Experimental Study on Cross-Flow Induced Vibrations in Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle

Vibration in heat exchangers is one of the main problems that the industry has faced over last few decades. Vibration phenomenon in heat exchangers is of major concern for designers and process engineers since it can lead to the tube damage, tube leakage, baffle damage, tube collision damage, fatigue, creep etc. In the present study, vibration response is analyzed on single tube located in the centre of the tube bundle having parallel triangular arrangement （60-） with P/D ratio of 1.44. The experiment is performed for two different flow conditions. This kind of experiment has not been reported in the literature. Under the first condition, the tube vibration response is analyzed when there is no internal flow in the tube and under the second condition, the response is analyzed when the internal tube flow is maintained at a constant value of 0.1 rn/s. The free stream shell side velocity ranges from 0.8 rn/s to 1.3 m/s, the reduced gap velocity varies from 1,80 to 2.66 and the Reynolds number varies from 44500 to 66000. It is observed that the internal tube flow results in larger vibration amplitudes for the tube than that without internal tube flow. It is also established that over the current range of shell side flow velocity, the turbulence is the dominant excitation mechanism for producing vibration in the tube since the amplitude varies directly with the increase in the shell side velocity. Damping has no significant effect on the vibration behavior of the tube for the current velocity range.

Influence of process parameters on the microstructural evolution of a rear axle tube during cross wedge rolling

In the shaping process of cross wedge rolling（CWR）, metal undergoes a complex microstructural evolution, which affects the quality and mechanical properties of the product. Through secondary development of the DEFORM-3D software, we developed a rigid plastic finite element model for a CWR-processed rear axle tube, coupled with thermomechanical and microstructural aspects of workpieces. Using the developed model, we investigated the microstructural evolution of the CWR process. Also, the influence of numerous parameters, including the initial temperature of workpieces, the roll speed, the forming angle, and the spreading angle, on the grain size and the grain-size uniformity of the rolled workpieces was analyzed. The numerical simulation was verified through rolling and metallographic experiments. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental results, which demonstrated the reliability of the model constructed in this work.

Effect of frictions on cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending

The effect of frictions between dies and tube on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical analysis and experiment. The results show that the frictions between mandrel, wiper, pressure die, bending die and tube have a significant and complicate effect on the section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. To improve the section quality, frictions between mandrel, wiper and tube should be decreased, but the frictions between the pressure die, bending die and tube increase. The effect on the section distortion is more significant from mandrel, wiper, pressure die to bending die and the effect on the wall thinning more significant from mandrel, pressure die, wiper, to bending die. The effects of frictions between all dies and tube on wall thinning are smaller than their effects on section distortion. Mandrel and wiper should be lubricated well and drawing oil is used to lubricate them in actual production. The frictions between pressure die, bending die and tube should be increased and the dry friction is used between pressure die, bending die and tube in actual production.

Effect of mandrel on cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled bending

The effect of mandrel with the structure of ball and socket on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube numerical controlled(NC) bending was studied by numerical simulation method, combined with theoretical (analysis) and experiment. Influencing factors of the mandrel include the count of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and its position. According to the principle of NC tube bending, quality defects possibly produced in thin-walled tube NC bending process were analyzed and two parameters were proposed in order to describe the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending. According to the geometrical dimension of tube and dies, the range of mandrel protrusion was derived. The finite element model of thin-walled tube NC bending was established based on the DYNAFORM platform, and key technological problems were solved. The model was verified by experiment. The effect of the number of mandrel heads, the diameter of mandrel and the protrusion length of mandrel on the cross section quality of thin-walled tube NC bending was revealed and how to choose mandrel parameters was presented.

Heat transfer characteristics of air cross-flow for in-line arrangement of spirally corrugated tube and smooth tube bundles

An experimental study on heat transfer and resistance coefficients of linearly arranged smooth and spirally corrugated tube bundles in cross-flow was performed. The heat transfer and resistance coefficients are presented in this paper with transverse and longitudinal tube-pitch and tube geometries taken into account. The experiment's results can provide technical guidelines for application to horizontal air preheater with arranged in-line spirally corrugated tube bundles, especially to the air preheater for CFBCBs (Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers).

