FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF LATE TRANSITION PROCESSES IN CROSSFLOW INSTABILITY EXPERIMENT

The experiments of primary and secondary instabilities with controlled excitation are carried out on a swept flat plate to study the process leading to the final breakdown of laminar flow. Two types of high frequency secondary instabilities are identified. The most amplified mode is centered about the inflection point of the crosswise profile of the boundary layer and is interpreted as inflectional instability, the other occurs in the one third of the boundary layer from the wall. The high frequency disturbances are highly amplified but they also saturate similarly to the primary and nonlinearly generated disturbances. Their main effect in the final breakdown seems interact with the disturbances is developed and thus widens the frequency spectrum to turbulent state.

Experiments of Brittle-Plastic Transition and Instability Modes of Juyongguan Granite at Different Temperatures and Pressures

Three groups of experiments on brittle-plastic transition and instability modes of granite were performed in a triaxial vessel with solid pressure medium at high temperature and high pressure. The results of experiments show that brittle faulting is the major failure mode at temperature <300℃, but crystal-plastic deformation is dominate at temperature >800℃, and there is a transition with increasing temperature from semi-brittle faulting to cataclastic flow and semi-brittle flow at temperatures of 300～800℃. So, temperature is the most influential factor in brittle-plastic transition of granite and confining pressure is the second factor. The results also show that progressive failure of granite occurs at lower pressure or high temperature where there is crystal plasticity, and sudden instability occurs at room temperature and high pressure (>300MPa) or high temperature and great pressure(550℃600MPa ～650℃700MPa), and a broad regime of quasi-sudden instability exists between the T-P condition of progressive failure and sudden instability. So, instability modes of granite depend simultaneously on the pressure and temperature.

The effect of G?rtler instability on hypersonic boundary layer transition

The evolution of Gortler vortices and its interaction with other instabilities are investigated in this paper. Both the Mack mode and the Gortler mode exist in hypersonic boundary-layer flows over concave surfaces, and their interactions are crucially important in boundary layer transition. We carry out a direct numerical simulation to explore the interaction between the GOrtler and the oblique Mack mode. The results indicate that the interaction between the forced Gortler mode and the oblique Mack mode promotes the onset of the transition. The forced oblique Mack mode is susceptible to nonlinear interaction. Because of the development of the GOrtler mode, the forced Mack mode and other harmonic modes are excited.

ON HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITIES,CHAOS AND PHASE TRANSITION

Ellipticity as the underlying mechanism for instabilities of physical systems is highlighted in the study of model nonlinear evolution equations with dissipation and the study of phase transition in Van der Waals fluid. Interesting results include spiky solutions, chaotic behavior in the context of partial differential equations, as well as the nucleation process due to ellipticity in phase transition.

A new model of the L–H transition and H-mode power threshold

In order to understand the mechanism of the confinement bifurcation and H-mode power threshold in magnetically confined plasma,a new dynamical model of the L-H transition based on edge instability phase transition（EIPT） has been developed.With the typical plasma parameters of the EAST tokamak,the self-consistent turbulence growth rate is analyzed using the simplest case of pressure-driven ballooning-type instability,which indicates that the L-H transition can be caused by the stabilization of the edge instability through EIPT.The weak E？×？B flow shear in L-mode is able to increase the ion inertia of the electrostatic motion by increasing the radial wave number of the tilted turbulence structures,which play an important role for accelerating the trigger process of EIPT rather than directly to suppress the turbulent transport.With the acceleration mechanism of E？×？B flow shear,fast L-H and H-L transitions are demonstrated under the control of the input heating power.Due to the simplified scrape-offlayer boundary condition applied,the ratio between the heating powers at the H-L and L-H transition respectively differs from the ratio by Nusselt number.The results of the modeling reveal a scaling of the power threshold of the L-H transition,P_（L-H）？∝？n^（0.76） B^（0.8） for deuterium plasma.It is found finite Larmor radius induces an isotope effect of the H-mode power threshold.

NON-EQUILIBRIUM,NONLINEAR CRITICAL LAYERS IN LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION

We describe some recent developments of high-Reynolds-number asymptotic theory for the nonlinear stage of laminar-turbulent transition in nearly parallel flows.The classic weakly nonlinear theory of Landau and Stuart is briefly revisited with the dual purposes of highlighting its fundamental ideas,which continue to underlie much of current theoretical thinking,as well as its difficulty in dealing with unbounded flows.We show that resolving such a difficulty requires an asymptotic approach based on the high-Reynolds-number assumption,which leads to a nonlinear critical-layer theory.Major recent results are reviewed with emphasis on the non-equilibrium effect.Future directions of investigation are indicated.

