SimET: An open-source tool for estimating crop evapotranspiration and soil water balance for plants with multiple growth cycles

Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many deficiencies, including complex operation, limited scalability, lack of batch processing, and a single ETc model. Here we present simET, an open-source software package written in the R programming language. Many concepts involved in crop ETc simulation are condensed into functions in the package. It includes three widely used crop ETc models built on these functions: the single-crop coefficient,double-crop coefficient, and Shuttleworth–Wallace models, along with tools for preparing model data and comparing estimates. SimET supports ETc simulation in crops with repeated growth cycles such as alfalfa, a perennial forage crop that is cut multiple times annually.

Spatial variation of reference crop evapotranspiration on Tibetan Plateau

This study is based on meteorological observation data collected at 38 weather stations on the Tibetan Plateau over several decades. Daily reference crop evapotranspiration （ETo） was calculated with the FAO-56 standard Penman-Monteith formula. A test of normality was performed with Statistica 6.0 software, isotropic and anisotropic semi-variogram analysis was conducted with the GS＋ （geostatistics for the environmental sciences） system for Windows 7.0, and the characteristics of spatial variation of daily ETo were obtained. The following results can be obtained Daily ETo for different periods on the Tibetan Plateau are distributed normally; Except for daily ETo in the E-W （east-west） direction in the summer, which showed a slight negative correlation with distance change, the Moran＇s indexes of daily ETo for different periods in all directions on the Tibetan Plateau within a 100-km distance were positive, demonstrating a positive correlation with distance change; Variograms of daily ETo in June, the dry season, the wet season, as well as annual average daily ETo fit well with the Gaussian model; A variogram of daily ETo in December fit well with the exponential model; Variograms of daily ETo for the four seasons fit well with the linear With sill model.

Tomato and cowpea crop evapotranspiration in an unheated greenhouse

With the development of protected cultivation of vegetables in China, it is necessary to study the water requirements of crops in greenhouses. Lysimeter experiments were carried out to investigate tomato （2001） and cowpea （2004） crop evapotranspiration （ETc） in an unheated greenhouse in Eastern China. Results showed remarkably reduced crop evapotranspiration inside the greenhouse as compared with that outside. ETc increased with the growth of the crops, and varied in accordance with the temperature inside the greenhouse and 20-cm pan evaporation outside, reaching its maximum value at the stage when plants’ growth was most active. Differences between the variation of crop evapotranspiration and pan evaporation inside the greenhouse were caused by shading of the pan in the later period when the crops were taller than the location where the pan was installed, 70 cm above ground. The ratio of crop evapotranspiration to pan evaporation was not constant as reported in previous studies, and the variation of the inside ratio αin lagged behind that of the outside ratio αout. Simulation of crop evapotranspiration based on 20-cm pan evaporation inside the greenhouse is more reasonable than that based on 20-cm pan evaporation outside, although pan evaporation outside is more consistent with ETc than that inside. The value of αin, calculated based on air temperature, relative humidity, and ground temperature inside, plays a dominant role in the calculation of ETc. As the crop height increases, altering the location of the inside pan and placing it above the canopy, out of the shade, would help to achieve more reasonable values of crop evapotranspiration.

Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin, Central Asia

High water consumption and inefficient irrigation management in the agriculture sector of the middle and lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin(ADRB)have significantly influenced the gradual shrinking of the Aral Sea and its ecosystem.In this study,we investigated the crop water consumption in the growing seasons and the irrigation water requirement for different crop types in the lower ADRB during 2004–2017.We applied the FAO Penman–Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily climatic data collected from four meteorological stations.Crop evapotranspiration(ETc)of specific crop types was calculated by the crop coefficient.Then,we analyzed the net irrigation requirement(NIR)based on the effective precipitation with crop water requirements.The results indicated that the lowest monthly ET0 values in the lower ADRB were found in December(18.2 mm)and January(16.0 mm),and the highest monthly ET0 values were found in June and July,with similar values of 211.6 mm.The annual ETc reached to 887.2,1002.1,and 492.0 mm for cotton,rice,and wheat,respectively.The average regional NIR ranged from 514.9 to 715.0 mm in the 10 Irrigation System Management Organizations(UISs)in the study area,while the total required irrigation volume for the whole region ranged from 4.2×109 to 11.6×109 m3 during 2004–2017.The percentages of NIR in SIW(surface irrigation water)ranged from 46.4%to 65.2%during the study period,with the exceptions of the drought years of 2008 and 2011,in which there was a significantly less runoff in the Amu Darya River.This study provides an overview for local water authorities to achieve optimal regional water allocation in the study area.

