-PNIPAAm_(80) to form PSBMA_(55)-b-PAA_(x)-b-PNIPAAm_(80) results in a reversal of temperature-responsive behaviors from 'U'(LCST UCST) type,while the copolymer PSBMA_(55)-b-P(NIPAAm_(80)-co-AA_(x)) not.This work provides a clue for tuning the phase transition behavior of polymers for manufacture of extreme smart materials.

Crystal structure graph neural networks for high-performance superconducting critical temperature prediction

The utilization of machine learning methods to predict the superconducting critical temperature(T_(c))traditionally necessitates manually constructing elemental features,which challenges both the provision of meaningful chemical insights and the accuracy of predictions.In this work,we introduced crystal structure graph neural networks to extract structure-based features for T_(c)prediction.Our results indicated that these structure-based models outperformed all previously reported models,achieving an impressive coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.962 and a root mean square error(RMSE)of 6.192 K.From the existing Inorganic Crystal Structure Database(ICSD),our model successfully identified 76 potential high-temperature superconducting compounds with T_(c)≥77 K.Among these,Tl_(5)Ba_(6)Ca_(6)Cu_(9)O_(29)and TlYBa_(2)Cu_(2)O_(7)exhibit remarkably high T_(c)values of 108.4 and 101.8 K,respectively.This work provides a perspective on the structure-property relationship for reliable T_(c)prediction.

Phase Evolution Study and Optimization of the Heat Treatment Process for High Current Capacity Bi-2223 Tapes

Powder in tube process（PIT） was adopted for the fabrication of single filament Bi-2223 tapes, and a heat treatment process including the first heat treatment（HT1）, intermediate rolling（IR）, and second heat treatment（HT2） was performed. The phase evolution mechanism and microstructure changes during these heat treatment processes were systematically discussed. The influences of HT1 parameters on the phase evolution process of Bi-2223 tapes were discussed. With the optimized HT1 process, a proper Bi-2223 content of about 90% was achieved. HT2 process was also optimized by adding a post annealing process. An obvious increase of current capacity was obtained due to the enhancement of intergrain connections. Single filament Bi-2223 tapes with the critical current of Ic-90 A were fabricated with the optimized sintering process.

Exploring FeSe-based superconductors by liquid ammonia method

（Received 8 June 2013） Our recent progress on the preparation of a series of new FeSe-based superconductors and the clarification of SC phases in potassium-intercalated iron selenides are reviewed here. By the liquid ammonia method, metals Li, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Yb are intercalated in between FeSe layers and form superconductors with transition temperatures of 30 K^46 K, which cannot be obtained by high-temperature routes. In the potassium-intercalated iron selenides, we demonstrate that at least two SC phases exist, KxFe2Se2（NH3）y （x 0.3 and 0.6）, determined mainly by the concentration of potassium. NH3 has little, if any, effect on superconductivity, but plays an important role in stabilizing the structures. All these results provide a new starting point for studying the intrinsic properties of this family of superconductors, especially for their particular electronic structures.

Preparation of Y_(1-x)Ho_xBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) Superconductive Thin Films

Y_(1-x)Ho_xBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)(0<x<1) sinsle crystal thin films oriented with the caxis perpendicular to the sur-face were grown by DC magnetron sputtering technique. Target was pieced together with half of YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)(YBCO) and half of HoBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)(HBCO) superconducting materials. As the distance between HBCO targetmaterial and substrate is varied , the Ho content in material is changed respectively. When the content of Ho is0. 7 (atom ratio) , the T_c>83K.

NiFe alloy particles doping effect of Gd-Ba-Cu-O bulks processed by a new cold-seeding technology

The process of cold seeding melt growth of GdBa2Cu3Oy （Gd123） bulk superconductors using NdBa2Cu3Oy （Nd123） thin films was reported. In addition, a novel cold seeding concept of combining MgO crystal and buffer pellet was also introduced. The misorientation caused by the lattice mismatch between MgO and Gd123 melt was overcome by choosing suitable heat treatment program and Gd2BaCuO5 （Gd211） content of the buffer pellet. The doping effect of soft ferromagnetic NiFe alloy particles was also reported. The bulk sample with 0.4% （mole fraction） doping amount shows the best performance on the flux trapping. The critical current density is largely enhanced under the external field of 1-2 T, which is promising for large-scale applications. This effect is originated from the substitution of Fe and Ni ions for the Cu sites contributing to magnetic flux pinning.

Tunnelling cooling by a normal-vacuum- superconductor junction

The possibility of cooling a system from liquid helium temperature, 4.2 K, using a tunnel junction refrigerator is analysed. Calculations show that the device can be used over a wide temperature range from 4 K down to well below 1 mK with necessary cooling power. However, several serious difficulties must be overcome before the method can be used in low temperature laboratories.