HYBRID PERTURBATION-GALERKIN SOLUTION OF THE FLOW IN A CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION TUBE WITH CONSTRICTION

Using hybrid perturbatin_Galerkin technique,a crcular cross_section tube model with sinusoidal wall is studied.This technique can remove the limitation of small parameters for perturbation and the difficulty of selecting good coordinate functions about Galerkin technique.The effects caused by the boundary conditions and the Reynolds number on the flow were discussed.The position of the separate and reattachment points was obtained.The tendency of the variation about the shear stress on the wall and friction factor along the axis direction were also analyzed.The results at a small parameter have good agreements with the perturbation ones.

Analysis and experiment of cross-section flattening incoreless tube bending

In order to predict the flattening rate of the cross-section accurately during the tube ben- ding, the generation principle, the solution and the influence factor of the cross-section flattening were studied. On the basis of the plane-stress and the assumption that the plastic volume is con- stant, three-dimensionai strain formulas were established in consider of the cross-section flattening. Considering the wail-thickness change, the approximate calculation formulas of short axis flattening rate were deduced, with the outer diameter and the inner diameter as parameters. Because different materials have different cross-section flattening rates, a material correction factor was introduced to modify the formula based on experiments. Finally, the validity of the theoretical formulas was proved according to the calculation and the experiment results, which can provide a reference for the forming quality prediction in tube bending.

Deformation Calculation of Cross-section Based on Virtual Force in Thin-walled Tube Bending Process

Cross-section deformation is one of important factors affecting the quality of tube formation, and the tube＇s capability of transporting liquid and gas will be reduced because of the cross-section ellipse deformation due to the effect of shear load in plastic bending process. When the tube is bent, the extrados-wall bears the tension stress and the intrados-wall bears the compression stress, synchronously the cross-section is affected by the circumferential stress. According to the above, the distribution function and curve of tangential stress can be obtained according to force balance differential equations on circumferential direction and Trasca rule. Subsequently the real state and virtual state moment equations were established, a new method was presented adopting the virtual principle of deformation system to calculate the x-axis and y-axis displacement of arbitrary point on cross-section. So the major and minor axes of deformed cross-section can be calculated according to the displacements of each point, and the variety value of major and minor axes will be obtained further. Finally the theoretical calculating result is compared with NC tube rotary-bending experiment results to verify the rationality of theoretical analysis, and the cross-section deformation rule of thin-walled tube can be received.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

随动辊压型低应力精密断料教学实验平台开发

为了增强学生对先进成形装备及低应力精密断料技术的理解,开发了随动辊压型低应力精密断料教学实验平台。该实验平台综合利用机械设计、传感器技术及计算机控制技术,将应力集中效应和随动辊压技术引入管料的精密分离断料工序中,设计了管料断面质量评价方法,对带有V型槽的45#钢及304不锈钢管料进行了裂纹可控式低应力精密下料实验,验证了断料效果。该实验平台不仅使低应力断料过程更加直观,还提升了学生对低应力精密成形技术的认识,增强了学生对“机械制造工程基础”“切削原理与刀具”及“先进制造技术”等课程的学习兴趣。