Changes and determining factors of crop evapotranspiration derived from satellite-based dual crop coefficients in North China Plain

Evaluating actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) variations and their determining factors under changing climates is crucial for agricultural irrigation management and crop productivity improvement in nonhumid regions.This study analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics and detected the determining factors of ETfor winter wheat and summer maize rotation system from 2000 to 2017 in the North China Plain(NCP),by combining the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach with remotely sensed vegetation indices(VIs).The results indicated that daily air temperature increased in varying degrees while wind speed and sunshine hours decreased slightly during the growing season of winter wheat and summer maize over the study period.The trends of relative humidity and effective precipitation varied in crop growing seasons.Based on the validated relationship of dual crop coefficients and VIs,the estimated multi-year average ETof winter wheat(370.29±31.28 mm) was much higher than summer maize(281.85±20.14 mm),and the rotation cycle was 652.43±27.67 mm.Annual ETof winter wheat and the rotation cycle increased by 2.96 mm aand 1,77 mm a,respectively.However,the ETof summer maize decreased with distinct spatial variation.Spatially,winter wheat ETincreased significantly in the northeast NCP,covering the Beijing-Tianiin-Hebei areas.Meanwhile,significant increases in summer maize ETwere detected in the southwest NCP.The sensitivity and contribution analysis showed that ETof winter wheat and summer maize was positively sensitive to temperature,wind speed,and sunshine hours while negatively to relative humidity.Moreover,wind speed and sunshine hours contributed most to changes in ET(around 20%-40%).

Application of geodetector in sensitivity analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration spatial changes in Northwest China

Reference crop evapotranspiration(ET0)is an important parameter in the research of farmland irrigation management,crop water demand estimation and water balance in scarce data areas,therefore,it is very important to study the factors affecting the spatial variation of ET0.In this paper,the Penman-Monteith formula was used to calculate ET0 which is the dependent variable of elevation(Elev),daily maximum temperature(T_(max)),daily minimum temperature(Tmin),daily average temperature(T_(mean)),wind speed(U_(2)),sunshine duration(SD)and relative humidity(RH).The sensitivity analysis of ET0 was performed using a Geodetector method based on spatial stratified heterogeneity.The applicability of Geodetector in sensitivity analysis of ET0 was verified by comparing it with existing research results.Results show that RH,Tmax,SD,and Tmean are the main factors affecting ET0 in Northwest China,and RH has the best explanatory power for the spatial distribu‐tion of ET0.Geodetector has a unique advantage in sensitivity analysis,because it can analyze the synergistic effect of two factors on the change of ET0.The interactive detector of Geodetector revealed that the synergistic effect of RH and Tmean on ET0 is very significant,and can explain 89%of the spatial variation of ET0.This research provides a new method for sensitivity analysis of ET0 changes.

Comparison of Calculation Methods for Potential Reference Crop Evapotranspiration ET_0 in North Xinjiang

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) is a critical part in water cycle and water balance of ecosystem, which is greatly important to effective utilization of agricultural water resources and for making reasonable irrigation system. In order to propose a suitable method for computing ET_0 in North Xinjiang, based on daily meteorological data from May 1 to September30, 2010 provided by Weather Station of Fuhai County, we used FAO56 Penman-Monteith as the standard formula to compute ET_0, compared the differences and relations between such the method and other 4 calculation formulas, and analyzed the cause of the deviation, finally evaluated the applicability of computational method in North Xinjiang. The results showed that the calculation results by FA056 PM Method was approximate to that by FAO Penman method and IA method, of which the relative error was 9.26% and 13.51% respectively, the ET_0 results calculated by PT method and HS method were generally greater than the results by FAO56 PM, and their deviation was very obvious.