Flow transitions in model Czochralski GaAs melt

The flow and heat transfer of molten GaAs during Czochralski growth are studied with a time-dependent and three- dimensional turbulent flow model. A transition from axisymmetric flow to nonoaxisymmetric flow and then back to axisymmetric flow again with increasing the crucible rotation rate is predicted. In the non-axisymmetric regime, the thermal wave induced by the combination of coriolis force, buoyancy and viscous force in the GaAs melt is predicted for the first time. The thermal wave is confirmed to be baroclinic thermal wave. The origin of the transition to non-axisymmetric flow is baroclinic instability. The critical parameters for the, transitions are presented, which are quantitatively in agreement with Fein and Preffer＇s experimental results, The calculated results can be taken as a reference for the growth of GaAs single-crystal of high quality,

Recent progress of nuclear liquid gas phase transition

Recent progress on nuclear liquid gas phase transition (LGPT) has been reviewed, especially for the signals of LGPT in heavy ion collisions. These signals include the power-law charge distribution, cluster emission rate, nuclear Zipf law, bimodality, the largest fluctuation of the fragments, Δ-scaling, caloric curve, phase coexis- tence diagram, critical temperature, critical exponent analysis, negative specific heat capacity and spinodal instability etc. The systematic works of the authors on experimental and theoretical LGPT are also introduced.

Wave nature of Rosensweig instability

The explicit analytical solution of Rosensweig instability spikes'shapes obtained by Navier-Stokes(NS)equation in diverse magnetic field H vertical to the flat free surface of ferrofluids are systematically studied experimentally and theoretically.After carefully analyzing and solving the NS equation in elliptic form,the force balanced surface equations of spikes in Rosensweig instability are expressed as cosine wave in perturbated magnetic field and hyperbolic tangent in large magnetic field,whose results both reveal the wave-like nature of Rosensweig instability.The results of hyperbolic tangent form are perfectly fitted to the experimental results in this paper,which indicates that the analytical solution is basically correct.Using the forementioned theoretical results,the total energy of the spike distribution pattern is calculated.By analyzing the energy components under different magnetic field intensities H,the hexagon-square transition of Rosensweig instability is systematically discussed and explained in an explicit way.

AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INSTABILITY OF NATURAL CONVECTION BOUNDARY LAYER AROUND A VERTICAL HEATED FLAT PLATE

Experimental results on the instability of the isothermal natural-convection boundary layer around a vertical heated flat plate are presented. It is demonstrated that the characteristics of the instability wave in the outer layer is consistent with the calculation of Brewster & Gebhart. Aft;er an initial growth of its low frequency components at the downstream side of the turning point of the neutral curve (Gr approximate to 120) its comparatively higher frequency components develop and become turbulent subsequently with a buoyancy subrange in its power spectra. Simultaneously, in the measurement at the inner layer near the wail a viscous instability signal the same as the Tollmien-Schlichting waves in ordinary boundary layer and its subharmonics in a much higher frequency domain is discovered and an inertial subrange can be observed in the spectra at Gr approximate to 378.6.

POD analysis of the instability mode of a low-speed streak in a laminar boundary layer

The instability of one single low-speed streak in a zero-pressure-gradient laminar boundary layer is investigated experimentally via both hydrogen bubble visualization and planar particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurement. A single low-speed streak is generated and destabilized by the wake of an interference wire positioned normal to the wall and in the upstream. The downstream development of the streak includes secondary instability and self-reproduction process, which leads to the generation of two additional streaks appearing on either side of the primary one. A proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) analysis of PIV measured velocity field is used to identify the components of the streak instability in the POD mode space: for a sinuous/varicose type of POD mode, its basis functions present anti-symmetric/symmetric distributions about the streak centerline in the streamwise component, and the symmetry condition reverses in the spanwise component. It is further shown that sinuous mode dominates the turbulent kinematic energy(TKE) through the whole streak evolution process, the TKE content first increases along the streamwise direction to a saturation value and then decays slowly. In contrast, varicose mode exhibits a sustained growth of the TKE content,suggesting an increasing competition of varicose instability against sinuous instability.

Instability of cylinder wake under open-loop active control

Instability of a wake controlled by a streamwise Lorentz force is investigated through a Floquet stability analysis. The streamwise Lorentz force, which is a two-dimensional control input created by an electromagnetic actuator located on the cylinder surface,adjusts the base flow to affect the three-dimensional wake instability and achieve wake stabilization and transition delay. The instability mode at a Reynolds number Re = 300 can be transformed from B to A with N = 1.0, where N is an interaction number representing the strength of the Lorentz force relative to the inertial force in the fluid. The wake flow is Floquet stable when N increases to 1.3. The spanwise perturbation wavelengths are 3.926 D and 0.822 D in the modes A and B, respectively, where D is the cylinder diameter. In addition, the oscillating amplitudes of drag and lift are reduced with the increase in the interaction number. Particle tracing is used to explore the essential physical mechanism for mode transformation. The path lines show that suppression of flow separation hinders the fluid deformation and rotation, leading to the decrease in elliptic and hyperbolic instability regions, which is the material cause of mode transformation.All of the results indicate that wake stabilization and transition delay can be achieved under open-loop active control via the streamwise Lorentz force.