Optimizing the Preparation Conditions of Bi-2223 Superconducting Phase Using PbO and PbO₂

In this work, superconducting samples of type (Bi1.8Pb0.4)Sr1.9Ca2.1Cu3O10+δ were prepared, with Pb0.4 composed of Pb0.2 2+ and Pb0.24+ , at different sintering temperatures ranging from 835℃to 855℃. The prepared samples were characterized using x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). The superconducting properties were investigated using electrical resistivity and transport critical current density. Our results showed that the sample prepared at sintering temperature 845?C has the optimum value of superconducting transition temperature Tc and transport critical current density Jc.

温敏型纳米复合材料的研制及驱油性能研究

为提高纳米流体驱对油藏的适用性,满足高效开采的需求,设计了一种对温度能动态响应的纳米材料。将温敏性单体异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAm)和亲水单体衣康酸(IA)接枝在纳米SiO_(2)表面制备了温敏型纳米复合材料NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)。通过红外光谱、动态光扫射等表征手段研究了NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)的化学结构、热稳定性、形貌及粒径。结果表明,NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)具有良好的分散性和热稳定性(初始分解温度为310℃),中值粒径为264 nm。当环境温度低于低临界溶液温度(LCST)时,NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)呈现亲水性。温敏型纳米流体的润湿作用使岩石表面亲水性增强、毛细管力增大,NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)提高采收率主要是通过渗吸作用完成;当温度高于LCST时,NIPAm/IA/SiO_(2)呈现两亲性,此时岩石表面趋于中性润湿,从而提高了油水两相的流动性,使孔喉中的油更容易被注入流体驱替。

基于相关系数法的煤自燃危险性关联分析及预测

为缩短煤自燃倾向性的鉴定时间,首先利用工业分析仪及程序升温试验装置,测得各煤样煤质指标值及不同温度下煤自燃指标气体含量,并通过CO体积分数确定各煤样低温氧化临界温度点;然后再通过Arrhenius公式拟合得出温度与耗氧速率间的方程,并求解出各煤样临界温度前后不同阶段的表观活化能,通过Pearson相关系数法进行煤质指标值与煤样临界温度前后表观活化能之间的关联分析,并计算其相关系数;最后选取相关系数最大的煤质指标值,建立用于计算煤样表观活化能的多元线性回归模型,分析并预测煤自燃危险性。结果表明:煤质指标中不同成分与临界温度前后表观活化能间的相关系数有较大差异,其中挥发分与临界温度前后表观活化能的负相关系数最大,分别为-0.893和-0.977,燃料比与临界温度前后表观活化能的正相关系数最大,分别为0.956和0.968。所建立的多元线性回归模型,其拟合度可达0.9125和0.9330。

低变质程度煤层自然发火标志气体预警值和临界值确定

低变质程度煤层中具有较多活性基团,活性基团使煤层具有低温氧化特性,煤矿生产过程中,低变质程度煤层采煤工作面回风隅角CO体积浓度较高。为确定低变质程度煤层自然发火标志气体预警值和临界值,建立了采空区内部温度分布和回风隅角CO体积浓度预测数学模型,以122109工作面为例,利用该模型进行了测试。结果表明:回风隅角自然发火标志气体CO的预警值和临界值分别为94.4×10^(-6)、346.2×10^(-6),根据测试结果建立了煤层自然发火分级预警指标。通过案例测试表明,以采空区内部温度分布为基础的回风隅角CO体积浓度预测模型能很好地应用于低变质程度煤层。

Synthesis of a Kind of Temperature-responsive Cell Culture Surface for Corneal Sheet

In this study, acrylic acid （AA） and 4-azidoaniline were used to modify poly （N-isopropylacrylamide） （NIPAAm） in order to fabricate temperature-responsive surface for corneal epithelia cell adhesion and detachment. First, NIPAAm was copolymerized with acrylic acid. Then, the copolymer was coupled with azidoaniline to synthesize AzPhPIA, derivative of p（NIPAAm-co-AA）, which possesses both thermo- and photo-sensitivities. Second, the synthesized copolymer was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）, Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） and a CHN analyzer. The thermo-sensitivity was characterized by temperature reducing experiment, contact angle measurement and low critical solution temperature （LCST） testing. Third, the derivatized copolymer was immobilized by photolithography on a polystyrene plate, and then the surface characterization of AzPhPIA-coated polystyrene plate （PSt） was measured by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis （ESCA）. The thermo-sensitivity and cytocompatibility of the AzPhPIA-coated PSt were investigated by corneal epithelial cells culture. The results revealed that the AzPhPIA-coated PSt exhibited good cytocompatibility and cell detachability when temperature decreased.