Spatial Interpolation and Sample Size Optimization for Soil Copper(Cu) Investigation in Cropland Soil at County Scale Using Cokriging

Knowledge on spatial distribution and sampling size optimization of soil copper （Cu） could lay solid foundations for environmetal quality survey of agricultural soils at county scale. In this investigation, cokriging method was used to conduct the interpolation of Cu concentraiton in cropland soil in Shuangliu County, Sichuan Province, China. Based on the original 623 physicochmically measured soil samples, 560, 498, and 432 sub-samples were randomly selected as target variable and soil organic matter （SOM） of the whole original samples as auxiliary variable. Interpolation results using Cokriging under different sampling numbers were evaluated for their applicability in estimating the spatial distribution of soil Cu at county sacle. The results showed that the root mean square error （RMSE） produced by Cokriging decreased from 0.9 to 7.77%, correlation coefficient between the predicted values and the measured increased from 1.76 to 9.76% in comparison with the ordinary Kriging under the corresponding sample sizes. The prediction accuracy using Cokriging was still higher than original 623 data using ordinary Kriging even as sample size reduced 10%, and their interpolation maps were highly in agreement. Therefore, Cokriging was proven to be a more accurate and economic method which could provide more information and benefit for the studies on spatial distribution of soil pollutants at county scale.

Impact of Long-Term Fertilization on Cropland Soil Fauna Community at Loess Soil, Shannxi, China

The relationship between long-term fertilization and cropland network for soil fertility and fertilizers in Loess soil of Shannxi soil fauna was studied at the station＇s experiment research Provincefrom Jul. 2001 to Oct. 2002. Six types of long-term fertilizer were carried out for this study including non-fertilizer （CK）, abandonment （ABAND）, nitrogenous and phosphors and potassium fertilizers combined （NPK）, straw and NPK （SNPK）, organic material and NPK （MNPK） and 1.5 times MNPK （1.5MNPK）. 72 soil samples were collected and 5 495 species of cropland soil fauna obtained by handsorting and Cobb methods at 4 times, belonging to 6 Phyla, 11 Classes, 22 Orders, 2 Superfamilies, 61 Families and 35 Genera. The result showed that different fertilizer had significantly impacted on the cropland soil fauna （F = 2.24, P〈0.007）. The number of the cropland soil fauna was related to the soil physicochemical properties caused by long-term fertilization. The result by principal component analysis, focusing on the number of 15 key soil fauna species group＇s diversity, evenness of community and the total soil fauna individuals indicated that the effects of SNPK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK were significantly different from that of the cropland soil fauna, in which, SNPK and NPK had the positive effect on cropland soil fauna, and MNPK and 1.5 MNPK had the negative affect, others could not be explained. By principal component I, the synthetic effect of different fertilization on the total soil fauna individuals and the group was most significant, and the effect was little on evenness and diversity. By value of eigenvectors, the maximum one was 9.6248, and the minimum one was - 1.0904, that means the 6 types of fertilization did not affect evenly the cropland soil fauna.

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Its Dynamics in Croplands of China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the centre issues related to not only soil fertility but also environmental safety. Assessing SOC dynamics in croplands has been a challenge in China for long due to the lack of appropriate methodologies and data sources. As an alternative approach for studying SOC dynamics, process-based models are adopted to meet the needs. In this paper, a process-based model, DeNitrification-DeComposition （DNDC）, was applied to quantify the SOC storage and the spatial distribution in croplands of China in 2003, with the support of a newly compiled county-level soil/ climate/land use database. The simulated results showed that the total SOC storage in the top layer （0-30 cm） of the 1.18 × 10^8 ha croplands of China is 4.7-5.2 Pg C in 2003 with an average value of 4.95 Pg C. The SOC storage in the northeastern provinces （1.3 Pg C） accounts for about 1/4 of the whole national totals due to their dominantly fertile soils with high organic matter content. SOC density ranges from 3.9 to 4.4 kg C m 2, with an average of 4.2 kg C m^-2, a level is much lower than the world average level. The model results also indicated that high rates of SOC losses occurred in the croplands with the most common cropping patterns in China as like single soybean 〉 maize 〉 paddy 〉 cotton 〉 winter wheat and corn rotation. The results reported in this paper showed that there was still a great potential for improving SOC status in most croplands of China by adopting proper farming practices and land-use pattern. Therefore, long-term policy to protect SOC is urgently needed.

Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia,China

Land use change significantly influences soil properties. There is little information available on the long-term effects of post-reclamation from grassland to cropland on soil properties. We compared soil carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） storage and related soil properties in a 50-year cultivation chronosequence of grassland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. Field surveys on land use changes during the period of 1955-2002 were conducted to build a chronosequence of cropland of different ages since the conversion from grassland. The results showed that soil C and N storage, soil texture, and soil nutrient contents varied with land use types and cropland ages （P〈0.01）. In the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil organic carbon （SOC） density was significantly lower in the crop- lands （3.28 kg C/m2 for C50 soil） than in the grasslands （6.32 kg C/m2）. After 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, and 50 years of crop planting （years since the onset of cultivation）, the SOC losses were 17%, 12%, 19%, 47%, 46%, and 48%, respec- tively, compared with the grasslands. The soil total nitrogen （TN） density of the grasslands was 65 g N/m2, and TN density of the cropland soil was 35 g N/m2 after 50 years of crop planting. Both the SOC and TN densities could be quantitatively determined by a negative exponential function of cropland age （P〈0.0001, R2=0.8528; P〈0.0001, R2=0.9637）. The dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content, pH value were decreased; and the soil bulk density and soil available potassium （AK） content, clay content, and sand content were increased since the conversion of grassland into cropland during the 50-year period. Our results show soil nutrients were higher in grassland than in cropland. The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a loss of soil C storage and changes of related soil properties. The reclamation time of cultivated soil （cropland age） had significant effects on soil properties in the study area.

The runoff characteristics under simulated rainfall on purple soil sloping cropland

Rainfall runoff is a critical hydrological process related to soil erosion and agricultural non-point pollu-tion. In this study, 25 simulation experiments on rainfall were carried out in five runoff plots. Rape (Brassica campestris) was planted on the downslope of the plots. Experiments were conducted when the vegetation coverage reached 80%. Each plot was subjected to five rainfall events differing in intensity. The results showed: (1) the runoff coefficients of overland flow and subsurface flow were less than 0.6 and 0.005, respectively; (2) the discharge of overland flow was the quadratic function of time; (3) runoff coefficient was the function of slope gradient and rain-fall intensity. When the slope gradient increased from 8.7% to 46.6%, the runoff coefficient of overland flow first increased and then decreased. The runoff coefficient reached the maximum when the slope gradient was within the range of 17.6%-36.4%; and (4) the process of subsurface flow generation included the increasing phase and reces-sion phase. Discharge was a logarithm function of time in the increasing phase, and an exponential function in the recession phase. Runoff coefficient of subsurface flow decreased first and then increased when the slope gradient varied from 8.7% to 46.6% and was not correlated with rainfall intensity.

Cropland physical disturbance intensity： plot-scale measurement and its application for soil erosion reduction in mountainous areas

Various kinds of human disturbances on cropland are the main reasons for soil erosion and land degradation.Farming practices in mountainous areas vary greatly among cropland plots because of the heterogeneity of biophysical conditions and differences in farmers'management behavior.The main purpose of this paper is to develop a composite index of cropland physical disturbance intensity(CLDI)to reflect the plot-scale discrepancy of potential soil erosion in mountainous areas.The study was based on both plot survey and household interview data,collected from six typical catchments in mountainous areas of southwestern China.Four kinds of physical disturbance practices and two kinds of conservation practices during one crop rotation period were synthesized to develop the CLDI index.The rough set theory was referenced to avoid subjectivity during weight allocation.The results show that conventional tillage,deep fertilization,and manual weeding are the main causes of cropland soil erosion,whereas manure application in combination with seasonal fallow reduces soil erosion.Different crop types as well as cropland location factors determine the spatial pattern of CLDI.Crop rotation modes with major crops of tobacco and maize resulted in a maximal CLDI,and cropland plots with a distance radius of 150 meters away from households received the most intensive physical disturbance.These results are critical to help better protect rural environments in mountainous areas.Based on the results,methods to reduce cropland soil erosion are suggested.