Climate change and its effect on reference crop evapotranspiration in central and western Inner Mongolia during 1961-2009

Water resource is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in central and western Inner Mongolia, where are characteristic by arid and semi-arid climate. Reference crop evapotranspiration （ETo） is an important part of water cycle in agricultural ecosystem, which has a direct effect on crop growth and yield. The implications of climate change on ETo are of high importance for agriculture regarding water management and irrigation scheduling. The aim of this study was to analyze the variations in climate and its effect on ETo in central and western Inner Mongolia over the period 1961 to 2009 For this purpose, data in ten meteorological stations across study area were collected and the FAO Penman-Monteith 56 method was used. Results showed that the average temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature increased by 0.49~C, 0.31~C and 0.70~C per decade during 1961-2009, respectively. In comparison, the daily temperature range decreased by 0.38~C per decade. The air relative humidity, sunshine hour, and 10-m wind speed decreased generally by 0.58%, 40.11 h, and 0.35 rrds per decade, respectively. Annual mean ETo decreased significantly at a rate of 12.2 mm per decade over the periods, this was mainly due to the decrease in wind speed in the study area. The decrease in wind speed may balance the effect of the increase in air temperature on ETo. Variations in spatial distribution of ETo and its main controlling factor were also detected among ten stations. Our results suggested that spatial and temporal distribution of ETo should be considered regarding the optimization of water resource management for agriculture in central and western Inner Mongolia under foreseen climate change.

Application and evaluation of Stanghellini model in the determination of crop evapotranspiration in a naturally ventilated greenhouse

Stanghellini model is one of the few models primarily developed to predict the evapotranspiration of crops(ET_(c))in naturally ventilated greenhouses.However,there are insufficient data on the model regarding its use,particularly in China where solar greenhouses without heating systems are fast spreading for vegetable growth and production.The application of Stanghellini model and the evaluation of its performance using meteorological and tomato plant data generated inside an unheated and naturally ventilated multi-span Venlo-type greenhouse is exploited in this study.Model capability was evaluated by utilizing data from sap flow measurements,meteorological and crop data.Measured meteorological data included solar radiation(R_(s)),air temperature(T_(a)),relative humidity(RH)and net radiation(Rn).Average leaf area index(LAI)values measured during the experimental period were 1.00,3.30,4.05 and 2.93;while determined crop coefficients(K_(c))changed from 0.40,0.62,1.12 to 0.83 for the initial stage,development stage,mid-season stage and late-season stage,respectively.Results from the study indicated that the average hourly ET_(c) values of tomato plants using sap flow measurements were 0.165 mm/h,0.148 mm/h,0.192 mm/h and 0.154 mm/h for the initial stage,development stage,mid-season stage and late-season stage,respectively.Meanwhile,the ET_(c) values obtained from calculation using Stanghellini model were 0.158 mm/h,0.152 mm/h,0.202 mm/h and 0.162 mm/h for the initial stage,development stage,mid-season stage and late-season stage,respectively.These ET_(c) values calculated by the Stanghellini model were close to the measured values within the same period.The coefficients of correlation(R^(2))based on hourly ET_(c) for the calibration data was 0.94 and that of the validation dataset was 0.90.Scatter plots of the estimated and measured hourly ET_(c) revealed that the R^(2) and the slope of the regression line for May,June and July were 0.94,0.90,0.96 and 1.15,0.97,1.10 respectively.These data were well represented around the 1:1 regression line.A model sensitivity analysis carried out illustrates how the changes in R_(s) and T_(a) affect greenhouse ET_(c).Stanghellini model was therefore proven to be suitable for ET_(c) estimation with acceptable accuracy in unheated and naturally ventilated greenhouses in the Northeast region of China.

Agricultural Load Modeling Based on Crop Evapotranspiration and Light Integration for Economic Operation of Greenhouse Power Systems

The threat of environmental degradation attracts great attention to clean energy production and transportation.However,the limited scope of energy consumption causes the large-scale of clean energy sources to be abandoned in Sichuan province.In the meantime,the development of modern greenhouse cultivation has transformed the agriculture industry to develop a brand-new type of electrical load in the grid.Consequently,the agricultural load can be used to consume the clean energy while facilitating plant growth.In this paper,an innovative agricultural load model is proposed based on crop evapotranspiration and daily light integration.Furthermore,the proposed agricultural load model is also applied to investigate the electricity consumption of five types of crop planting.The results illustrate that the power consumption is primarily driven by an artificial lighting compensation system.

