Evaluation of C and P Factors in Universal Soil Loss Equation on Trapping Sediment: Case Study of Santubong River

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is the most comprehensive technique available to predict the long term average annual rate of erosion on a field slope. USLE was governed by five factors include soil erodibility factor (K), rainfall and runoff erodibility index (R), crop/vegetation and management factor (C), support practice factor (P) and slope length-gradient factor (LS). In the past, K, R and LS factors are extensively studied. But the impacts of factors C and P to outfall Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and % reduction of TSS are not fully studied yet. Therefore, this study employs Buffer Zone Calculator as a tool to determine the sediment removal efficiency for different C and P factors. The selected study areas are Santubong River, Kuching, Sarawak. Results show that the outfall TSS is increasing with the increase of C values. The most effective and efficient land use for reducing TSS among 17 land uses investigated is found to be forest with undergrowth, followed by mixed dipt. forest, forest with no undergrowth, cultivated grass, logging 30, logging 10^6, wet rice, new shifting agriculture, oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coffee, tea and lastly settlement/cleared land. Besides, results also indicate that the % reduction of TSS is increasing with the decrease of P factor. The most effective support practice to reduce the outfall TSS is found to be terracing, followed by contour-strip cropping, contouring and lastly not implementing any soil conservation practice.

旱地土壤的合理施肥——Ⅰ.旱地土壤的供肥特点和施肥的迫切性

在气候条件相似的永寿旱地和岐山灌区分别安排了小麦的多点肥料田间试验,分析了供试土壤的基本性质和0—100cm不同层次的有效N,P养分,以研究旱地和水地供肥特点和对肥料的反应。研究结果表明,灌区土壤有机质,全氮,速效N,P含量均高于早塬土壤,而对氮肥和磷肥的反应均逊于旱塬土壤。由于旱地土壤瘠薄而对肥料反应良好,施肥更具有迫切性。

太湖稻麦轮作区减施磷肥对土壤供磷和小麦吸收磷的影响

为了探究太湖稻麦轮作区土壤供磷能力,寻找适宜的减磷措施,通过田间减施磷肥试验,以稻麦季均施磷(PR+W)为对照,设置稻季施磷麦季不施磷(PR)、麦季施磷稻季不施磷(PW)、稻麦季均不施磷(Pzero)3种处理,于第7年测定土壤速效磷含量、梯度扩散薄膜技术(Diffusive Gradients in Thin films,DGT)提取态磷含量、小麦产量以及小麦磷吸收量,分析太湖稻麦轮作区减施磷肥对土壤供磷和小麦吸收磷的影响。结果表明:与PR+W处理相比,PW处理的土壤速效磷含量、小麦籽粒产量以及植株全磷含量均无显著降低;但PR处理显著(P<0.05)降低了44.8%的土壤速效磷含量、32.8%的小麦籽粒产量以及27.9%的地上部植株吸收磷量。线性回归分析发现,利用DGT技术提取的磷与土壤速效磷有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05,R2=0.42),且两者皆与小麦籽粒产量、地上部植株全磷含量及地下部植株全磷含量呈显著的正相关关系。可见,麦季施磷稻季不施磷的减磷措施能够保证土壤速效磷供应和小麦吸磷量,并维持小麦籽粒产量,但麦季不施磷的减磷措施会显著降低土壤速效磷含量、小麦吸磷量以及小麦籽粒产量,同时DGT提取磷可作为稻麦轮作系统土壤供磷与作物需磷动态关系研究的评价指标。

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.