From statistics to grids:A two-level model to simulate crop pattern dynamics

Crop planting patterns are an important component of agricultural land systems.These patterns have been significantly changed due to the combined impacts of climatic changes and socioeconomic developments.However,the extent of these changes and their possible impacts on the environment,terrestrial landscapes and rural livelihoods are largely unknown due to the lack of spatially explicit datasets including crop planting patterns.To fill this gap,this study proposes a new method for spatializing statistical data to generate multitemporal crop planting pattern datasets.This method features a two-level model that combines a land-use simulation and a crop pattern simulation.The output of the first level is the spatial distribution of the cropland,which is then used as the input for the second level,which allocates crop censuses to individual gridded cells according to certain rules.The method was tested using data from 2000 to 2019 from Heilongjiang Province,China,and was validated using remote sensing images.The results show that this method has high accuracy for crop area spatialization.Spatial crop pattern datasets over a given time period can be important supplementary information for remote sensing and thus support a wide range of application in agricultural land systems.

Satellite Multi-Temporal Data and Cropping Pattern Approach for Green Gram Crop Management in the Lower Midland Zone IV and V in Kenya

Creation of a spectral signature reflectance data, which aids in the identification of the crops is important in determining size and location crop fields. Therefore, we developed a spectral signature reflectance for the vegetative stage of the green gram (Vigna. radiata L.) over 5 years (2020, 2018, 2017, 2015, and 2013) for agroecological zone IV and V in Kenya. The years chosen were those whose satellite resolution data was available for the vegetative stage of crop growth in the short rain season (October, November, December (OND)). We used Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery in this study. Cropping pattern data for the study area were evaluated by calculating the Top of Atmosphere reflectance. Farms geo-referencing, along with field data collection, was undertaken to extract Top of Atmosphere reflectance for bands 2, 3, 4 and 7. We also carried a spectral similarity assessment on the various cropping patterns. The spectral reflectance ranged from 0.07696 - 0.09632, 0.07466 - 0.09467, 0.0704047 - 0.12188,0.19822 - 0.24387, 0.19269 - 0.26900, and 0.11354 - 0.20815 for bands 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for green gram, respectively. The results showed a dissimilarity among the various cropping patterns. The lowest dissimilarity index was 0.027 for the maize (Zea mays L.) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) versus the maize-pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) crop, while the highest dissimilarity index was 0.443 for the maize bean versus the maize bean and cowpea cropping patterns. High crop dissimilarities experienced across the cropping pattern through these spectral reflectance values confirm that the green gram was potentially identifiable. The results can be used in crop type identification in agroecological lower midland zone IV and V for mung bean management. This study therefore suggests that use of reflectance data in remote sensing of agricultural ecosystems would aid in planning, management, and crop allocation to different ecozones.

Effects of Different Cropping Patterns of Soybean and Maize Seedlings on Soil Enzyme Activities and MBC and MBN

Through the pot experiment, the effects of different cropping patterns of soybean and maize seedlings on rhizosphere soil urease, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and invertase activities and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and nitrogen （MBN） were studied. Six treatments of soybean-soybean, soybean-maize, soybean-mixed, maize-soybean, maize-maize and maize-mixed were conducted in pots. Results showed that catalase activity and invertase activity of maize-maize were the highest and significantly different from those of the other treatments except maize-soybean; soil polyphenol oxidase activity of soybean-maize was the highest, and reached significant level among the other treatments, but there was no significant difference of urease activity among treatment soils; MBC of maize-maize soil and MBN of maize-mixed soil reached the highest and significant levels compared with other treatments; MBC and C/N ratio had positive and very significant correlations with soil catalase activity and invertase activity, respectively. Therefore, different cropping patterns could affect rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and soil MBC and MBN, which influenced soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization.