Ecohydrologic modeling of crop evapotranspiration in wheat(Triticum-aestivum)at sub-temperate and sub-humid region of India

Efficient water management of crop requires accurate irrigation scheduling which,in turn,requires the accurate measurement of crop water requirement.Reference evapotranspiration plays an important role for the determination of water requirements for crops and irrigation scheduling.Various models/approaches varying from empirical to physically base distributed are available for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration.This study identified most suitable reference evapotranspiration model for sub-temperate,sub humid agro-climatic condition using climatic and lysimeter data.The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)recommended crop coefficient values are modified for the local agro-climatic conditions.The field experiment was conducted in sub-temperate and sub-humid agro-climate of Solan,Himachal Pradesh,India.Actual crop evapotranspiration for different crop growth stages of wheat(Triticum-aestivum)has been obtained from water balance studies using lysimeter set-up.Field observed and computed individual-stage wise crop evapotranspiration values are compared,to identify the most suitable reference evapotranspiration model for computing crop evapotranspiration.Penman Monteith model shows close agreement with observed value with coefficient of determination,standard error estimate and average relative discrepancy values of 0.96,13.69 and-5.8,respectively.Further,an effort has been made to compare the accuracy of various widely used methods under different climatic conditions.

Seasonal variation of evapotranspiration,Priestley-Taylor coefficient and crop coefficient in diverse landscapes

Priestley-Taylor equation(PT)and the Penman-Monteith equation(PM)are commonly used methods for regional evapotranspiration monitoring,using the PT coefficient(α_(a))and PM crop/vegetation coefficient(K_(c)).This paper investigates the seasonal changes inα_(a)and K_(c)at five sites in Australia and China,to understand the relation-ship between environmental conditions and evapotranspiration when applying different evaporation estimation methods.The research shows that higher actual evapotranspiration does not lead to higherα_(a)and K_(c)values.α_(a)and K_(c)perform similarly in cropland and forest environments in both China and Australia.Bothα_(a)and K_(c)continuously increase to a peak during the growing season and then decrease to their lowest values during the winter season.Considering K_(c)’s similar performance toα_(a)and its greater data processing requirements,K_(c)has few advantages for estimating regional evapotranspiration.Applying the Priestley-Taylor equation with a regional𝛼indicator will enhance the accuracy and reduce the workload when estimating regional evapotranspiration for similar landcover types based on remote sensing.

Assessing Crop Water Demand and Deficit for the Growth of Spring Highland Barley in Tibet, China

The aim of this study was to assess the crop water demand and deficit of spring highland barley and discuss suitable irrigation systems for different regions in Tibet, China. Long-term trends in reference crop evapotranspiration and crop water demand were analyzed in different regions, together with crop water demand and deficit of spring highland barley under different precipitation frequencies. Results showed that precipitation trends during growth stages did not benefit the growth of spring highland barley. The crop coefficient of spring highland barley in Tibet was 0.87 and crop water demand was 389.0 ram. In general, a water deficit was found in Tibet, because precipitation was lower than water consumption of spring highland barley. The most severe water deficit were in the jointing to heading stage and the heading to wax ripeness stage, which are the most important growth stages for spring highland barley; water deficit in these two stages would be harmful to the yield. Water deficit showed different characteristics in different regions. In conclusion, irrigation systems may be more successful if based on an analysis of water deficit within different growth stages and in different regions.

Evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of irrigated colored cotton cultivar in semiarid regions