Impact of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and soil quality in Horqin sandy cropland,Inner Mongolia,China

Croplands are often suffering from sand burial in dry regions of northern China. For studying this phenomenon, we carried out a case study of field experiment including four sand burial levels, i.e. shallow （1-3 cm）, moderate （8-12 cm） and deep （15-20 cm） sand burials, and no sand burial （control, CK）, in a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone in Naiman Banner of eastern Inner Mongolia. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of sand burial on maize （Zea rnays L.） productivity and the soil quality along a gradient of burial depths. Results showed that there was a strong negative effect of sand burial on maize productivity and soil quality, which significantly declined （P〈0.05） under moderate and deep sand burial treatments. In comparison with the CK, the maize yield and above-ground biomass reduced by 47.41% and 39.47%, respectively. The soil silt and clay, soil water, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents under deep sand burial decreased by 67.85%, 40.32%, 86.52% and 82.11%, respectively, while microbial biomass carbon, microbial abundance and enzyme activity decreased by 89.78%, 42.28%-79.66% and 69.51%-97.71%, respectively. There was no significant effect on crop productivity and soil quality with shallow sand burial treatment. The correlations analysis showed that there was significant positive correlations of both maize yield and above-ground biomass with soil silt and clay, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, pH, electrical conductivity, soil water content, microbial abundance and biomass and all tested soil enzyme activities. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that soil water and total nitrogen contents, urease, cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase activities were key determining factors for maize productivity. This combination of factors explains reason of the decreased maize productivity with deep sand burial. We found that degradation of cropland as a result of sand burial changed soil physical-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities in the plow layer, and decreased overall maize productivity. Furthermore, decreased soil enzyme activity was a better indicator to predict sandy cropland degradation.

Profile Distribution of Soil Properties on Sloping Cropland in Yingwugou Small Watershed of the Dan River Basin

Based on 3 m×3 m grid in sloping cornfield with soil auger in Yingwugou Small Watershed of the Dan River Basin,a total of 39sampling points were collected,and soil water content and nutrient content were measured in different soil depths.Meanwhile,the soil properties of different depth have been analyzed by traditional statistical and geo-statistics approaches.The results showed:the mean value of total nitrogen and soil organic carbon reduced as soil depth increased in general.But soil water content increased as the soil depth increased.The change of total phosphorus with soil depth was not obvious.The total nitrogen,soil water content,soil organic carbon and total phosphorus presented a moderate intensity variation and strong spatial dependence.In the four sampling depths,semi-variance model can simulate spatial structure of total nitrogen,soil water content and total phosphorus in 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm well.But the spatial structure of soil organic carbon was not good,which could not be simulated with semi-variance model.The analysis with Kriging interpolation showed that,the total nitrogen,soil water content and total phosphorus presented layered distribution in 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm;when the spatial distribution changed to 10 to 20cm from 0 to 10 cm,the average total nitrogen content reduced to from 0.598 g/kg 0.310 g/kg,while the average soil water content and total phosphorus increased from 12.988%to 15.439%and from 0.229 g/kg to 0.366 g/kg,respectively.

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.

农牧交错区不同撂荒年限对农田土壤的影响

为研究撂荒年限对农田土壤的影响,本试验于8月植物生长旺季进行,选取未撂荒农田(CK)、撂荒7年(7a)、15年(15a)和30年(30a)的农田采集土壤样品,室内计算分析土壤理化特征的变化规律,结果表明,撂荒显著提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度和土壤pH。与未撂荒地对比,撂荒显著提高了土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、全氮(Soil total nitrogen,TN)和全磷(Soil total phosphorus,TP)的含量。因此,长期撂荒对土壤养分状况具有显著改善作用。不同撂荒年限土壤含水量与土壤养分指标均呈显著正相关,长期撂荒下更少的蒸散耗水量减少了土壤水分的损失,使土壤养分得到了积累。本研究可为坝上农牧交错带撂荒地的合理规划提供理论支撑。