Cropping Pattern Modifications Change Water Resource Demands in the Beijing Metropolitan Area

Adequate freshwater supply has become an issue of increasing local and international concern. Reducing water use in agriculture, which is the largest water using sector of the economy, is both important and urgent. The aim of this paper was to quantify how recent cropping pattern changes have influenced water resources in the great Beijing metropolitan area, an expanding megacity which also includes rural counties. Crop production affects blue water use through water consumption and water pollution, the latter assessed here using a critical dilution method. From 1990 to 2010, the total blue water used by crop production declined due to a decrease in overall cropped area, initially in response to local government policies favouring urban development. However, the average blue water use per hectare increased from 2 112 m3 ha-~ yr-~ in 1990 to 2 764 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in 2003, largely as the result of a transition from cereal to vegetable crops, and in particular an increase in intensively managed plastic and glass covered vegetable production systems. Current policies aim to conserve agricultural land, in the interests of food security, and to stimulate cereal production systems with higher ecosystem services provision. As such, in 2010 the average blue water use was 2 425 m3 ha-~ yr-l. These results demonstrate that cropping pattern changes in peri-urban regions and rural communities surrounding the Beijing metropolitan area can have a substantial impact on water resources. They also highlight the tradeoffs between food production and urban and industrial water supply and the need for integrated policy development.

The Quantitative Evaluation of Output Efficiency in Different Cropping Patterns

Quantitative indexes such as land equivalent ratio, yield equivalent and value of output equivalent were used to evaluate output efficiencies of different cropping patterns, i.e., sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation. Compared to single cropping, land use efficiencies under sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation were raised by 62, 38 and 21%, respectively. The unit area yield under sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation were raised by 63, 29 and 16%, respectively. The unit area value was also enhanced under sequential cropping and intercrops, 76 and 35% higher than that under single cropping. The paper provides a useful tool for comparing farm output efficiency and build up a theoretical basis for further research on output efficiency of various cropping patterns in the future.

Linking a farmer crop selection model(FCS) with an agronomic model(EPIC) to simulate cropping pattern in Northeast China

In this paper, authors established a farmer crop selection model（FCS） for the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang of the Northeast China. With linking to the environmental policy integrated climate model（EPIC）, the simulated results of FCS model for maize, rice and soybean were spatialized with 1 km×1 km grids to obtain cropping pattern. The reference map of spatial distribution for the three staple crops acquired by remote sensing imageries was applied to validate the simulated cropping pattern. The results showed that（1） the total simulation accuracy for the study area was 78.62%, which proved simulation method was applicable and feasible;（2） simulation accuracy for Jilin Province was the highest among the three provinces with a rate of 82.45% since its simple cropping system and not complex topography;（3） simulation accuracy for maize was the best among the three staple crops with a ratio of 81.14% because the study area is very suitable for maize growth. We hope this study could provide the reference for cropping pattern forecasting and decision-making.

Exploring the Potential of Mapping Cropping Patterns on Smallholder Scale Croplands Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data

It is of paramount importance to have sustainable agriculture since agriculture is the backbone of many nations’ economic development. Majority of agricultural professionals rarely capture the cropping patterns necessary to promote Good Agricultural Practises.Objective of this research is to explore the potential of mapping cropping patterns occurring on different field parcels on small-scale farmlands in Zimbabwe. The first study location under investigation are the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) research station and a few neighboring fields, the second is Middle Sabi Estate. Fourier time series modeling was implemented to determine the trends befalling on the two study sites. Results reveal that Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) time series allow detection of subtle changes that occur to the crops and fields respectively, hence can be utilized to detect cropping patterns on small-scale farmlands. Discrimination of the main crops(maize and soybean) grown at CIMMYT was possible, and crop rotation was synthesized where sowing starts in November. A single cropping of early and late crops was observed, there were no winter crops planted during the investigation period. At Middle Sabi Estate, single cropping on perennial sugarcane fields and triple cropping of fields growing leafy vegetables, tomatoes and onions were observed. Classification of stacked images was used to derive the crop rotation maps representing what is practised at the farming lands. Random forest classification of the multi-temporal image stacks achieved overall accuracies of 99% and 95% on the respective study sites. In conclusion, Sentinel-1 time series can be implemented effectively to map the cropping patterns and crop rotations occurring on small-scale farming land. We recommend the use of Sentinel-1 SAR multi-temporal data to spatially explicitly map cropping patterns of single-, double-and triple-cropping systems on both small-scale and large-scale farming areas to ensure food security.