Irrigation studies provide a framework for evaluating agricultural production and the water resource management in locations where water is scarce. Field experiments were conducted at Barbalha- CE (northwestern Brazil) during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to investigate the effects of different irrigation water depths on the water-use efficiency and yield of the BRS 200-brown cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Three irrigation treatments were applied: T1 = 80%;T2 = 100% and T3 = 120% of the potential evapotranspiration (ETp). The Bowen ratio-energy balance was used to obtain crop evapotrnaspiration (ETc) while daily reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) was obtained by the Penman-Monteith approach. Irrigation water was applied by a sprinkler system during both cropping seasons. The daily evapotranspiration ranged from 2.59 mm·day-1 at the emergence to 5.89 mm·day-1 at first square growth stage with an accumulated value of 528.7 mm as a mean of the two cropping seasons. The average crop coefficient across both years (2004-2005) was 0.90, with minimum and maximum values of 0.46 and 1.17 at emergency and first flower growth stages, respectively. The results also showed that the increase in irrigation from 80% to 120% of ETp resulted in a significant increase in the seed-cotton yield (from 2476.0 to 3289.5 kg·ha-1), while lint percentage and water-use efficiency (WUE) were slightly reduced from 35.7% to 35.6% and from 0.60 to 0.53 kg·m-3, respectively. These results suggests that the cotton crop (cultivar BRS-200 brown) reaches higher water-use efficiency when irrigated with 80% of the crop evapotrnaspiration obtained as a function of the reference evapotranspiration and the crop coefficient proposed by FAO. However, the maximum seed-cotton yield is obtained when irrigated with 120% of that crop evapotranspiration.

Regional Calibration of Hargreaves Equation in the Xiliaohe Basin

This paper investigates calibration of Hargreaves equation in Xiliaohe Basin. Twelve meteorologicalgauges located within Xiliaohe Basin in Northeast China were monitored during 1970 and 2014 providing continuous records of meteorological data. Taking daily ET0 calculated by Penman-Montieth equation as the benchmark, the error of Hargreaves equation for computing ET0 was evaluated and the investigation on regional calibration of Hargreaves equation was carried out. Results showed there was an obvious difference between the calculating results of Hargreaves and Penman-Monteith equation. The estimation of the former was obviously higher during June and September while lower during the rest time in a year. The three empirical parameters of the Hargreaves equation were calibrated using the SCE-UA (Shuffled Complex Evolution) method, and the calibrated Hargreaves equation showed an obvious promotion in the accuracy both during the calibration and verification period.

Quantitative estimation of climate change effects on potential evapotranspiration in Beijing during 1951-2010

℃ Climate change is likely to affect hydrological cycle through precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture etc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the climate change and the sensitivity of estimated evapotranspiration to each climatic variable for a semi-arid region of Beijing in North China using data set from 1951 to 2010. Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration （ETo）. Changes of ETo to each climatic variable was estimated using a sensitivity analysis method proposed in this study. Results show that in the past 60 years, mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit （VPD） were significantly increasing, relative humidity and sunshine hours were significantly decreasing, and wind speed greatly oscillated without a significant trend. Total precipitation was significantly decreasing in corn season （from June to September）, but it was increasing in wheat season （from October to next May）. The change rates of tem- perature, relative humidity, VPD, wind speed, annual total precipitation, sunshine hours and solar radiation were 0.42℃, 1.47%, 0.04 kPa, 0.05 m.s-1, 25.0 mm, 74.0 hours and 90.7 MJ.m-2 per decade, respectively. In the past 60 years, yearly ETo was increasing with a rate of 19.5 mm per decade, and total ETos in wheat and corn seasons were increasing with rates of 13.1 and 5.3 mm per decade, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that mean air temperature was the first key factor for ETo change in the past 60 years, causing an annual total ETo increase of 7.4%, followed by relative humidity （5.5%） and sunshine hours （-3.1%）; the less sensitivity factors were wind speed （0.7%）, minimum temperature （-0.3%） and maximum temperature （-0.2%）. A greater reduction of total ETo （12.3%） in the past 60 years was found in wheat season, mainly because of mean temperature （8.6%） and relative hu- midity （5.4%）, as compared to a reduction of 6.0% in ETo during corn season due to sunshinehours （-6.9%）, relative humidity （4.7%） and temperature （4.5%）. Increasing precipitation in the wheat season will improve crop growth, while decreasing precipitation and increasing ETo in the corn season induces a great pressure for local government and farmers to use water more efficiently by widely adopting water-saving technologies in the future.