报春苣苔属植物杂交亲和性分析及杂交障碍

【目的】探究报春苣苔属属内杂交亲和性及杂交障碍的原因。【方法】以4个报春苣苔原生种、2个栽培品种为材料进行常规杂交,通过花粉活力、柱头可授性筛选父母本后开展杂交工作,初步确定杂交组合亲和性关系,并对授粉后的子房发育跟踪观察。【结果】1)6种报春苣苔属植物的花粉活力和柱头可授性强弱与其杂交亲和性反应没有绝对的因果关系。2)16个杂交组合的子房膨大率均在65.00%以上,结实率有明显差别,以牛耳朵Primulina eburnea、尖萼报春苣苔P. pungentisepala、大根报春苣苔P. macrorhiza、蚂蝗七P. fimbrisepala作为母本时,各杂交组合的平均结实率分别达到了75.55%、78.44%、46.67%、57.78%,表现出了较高的亲和性,而以‘北林之春’报春苣苔P.‘Spring of Beilin’、‘四季’报春苣苔P.‘Four Season’为母本的组合,结实率最高也仅有6.67%,亲和性较弱。3)对5个亲和性较弱的杂交组合进行花粉管行为荧光观察,发现均存在一定程度的受精前障碍,表现为花粉管胼胝质反应、花粉管末端膨大、扭曲断裂,但各组合最终均有花粉管伸入胚珠,从到达胚珠的花粉管数量来看,牛耳朵等3个原生种的花粉数量均可满足胚珠受精需要,但结实率仍较低。【结论】报春苣苔属属内杂交具有一定的亲和性,但部分组合未获得种子,并非由受精前的花粉萌发和花粉管生长所限制,可能是由于受精卵或幼胚的后期发育过程中出现代谢紊乱而导致败育。

V形截面管充液压制圆角充填行为研究

基于力学分析,利用有限元模拟和充液压制成形实验研究了V形截面管圆角成形所需内压。在不同内压下对成形管材壁厚的变化进行了充液压制实验研究。并通过理论计算选择合适的实验参数,成形出符合要求的扭力梁结构件。结果表明:圆角半径越小,成形所需内压越大;V形截面管内圆角半径随着内压的增加而减小,外圆角半径随着内压的增加而增大;V形截面管壁厚增厚主要发生在上侧圆角区,减薄主要发生下圆角区,并且最大减薄发生在下圆角中心区。

基于Zukauskas关系式的预冷发动机进气道流动特性研究

为了研究预冷发动机进气道流动特性,以二维变几何轴对称进气道为研究对象,利用Zukauskas横掠管束绕流关系式,对进气道流场展开了数值仿真研究,探究预冷器的冷却效应及换热管直径对进气道流场、性能的影响。结果表明:Zukauskas关系式能较好地预测气流在预冷器管束间的流动损失;经过预冷后,涡轮通道总温大幅下降,但总温分布不均匀,温度梯度明显,对流换热对上游流体总温产生的影响很小;在Ma_(∞)=2~5飞行工况下,换热功率随着飞行马赫数的增加而增大,涡轮通道的出口总温较预冷前降低了22%~60%,出口马赫数降低了17%~51%,反压比增加了10%~26%,总压恢复系数增加了3%~8%;当预冷器的管径从1 mm增大至2.5 mm时,涡轮通道出口速度降低了16.5%,反压比降低了1%,总压恢复系数呈现先下降后上升的趋势。将虚拟预冷器管束排布方式改为顺排,预冷器的换热功率下降,出口总温上升,涡轮通道的出口速度上升了11%~30%。

基于重叠网格的真空管道高速列车运行条件对温度场影响分析

为研究真空管道列车在运行时管道内的温度场与管道截面积、真空度和运行速度之间的关系,利用仿真软件Fluent,并结合重叠网格技术对不同列车运行速度、管道截面积和真空度进行仿真,分析了其对管道内和列车表面温度场的影响情况。研究结果表明,管道截面积的增加以及运行速度的降低会导致列车表面以及管道内温度降低;管道内真空度的增加对管道内温度场影响不大,但会使列车表面温度呈上升趋势。

基于“TUBE”理论的交叉航路设计研究

针对当前航路网络日趋复杂,航路交叉点越来越多,出现飞行冲突的几率大大增加的问题,提出基于"TUBE"理论的交叉航路设计方法,该设计方法将航路中的航空器抽象为一种流体,当航空器进入航路时采用汇流的方法,离开航路时采用分流的方法,使航空器在飞越航路交叉点时不存在互相穿越的飞行情况,并基于该理论进行了建模计算,计算结果表明该方法的采用可以降低管制员的工作负荷,同时更好地提高民航的运行效率和飞行的安全性.