Carbon Sequestration in Soil Aggregates under Different Cropping Patterns of Bangladesh

Land use change and cropping patterns are important factors for controlling carbon sequestration in soils and they may also change the relative importance of different mechanisms of soil organic matter stabilization. The study was conducted to investigate the state of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates under different cropping patterns of Khulna, Jessore and Chapainawabganj districts in Bangladesh. Thirty-six soil samples were collected from (0 - 100 cm depth) above mentioned regions of three physiographic regions: Ganges Meander Floodplain, Ganges Tidal Floodplain and High Barind Tract. The texture of the samples varied within three soil texture groups, Silt Loam, Silty Clay Loam and Silty Clay. The highest NSI value (0.89) was found under Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern in Silty Clay soils (sample No 15) and lowest value (0.59) was found Vegetables/Mustard-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern in Silt Loam soils (sample No 17). The highest value (735.20 mg•kg−1) of active C was observed under Chickpea/mustard-T. Aman (Sample No 31) and the lowest value (619.23 mg•kg−1) was found in case of Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample No 30). The highest SOC stock (1.62 Kg C m−2) was found in Silty Clay Loam soil under Mungbean/Ash gourd-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample no 4) and the lowest SOC stock (0.35 Kg C m−2) was found in Silt Loam soil under Cauliflower/Pumkin/Spinach-T. Aman Cropping pattern (Sample No 2). Soil organic carbon associated with different size aggregates was the highest (3.14%) under Mungbean/Ash gourd-T. Aman (Sample No 20) and was the lowest (0.36%) under Cauliflower/Pumkin/Spinach-T. Aman cropping pattern (Sample No 2). Organic carbon content in aggregate size ranges > 2000 μm (SOC1), 2000 - 250 μm (SOC2), 250-53 μm (SOC3), and <53 μm (SOC4) varied from 0.36% - 1.90%, 0.52% - 2.10%, 0.50% - 2.60% and 0.50% - 1.62%, respectively. The percentages of SOC associated with <53 μm aggregates were higher than those of >2000 μm, 2000 - 250 μm and 250 - 53 μm, aggregates. Significant positive correlations were found between SOC stock and SOC1, SOC stock and SOC2, SOC stock and SOC3, SOC stock and SOC4.

Interplanting Patterns of Cash Crops under Forest

At the same time of tending forests,it is necessary to explore the under-forest economic development mode,bring into play production function of economic plants,establish cultivation mode of edible fungus,wild vegetables and medicinal plants under forest,to obtain certain economic benefit in short period. This paper made a preliminary study on significance and existing problems of the under-forest economy,and came up with several interplanting patterns,in the hope of providing a comprehensive operation and cultivation approach for developing the under-forest economy.

More Benefit from Less Land： A New Rice-Pea-Rice Cropping Pattern for Resource-Poor Farmers of Bangladesh

The experiments were conducted at the Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 crop seasons to determine the economic viability of planting legumes for both vegetable and forage purposes in the fallow period between monsoon-rice and spring-rice. The objectives were to ensure better land utilization, break up the mono cropping, improve soil health, and generate extra-income for small and resource-poor farmers of Bangladesh. Crop compositions used in the experiments were monsoon-rice （cv. BRRIdhan-32, BRRldhan-39 and BINAdhan-4） followed by pulses （grasspea, chickpea and field pea） followed by spring-rice （cv. BRRldhan-28, BRRldhan-29 and BINAdhan-6）. Based on the data from two years in a pooled analyses, it was observed that monsoon-rice variety BINAdhan-4, followed by field pea （as vegetable ＆ forage） and spring-rice variety BINAdhan-6 produced the highest yields of 5.0 t ha-1 rice grain, 3.25 t ha1 （green vegetable） ＋ 18.1 t hal （forage） legumes and 7.8 t ha~ rice grain, respectively. The cropping pattern of monsoon-rice （BINAdhan-4）-field pea （as vegetable ＋ forage）-spring-rice （BINAdhan-6） gave the highest net return of USD$1,705 hal year-~ compared to other patterns with different rice varieties and chickpea and grasspea. This is a new finding, and is being practiced by farmers of Bangladesh who have enhanced their farm income substantially. This has also generated job opportunities for rural women to pick the green vegetable of field pea.