Irrigation water requirements of rice using Cropwat model in Northern Benin

Understanding crop water requirements(CWR)in semi-arid region is essential for better irrigation practices,scheduling and efficient use of water since the water supply through rainfall is limited.This paper estimated the crop reference and actual evapotranspiration(Eto and ETc)respectively and the irrigation water requirement of rice(Oryza sativa L.)in Benin’s sub-basin of Niger River(BSBNR)of west Africa,using CROPWAT model.The long recorded climatic data,crop and soil data from 1942 to 2012 were computed with the Cropwat model which is based on the United Nations’Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)paper number 56(FAO56).The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo.Crop coefficients(Kc)from the phenomenological stages of rice were applied to adjust and estimate the actual evapotranspiration ETc through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements(IR).The results showed the BSBNR annual reference evapotranspiration(ETo)was estimated at 1967 mm.The lowest monthly value of ETo of 123 mm,was observed in August month,middle of the rainy season while the highest value 210 mm was observed in March within dry season.The crop evapotranspiration ETc and the crop irrigation requirements were estimated at 651 mm and 383 mm,respectively in rainy season and 920 mm and 1148 mm,respectively within a dry season.Irrigation projects of these seasons can then be scheduled for water use efficiency based on these findings.

Stomatal conductivity, canopy temperature and evapotranspiration of maize (Zea mays L.) to water stress in Northeast China

The Northeast China Plain(NECP)is one of the main maize(Zea mays L.)production regions in China but is now subject to drought because of climate change and a rain-fed cultivation system.A two-year experiment was conducted in a typical maize cultivation region in the NECP to investigate the responses of plant physiological factors and evapotranspiration(ET)to water stresses at different growth stages.Results show that the responses of plant physiological factors to water stress can be divided into three levels based on soil water content(SWC)in the main root zone:when SWC was greater than 0.22 cm^(3)/cm^(3)(equivalent to 62%field capacity(FC)),stomatal conductivity(gs)and ET reached their highest values,and the canopy temperature(Tc)was close to the air temperature;when SWC was within 0.15-0.22 cm^(3)/cm^(3)(43%-62%FC),the gs and ET decreased,and Tc increased as SWC decreased;and when SWC was lower than 0.15 cm^(3)/cm^(3)(<43%FC),gs and ET reached their lowest values and Tc was greater than 1.2 times the air temperature.The ratio of canopy temperature to air temperature(RT),is closely related to stomatal conductivity and soil water content,and especially linearly related to crop water stress index(CWSI),and can be used as an alternative to CWSI for evaluating maize water stress because of easily data achieving and simple calculation processes.In a conclusion,RT of 1.2 can be used as an index to identify a severe water stress status,and maintaining SWC greater than 60%FC at the heading and grain-filling stages is important for supporting maize normal ET and growth in the study region.

Overview of modelling techniques for greenhouse microclimate environment and evapotranspiration

Domestication of plants by man through greenhouse crop production has revolutionized agricultural farming systems worldwide.Selecting the appropriate greenhouse technology together with the user-friendly evapotranspiration(ETc)model can optimize crop water use.The greenhouse microclimate environment has nearly zero wind speed and low radiation,hence low transpiration due to high temperature and humidity.Therefore,matching the greenhouse microclimate with the appropriate ETc model will certainly optimize crop water use efficiency since water is becoming a scarce resource globally,more so in the greenhouse environment.This is one of the main reasons why the gap between the dissemination of various advanced ETc models and the application by the greenhouse crop producers’community needs to be bridged.The likelihood or chances of rapidly disseminating and adopting advances in ETc estimating technology by a larger greenhouse crop producers community will increase if greenhouse ETc models become more user-friendly and available.The contribution of the greenhouse system to increased and sustainable food production must come through improved disseminating,adopting and use of existing greenhouse ETc models.FAO recommends a standard approach for the determination of crop water requirements utilizing the product of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)and crop coefficient(Kc)values.The FAO approach can also be used in greenhouse cultivation systems.However,studies connecting greenhouse technologies and methodologies for measuring ET0 or ETc in greenhouses are not available.There are also few studies undertaken that compared the performance of ET0 or ETc models under different categories of greenhouse conditions.In this review,a link between greenhouse technology and ET0 model or ETc model,and how existing knowledge and methodologies in ET0 or ETc measurements can actually enhance the sustainability of greenhouse farming have been highlighted.The categories of greenhouses,equipment commonly used,and the data collected for ET0 and ETc measurements have been established in the article.This review aimed to evaluate and summarize ET0 and ETc models currently available and being used in the various greenhouse categories.The accuracy assessment levels of the ET0 models about the category of the greenhouse microclimate environment were carried out.