中国农田土壤有机碳库及其影响因素研究述评

在全球气候变暖的背景下,土壤在减缓气候变化中的巨大潜能逐渐被人们所重视。农田是受人为因素影响较大又可在较短时间内调节的生态系统,其土壤碳汇能力的充分发挥将有助于减缓全球气候变暖的趋势。文章通过梳理大量已发表文献,综述了中国农田土壤有机碳库自20世纪50年代以来的演变特征,指出中国农田土壤1950-1980年期间以丢碳为主,1980年以后经过农业管理措施的改变,有机碳含量逐渐提升。总结了中国农田固碳潜力相关研究,虽然不同估算方法的出的结果存在一定差异,但总体来看中国农田土壤有较大的固碳潜力。分析了农田土壤有机碳库的影响因素,虽然气候因素和土壤理化性质的差异能对农田土壤有机碳库造成影响,但农业管理措施才是农田土壤有机碳含量产生变化的关键。指出了中国农田土壤有机碳库研究方面存在的问题以及今后的发展方向,为气候变化背景下中国农田土壤碳减排提供了新的参考与借鉴。

基于递归特征消除−随机森林模型的江浙沪农田土壤肥力属性制图

以江苏省、浙江省、上海市农田为研究区,选用气候、地形、植被、土壤属性等自然环境协变量,及农业机械总动力、每公顷农用化肥施用量、农业总产值、农村用电量等农业活动变量,利用递归特征消除方法(RFE)对环境协变量进行筛选,基于筛选后的最优变量组合建立随机森林(RF)模型,进行表层土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁11种主要土壤肥力属性的空间分布预测,并采用100次重复的十折交叉验证法进行验证。结果表明:①11个模型筛选出的环境协变量类型主要集中在气候、地形与植被变量,表征人类农业活动的变量在有机碳、全磷、全钾、铵态氮和有效磷预测中体现重要作用。②11个模型的决定系数(R^(2))在0.27~0.53,pH、速效钾、交换性镁和交换性钙的预测模型决定系数(R^(2))均在0.45以上。本研究表明人类活动变量对于土壤肥力预测具有重要意义,而递归特征消除−随机森林模型(RFE-RF)可以用于农田主要土壤肥力属性制图,为农业生产提供准确的土壤肥力属性空间分布信息。

赛罕乌拉林草交错区典型生态系统土壤理化性质对比

为分析退耕林地、自然草地、农田3种植被管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响,识别不同植被修复模式下土壤理化性质的差异,本研究以内蒙古赛罕乌拉林草交错区自然草地、退耕林地、农田3种典型植被类型为研究对象,通过对比分析3种植被类型下0 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm深度土壤容重、含水量、粒径比等物理属性以及全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾养分元素含量,结合元素含量之间的相关性分析,结果发现:1)农田土壤存在明显的犁底层,犁底层之下养分元素含量迅速下降;2)草地土壤pH值低、有机碳含量高,农田pH值最高、有机碳含量低,退耕林地浅层土壤有机碳含量少,其土壤理化性质呈现出居于农田与自然草地之间的特征;3)农田土壤除速效磷、全钾等指标高于自然草地外,其他养分含量均低于自然草地。本研究表明,自然草地、退耕林地和农田是在相同土壤母质基础上,因经营管理方式差异而产生的土壤理化性质差异,草地的有机质含量最高、农田最低,土壤有机碳含量对于其他养分元素含量具有关键作用。因此,林草交错区生态系统固碳功能对于防风固沙等其他生态功能发挥具有决定作用,退耕还草有利于土壤养分元素的恢复,退耕还林工程还应注重林冠下方草本灌木生物量及物种多样性的恢复。

不同肥料对淅川库区耕地土壤氨挥发影响研究

农业肥料挥发的氨是南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库大气和水体氮的重要来源,威胁着库区水质安全。目的为探究不同肥料对库区耕地土壤氨挥发的影响,方法以淅川库区典型耕地土壤为研究对象,采用密闭式静态箱法,于2020年夏季和秋季开展不同肥料作用下土壤氨挥发的原位田间监测,分析不同肥料对土壤氨挥发速率和累积挥发量的影响,并探讨其季节性差异。结果结果表明:(1)肥料施用显著增加了土壤氨挥发速率。尿素处理的土壤氨挥发速率最大,在施肥后第4—6 d达到峰值,且波动时间最长;复合肥料处理的土壤氨挥发速率次之,峰值出现在施肥后第6—9 d;有机肥处理的土壤氨挥发速率最低,接近于土壤本底水平。(2)不同肥料作用下,土壤氨累积挥发量存在显著差异。尿素处理的累积挥发量最大,为不施肥处理的10倍,复合肥和有机肥处理的分别为不施肥处理的3倍和1倍,表明施用有机肥对氨挥发影响最小。(3)氨挥发速率存在明显的季节性差异,夏季挥发速率普遍高于秋季的。相同施肥量条件下,秋季施肥的土壤氨挥发恢复到本底水平所需时间是夏季的2倍,但净累积挥发量无明显差异(0.04~2.41 kg·hm^(−2))。尽管季节性因素影响挥发速率,但总挥发量趋于一致。秋季施肥后,日均氨挥发速率和总挥发量均较夏季的低,但对土壤和大气影响更持久。结论调整肥料施用结构,增加有机肥的使用,并减少尿素的使用,可以有效减少因肥料施用而产生的土壤氨挥发。