Study on the Characteristics and Efficient Cultivation Techniques of "Rice-Rice-Potato" Triple Cropping Rotation Pattern

The efficient cultivation technique of "rice-rice-potato" triple cropping rotation pattern is summarized by analyzing its characteristics and cultivation techniques in Yangjiang region of Guangdong Province,China,and machine-transplanted cultivation technique of double cropping rice and cultivation techniques of winter potato black film mulching are emphatically introduced,in order to promote the development of potato industry in Yangjiang City.The results will provide a scientific basis for the popularization and application of the "rice-rice-potato" triple cropping rotation pattern.

Screening of Ratooning Rice Varieties Suitable for Ratooning Rice-Rape Cropping Planting Pattern in Ganfu Plain

[Objective] To screen ratooning rice varieties for the ratooning rice-rape cropping planting pattern in Ganfu Plain. [Method] The growth period, plant morphology, yield and its component of 11 varieties at the first and rebirth season were compared and analyzed. [Result] The ratooning rice varieties such as Heliangyou -1, Y Liangyou 6, Zhunliangyou 608 and Jingliangyouhuazhan were suitable for the production and application in Ganfu Plain. Heliangyou 1 and Zhunliangyou 608 showed the characteristics of early maturity, easy to achieve high yield and stable production. [Conclusion] It suggests that Heliangyou 1 and Zhunliangyou 608 should be selected as preferred varieties for the planting pattern of ratooning rice-rape cropping.

Distributed versus Lumped Optimization of Cropping Pattern and Water Resources Utilization

Several whole-farm agro-economic optimization models have been developed to deal with lumped planning issues in the agriculture sector. However, these models cannot be used to devise appropriate management strategies at land parcel level, because of the differences between farm characteristics, and the increased complexity of the hydrological processes. Based on Spatial Farm Database (SFD) which is consisted of a number of farm-level spatial data, including location, paddock properties, owner specifications and budgets, it is possible to provide the farm manager with some suggestions regarding the optimal choice of crops and the area to be allocated for each one. To this end, genetic algorithm is used in order to cope with model nonlinearity and a large number of decision variables. In order to test the proposed model, the Mobarakabad district is modeled with 126 agriculture fields, and the optimization model is run for this area. Results showed that the optimization procedure can find more realistic farm-level optimal solutions due to its advantage in adequate modeling of field characteristics, common groundwater resources, and the associated constraints. The results of lumped optimizations could also be used as benchmarks for the purposes of comparison and interpretation.

Study on a new grain-cash cropping pattern in paddy field

We studied a new grain-cash cropping pattern composed of "barley/watermelon + waize-rice", comparing with "barley / watermelon-rice" (CKI), "watermelon-rice", (CK2). The experiment was conducted in CNRRI’s field for 3 yr, employing completely randomized design with three replications, and each plot occupied 207 m~2. The soil in the experiment field contained: N, 2.48 g. kg, quick effective P 4 mg. kg, and quick effective K 53 mg·kg. The varieties tested were Zhemai 2 (barley), Zhemi 1 (watermelon), Suyu 1 (maize), and Shanyou 63 (hybrid rice).