平衡点跟踪型强迫对流换热实验装置的研制

依据空气横掠单管强迫对流换热原理,研制平衡点跟踪型强迫对流换热实验装置。装置利用单片机控制风速和加热功率等实验工况参数,对工况参数进行同步调整、实时采集分析,实现热平衡状态点跟踪。采用牛顿冷却公式和准则关系式自动计算努谢尔特数和雷诺数,自动拟合准则关系式、自动显示关联式曲线,实现了全自动数据分析。测试结果表明,在雷诺数40~4000范围内,实验结果与经验关联式吻合度较好,实现了热平衡点自动跟踪,达到了强迫对流换热实验实时自动测量要求。

影响横管初冷器余热水温度的因素及解决措施

以鞍钢化学科技有限公司回收作业区的初冷器为研究对象,探究了初冷器内漏、初冷器清扫方式和余热水槽温度等因素对余热水温度的影响,对每种影响因素提出针对性的解决措施。实践表明,余热水平均送水温度由48.4℃提高至54.2℃。

3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律

薄壁微小通道波形扁管是建设新能源汽车锂电池组恒温系统的绝佳材料,成形尺寸是影响其冲压成形截面变形的关键因素。建立了实验验证的3003Al-H14微小通道薄壁扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型。基于所建模型,研究了截面高度、管坯壁厚、内外面相对弯曲半径缩放系数等成形尺寸,对截面变形率和平均截面变形率的作用规律。研究发现:①横截面上边缘孔的截面变形率通常较大,其余孔的截面变形率相对较小且大小一致;纵截面上孔的截面变形率呈现波峰波谷高、中间段低的分布特点。②扁管的截面变形率随着截面高度增大而增大,当截面高度超过4 mm时,扁管内的筋显著弯折,横截面塌陷严重。③扁管的平均截面变形率随着壁厚增大呈指数函数下降;当壁厚等于0.1 mm时,所有截面都畸变严重,而当壁厚超过0.3 mm时,最大截面畸变率下降至24.71%。④内外面相对弯曲半径的缩放系数越大,则内外面的实际弯曲程度越小,平均截面变形率也越小。研究成果对薄壁微小通道波形扁管的精确成形具有科学意义和工程价值。

现代木结构在高层观景塔中的设计研究——以第七届全国高等学校木结构设计竞赛获奖作品为例

高层建筑与构筑物是现代木结构自21世纪以来新的应用领域,在科技、生态与人文精神并重的时代背景下,对此进行研究具有十分重要的现实意义。因此,文章从第七届全国高等学校木结构设计邀请赛获奖作品——“鱼·跃”着手,通过研究现代木结构在高层观景塔的应用,对正交胶合木(CLT)筒中筒结构体系在其中的设计全过程进行解析,初步探索了现代木结构在高层构筑物建筑设计中带来的空间和造型的新变化。

十字形钢管束高强混凝土组合剪力墙的抗剪承载力研究

为研究不同参数对十字形钢管束高强混凝土组合剪力墙抗剪承载力的影响,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立了十字形钢管束高强混凝土组合剪力墙的有限元模型,重点考察钢材强度、混凝土强度、钢板厚度、钢管厚度、轴压比、墙体长度、墙体高度、腔体长度等参数对此类组合剪力墙抗剪承载力的影响。分析结果表明:随着钢材强度、钢板厚度、钢管厚度、墙体长度的增加和墙体高度的减小,试件的抗剪承载力呈显著增大趋势;随着混凝土强度的提高和腔体长度的减小,试件的抗剪承载力略呈增大趋势;当轴压比较小时(n∈(0,0.3]),轴压比对试件的抗剪承载力有一定的提高作用;当轴压比较大时(n∈(0.3,0.8]),随着轴压比的增加其抗剪承载力逐渐降低。最后,提出了十字形钢管束高强混凝土组合剪力墙的抗剪承载力计算公式。