黑土长缓坡地形与横垄对土壤有机碳空间分异的交互作用

横坡垄作对坡耕地土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)流失有一定的阻控作用,但黑土区特有长而缓的地形与横垄对坡耕地SOC空间分异会产生交互作用,而这种交互作用引发的SOC流失风险没引起足够的重视。该研究以典型黑土区黑龙江省黑河市北安分局红星农场为研究区域,2022年在横坡垄作与顺坡水线方向上共布设25个采样点,采用地理探测器模型、单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Pearson相关性分析,探讨土壤有机碳的空间分异及其交互作用。结果表明,横坡垄作方向上垄沟土壤有机碳含量从坡顶到水线呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势;在垄台从坡顶到水线呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。顺坡水线方向,土壤有机碳含量在垄沟呈现从上坡到下坡增大的变化趋势;在垄台呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。由于断垄产生水线,顺坡土壤有机碳含量上坡与下坡仍有显著差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,有机碳与可蚀性K因子呈显著负相关(垄沟和垄台相关系数分别为–0.228和–0.238,P<0.05),与碳循环相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶和微生物生物量碳在垄沟呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.398和0.676,P<0.01)。地理探测器分析表明,顺坡水线对土壤有机碳空间分异的影响最大,其对垄沟和垄台SOC的解释力分别达到61%和52%以上;顺坡水线与其他因子的交互作用共同增强了对土壤有机碳的解释力,尤其是顺坡水线与高程的交互作用最为明显。黑土区坡耕地土壤有机碳空间分异主要受顺坡水线与高程的交互作用,横坡垄作虽然能够拦截径流,但由于长缓坡地形影响产生的断垄会加剧土壤侵蚀诱发的有机碳流失。因此,黑土坡耕地治理需要同时考虑横垄与地形的共同影响,从而实现防蚀的优化效果。

不同秸秆还田模式下红壤坡耕地产流产沙特征

通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同秸秆还田量(0.30、0.45、0.60和0.75 kg/m^(2))和不同还田方式(粉碎覆盖还田(crushed mulch reversion,CV)、粉碎翻耕还田(crushed tillage reversion,RT)、覆盖-粉碎翻耕还田(mulch-crushed tillage reversion,CR))下地表产流产沙变化过程,分析秸秆不同还田方式和不同还田量下地表产流产沙规律及其内在机理。结果表明:1)在相同还田方式下,秸秆还田量对产流时间有显著影响,随着秸秆还田量增加,初始产流时间、产流稳定时间均增加;在相同秸秆还田量下,CV和RT产流时间差异不大,CR推迟产流时间最明显,CR初始产流时间比对照组推迟19.42~55.17 min。2)在相同还田方式下,随着秸秆还田量增加,地表径流初始产流强度、稳定产流强度减小,地表总产流量显著减小,其中RT、CR在0.60 kg/m^(2)与0.75 kg/m^(2)还田量时地表总产流无显著差异;相同秸秆还田量时,CR减流效益显著大于CV、RT,初始径流强度较对照组减少23.64~44.04 mm/h,地表总产流量较对照组减少55.74%~98.92%。3)在相同还田方式下,随着秸秆还田量增加,产沙强度不断减小,地表总产沙显著减小,3种还田方式下还田量在0.60 kg/m^(2)与0.75 kg/m^(2)时地表总产沙无显著差异;相同秸秆还田量下,CR减沙效益大于CV、RT,较对照组减沙效益为93.73%~99.99%。可见,0.60 kg/m^(2)覆盖-粉碎翻耕还田为最佳还田模式。