豫中烟区不同接茬种植模式对烤烟生长发育及综合效益的影响

为明确豫中烟区不同接茬种植模式对烟株生长发育及综合效益的影响,以常规移栽为对照,安排了大麦接茬和小麦接茬种植烤烟大田试验。结果表明,大麦接茬移栽期较常规移栽晚8~10 d,大田生育期较常规移栽长8~9 d,小麦接茬移栽期较常规移栽晚31 d,大田生育期较常规移栽短4~9 d。不同种植模式各生育期光温水资源分配不同,大麦接茬还苗伸根期和旺长期雨热同期,成熟期日均温和日照时数与常规移栽差异较小;与常规移栽相比,小麦接茬还苗伸根期和旺长期日均温较高、昼夜温差较小,成熟期日均温较低、日照时数较少。栽后90 d时,小麦接茬干物质积累量明显低于常规移栽和大麦接茬。与常规移栽相比,大麦接茬增加了烤后烟叶还原糖含量,糖碱比协调性较好,但烤后烟叶氯含量受前茬施用含氯肥料影响较大,前茬施用含氯肥料明显增加烤后烟叶氯含量。大麦接茬烤后烟叶收益与常规移栽相当,但增加1季大麦收益,小麦接茬较常规移栽增加1季小麦收益,但烤后烟叶收益明显低于常规移栽,综合收益表现为大麦接茬>小麦接茬>常规移栽。综上,豫中烟区大麦-烤烟接茬种植模式烤后烟叶质量较好,综合效益较高,但大麦前茬需施用不含氯肥料,以避免前茬土壤氯过量残留和烤后烟叶氯含量较高。

黄精两种复种模式产量效益现状分析

黄精是药食兼用类中药材,在医疗保健方面具有广阔前景。针对黄精长期供求矛盾和亟需提高种植技术、拓展种植模式等问题,以中国知网大数据平台近5年药用黄精不同复种模式下产量效益相关的研究文献为基础,通过统计所涉及的复种方式及相应产量效益等数据资料,分别对药用黄精不同复种模式下产量效益情况进行总结比较,分析黄精产量效益差异产生的原因,优选利于提高黄精产量效益和品质的复种方式,并对黄精种植技术和复种模式选择提出建议,以期为黄精种植技术研究提供参考依据。

不同高寒草地生态区种植模式对饲草产量和营养品质的影响

研究燕麦(Avena sativa)分别与饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)、蚕豆(V.faba)混播及4种作物单播在高寒不同生态区的生产性能,探讨适宜各生态区的最佳种植模式,为高寒不同生态区一年生混播草地的栽培提供依据。结果表明:1)各混播组合间,燕麦+饲用豌豆组合的干草产量和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为10.56 t·hm^(−2)和16.15%;3种混播组合的粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、粗脂肪含量、中性洗涤纤维含量均介于燕麦单播和饲用豌豆、箭筈豌豆、蚕豆单播之间。2)各生态区间,燕麦和3种豆类的平均株高均随海拔高度的上升呈先增加后降低的趋势;门源的干草产量最高,为9.78 t·hm^(−2);除贵南外,粗蛋白含量亦随海拔高度的升高呈降低趋势,贵南的粗蛋白含量最高,为17.69%。3)综合评价得出,适宜各生态区种植的混播组合分别是祁连山流域门源和湟水谷地湟中的燕麦+饲用豌豆组合、三江源区贵南的燕麦+蚕豆组合、环青海湖区共和的燕麦+箭筈豌豆组合,干草产量分别为13.00和10.63、10.59、10.73 t·hm^(−2),粗蛋白含量分别为14.65%和16.11%、13.56%、12.01%;各生态区最佳混播组合的干草产量较燕麦单播分别增加了48.57%(门源)、23.17%(湟中)、23.00%(贵南)、47.80%(共和)。

稻-虾共作模式下水体和土壤细菌群落特征研究

为探究稻-虾共作模式对稻田水体、土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,采用16S rDNA基因高通量测序技术对夏季稻-虾共作和水稻单作模式下稻田水体、土壤细菌群落组成及多样性进行比较。结果表明:与水稻单作相比,稻-虾共作模式水体细菌群落丰富度和多样性均呈上升趋势,土壤细菌群落丰富度变化不明显,但多样性有所下降,尤其9月显著下降。在细菌群落组成方面,稻-虾共作模式增加水体放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)相对丰度,降低变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和芽孢杆菌目(Bacillus)相对丰度,增加致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)的相对丰度;降低土壤放线菌门(Actinorny cetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)相对丰度,增加变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)和Steroidobacterales目的相对丰度。功能预测分析发现,稻-虾共作模式下细菌碳水化合物代谢通路相对丰度在水体中呈上升趋势,在土壤中呈下降趋势。综上,稻-虾共作模式可改变水体、土壤细菌群落与功能,提高水体细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,降低土壤细菌群落的多样性。

多元化种植模式下秸秆还田配合水氮管理对水稻产量形成与氮素吸收利用的影响

研究多元化种植模式下,不同前茬秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻产量形成、干物质积累分配及氮素吸收利用的影响。2018—2019年以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区设置油菜-水稻(Py)、小麦-水稻(Px)、青菜-水稻(Pq)3种种植模式秸秆还田,裂区设置常规淹水灌溉(W_(0))和干湿交替灌溉(W_(1))2种水分管理方式,裂裂区设置不施氮处理(N_(0))、常规施氮处理(N_(1))、精量减氮处理(N_(2))3个施氮水平,分析测定了拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期不同处理下秸秆还田的腐解率、氮素释放率、水稻各器官的干物质积累分配、植株氮素吸收利用以及籽粒产量。结果表明,Py的平均产量分别较Px、Pq增加2.55%、13.99%,主要原因是其有效穗数和千粒重较高;Py可促进各营养器官干物质和氮素积累,有利于干物质分配、提高茎鞘氮素贡献率和氮肥利用率,Py各时期的平均干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量分别比Px和Pq增加5.25%、7.48%和14.60%、17.30%,Py的氮肥偏生产力较Pq显著增加24.90%,但Py的秸秆腐解率和氮素释放率较低。3种模式下W1处理的水稻产量分别比W0处理增加5.10%(Py)、1.76%(Px)和4.80%(Pq),W1处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收转运,有利于Py和Px模式下的干物质分配,进而提高氮肥利用率。同一秸秆还田和水分管理下,N2处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,有利于干物质分配和氮素转运,提高了齐穗期、成熟期茎鞘和叶片氮素积累量,进而提高氮肥利用率,N2处理的产量、干物质积累量较N1处理略有下降,但二者差异不显著。综合考虑分析,油-稻种植模式下,油菜秸秆还田配合干湿交替灌溉与精量减氮(120 kg hm^(-2))有利于干物质积累分配、氮素吸收转运,进而提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力,并可节约20%氮肥投入,实现水稻稳产高效生产。

免耕对不同麦玉轮作农田土壤碳组分及理化性质的影响

为探讨耕作及轮作方式对农田土壤理化性质和碳组分的影响,设置免耕和传统耕作2种耕作方式,以及小麦–玉米轮作、小麦/玉米间作、小麦–冬油菜–玉米轮作3种种植模式共6个处理进行试验。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,免耕增加了0~5、5~20 cm土层全氮、全磷、速效磷和水分含量,降低了土壤pH和容重。免耕小麦/玉米间作(NT.W1/NT.WM.1)处理的土壤容重、含水量、全氮、全磷含量高于免耕小麦–玉米–冬油菜轮作(NT.WRM3)和免耕小麦–玉米轮作(NT.WM5)处理,在不同土层间,土壤全氮、全磷和速效磷含量随着土层深度的增加而降低。土壤碳组分含量总体表现为免耕处理高于传统耕作处理,在0~5 cm土层免耕处理土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量较相应传统耕作处理分别增加了1.31%~36.57%、2.07%~35.22%、2.38%~4.78%、2.08%~11.68%,在5~20 cm土层免耕处理土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量高于传统耕作处理。在不同免耕处理下,土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量在0~5、5~20 cm土层总体表现为NT.WM5处理高于其他免耕处理。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳和速效磷含量呈极显著正相关,容重和有机碳含量呈极显著负相关。综上,免耕小麦/玉米间作利于改善土壤理化性质,免耕小麦–玉米轮作有利于提高土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量。