近37年扬州市耕地土壤有效锌含量时空变化特征

基于扬州市1984-2020年表层土壤数据,运用地统计分析和相关性分析方法,系统分析了扬州市耕地土壤有效锌含量时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:近37年扬州市耕地土壤有效锌平均含量上升1.15 mg/kg,增幅达188.5%;扬州市耕地土壤有效锌分布存在明显的空间异质性,总体上呈现南高北低、西高东低的分布特征。成土母质、土壤质地及土地利用方式不同,耕地土壤有效锌含量存在显著差异。不同成土母质中,长江冲积物发育土壤有效锌含量较高;不同土壤质地中,砂壤土中有效锌含量较高;不同土地利用方式中,旱地土壤中有效锌含量最高。土壤pH及有机质含量与土壤有效锌含量存在不同程度的响应关系。

珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤肥力质量评价

赤红壤是广东省地带性土壤,研究位于该地带性土壤的菜地肥力变化特征,以客观评价耕作施肥管理的科学性,助力耕地质量保护与提升。在广东省珠三角地区广州市、江门市、肇庆市、惠州市惠阳区选取了89个蔬菜常年种植菜地,测定了耕层(0~20 cm)土壤理化指标,利用第二次全国土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗综合指数法分析评价土壤肥力状况。珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤质地以壤土、砂质壤土、粉壤土为主,分别占比46.1%、23.6%和19.1%;pH 5.83,呈微酸性;有机质含量23.83 g·kg-1,为中等水平;阳离子交换量8.67 cmol(+)·kg-1,为中等偏下水平;全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)含量分别为1.19、1.47、12.53 g·kg-1,其中全氮和全磷含量均属中等水平,全钾含量为中等偏下水平;有效态养分中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为135.24、120.24、222.48 mg·kg-1,属于丰富(碱解氮和速效钾)和极丰富水平(有效磷)。内梅罗综合指数法评价结果显示,珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤综合肥力指数为1.69,属良好等级。相比第二次全国土壤普查广东省赤红壤普查结果,土壤全钾含量不同程度降低,pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量均不同程度提高,增幅分别为16.6%、23.5%、38.4%和62.5%;阳离子交换量、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量大幅增加,增幅分别达1.29、6.00、65.80和3.07倍,其中土壤有效磷累积较为普遍。全氮和全磷的年均累积量分别为8.46、32.31 mg·kg-1,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾年均累积量分别为1.20、3.04、4.30 mg·kg-1。总体上,经过近40年耕种,珠三角赤红壤常年菜地肥力水平不同程度改善,土壤pH由酸性改善为微酸性,阳离子交换性能、有机质、全氮含量提升1个等级,碱解氮和有效钾含量提升2个等级,全磷和有效磷含量分别提升3和5个等级。各肥力指标总体上由原来的极度缺乏至中等偏下状态改善为目前的中等偏下至极丰富水平,总体肥力状况良好。在实施蔬菜有机无机肥配施技术基础上,合理施用氮、钾肥,降低磷肥投入量,可以进一步提升珠三角赤红壤区菜地地力水平,维持土壤资源的可持续利用。

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types （i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols） in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties （including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon （SOC）, calcium carbonate （CaCO3）, and oxides of Fe^3＋ and Al^3＋） of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88 ± 2.52 g kg^-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg^-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg^-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate （CaCO3） concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg^-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of 〉0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates （〉5 mm） is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates （DMWD） ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of 〉0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction （PAD） is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon （SOC）, CaCO3, and oxides of Fe^3＋ and Al^3＋. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.

携带nosZⅡ基因的非反硝化菌缓解土壤N_(2)O排放的研究进展

氧化亚氮是主要的温室气体之一,农田土壤是重要的人为N_(2)O排放源,探索合理的农田N_(2)O减排措施是亟待解决的重大课题。反硝化过程中N_(2)O还原为N_(2)是目前已知的唯一的生物途径的N_(2)O汇,利用能够还原N_(2)O的微生物菌群是减缓农田土壤N_(2)O排放的潜在途径,对催化N_(2)O还原功能基因nosZ的研究表明N_(2)O还原菌存在两种基因型。本文主要综述了两种类型的N_(2)O还原菌具有不同的系统发育特征、生理学特性,以及N_(2)O还原的酶促动力学,相比较而言,具有nosZⅡ型的N_(2)O还原菌表现出更强的环境适应性,因此是有竞争力的土壤N_(2)O汇的潜在菌群。