Flow Instability of Molten GaAs in the Czochralski Configuration

The flow and heat transfer of molten GaAs under the interaction of buoyancy, Marangoni and crystal rotation in the Czochralski configuration are numerically studied by using a time-dependent and three-dimensional turbulent flow model for the first time. The transition from axisymmetric flow to non-axisymmetric flow and then returning to axisymmetric flow again with increasing centrifugal and coriolis forces by increasing the crystal rotation rate was numerically observed. The origin of the transition to non-axisymmetric flow has been proved to be baroclinic instability. Several important characteristics of baroclinic instability in the CZ GaAs melt have been predicted. These characteristics are found to be in agreement with experimental observations.

Quantum properties near the instability boundary in optomechanical system

The properties of the system near the instability boundary are very sensitive to external disturbances, which is important for amplifying some physical effects or improving the sensing accuracy. In this paper, the quantum properties near the instability boundary in a simple optomechanical system have been studied by numerical simulation. Calculations show that the transitional region connecting the Gaussian states and the ring states when crossing the boundary is sometimes different from the region centered on the boundary line, but it is more essential. The change of the mechanical Wigner function in the transitional region directly reflects its bifurcation behavior in classical dynamics. Besides, quantum properties, such as mechanical second-order coherence function and optomechanical entanglement, can be used to judge the corresponding bifurcation types and estimate the parameter width and position of the transitional region. The non-Gaussian transitional states exhibit strong entanglement robustness, and the transitional region as a boundary ribbon can be expected to replace the original classical instability boundary line in future applications.

水凝胶延迟水下回转体边界层自然转捩机理研究

水下航行体首部声纳探测能力与边界层转捩密切相关。本文开展了水凝胶超材料在延迟水下航行体边界层自然转捩方面的应用基础研究,并探究了其内在机理。在高速水洞中分别开展了刚性和水凝胶表面的SUBOFF模型总阻力系数与二维瞬时速度场大视场PIV实验测试,采用多路径积分算法对SUBOFF模型周围脉动压力场进行估算;结合刚性SUBOFF模型边界层流动线性稳定性分析与PIV流场测试结果,获得刚性SUBOFF模型边界层自然转捩特性;采用“比光强”算法,对低速水洞中水凝胶表面SUBOFF模型局部形变与近壁区速度场进行频谱分析,揭示水凝胶表面流−固耦合作用机制;基于法向瞬时速度分量的连续子波变换,对边界层瞬时流场间歇性进行分析,揭示水凝胶在流−固耦合作用下延迟SUBOFF模型边界层自然转捩的机理。

高超声速钝楔边界层最优增长扰动及其二次失稳研究

最优增长扰动理论是近年来高超声速边界层非模态失稳现象研究中的主要理论之一,可被看作一种对非模态扰动增长的工程化估计。本文以高超声速钝楔边界层为研究对象,采用最优增长理论和二次失稳分析方法,对钝楔边界层的非模态失稳特性进行了研究。结果表明,在平楔面各个工况的有限计算域中无法找到不稳定模态扰动,非模态的最优增长扰动可获得较大的能量增益。研究还发现,最优扰动的能量增益随马赫数的增加逐渐减小,而壁面曲率对最优扰动的增长起促进作用。但是,由于不同曲率条件下对应的最大能量增长扰动的展向波数存在一定差异,因此变曲率的等熵压缩面不存在统一的变化规律。进一步,研究还采用非线性抛物化稳定性方程研究了零频率最优扰动的非线性演化,并以最优扰动形成的条纹边界层的二次稳定性为基本流,采用线性理论进行了二次失稳分析,发现最优增长扰动形成的条纹结构具有较强的二次失稳增长率,这有利于下游边界层转捩成湍流。该研究结果对设计高速飞行器前体进气道的强制转捩装置有一定参考意义。

多孔陶瓷板预混火焰热声振荡多模态转换实验研究

针对多孔陶瓷板甲烷-空气预混火焰,搭建了两端开口的Rijke管实验台,研究了当量比对多模态转换的影响,分析了不同自激振荡模态下火焰的不稳定特征.实验结果表明,当量比的变化会引起自激振荡模态转换.当燃烧功率固定为0.96 kW,增加空气流量,当量比从1.17降低到0.71时,管内压力振荡主频由163 Hz迁移至355 Hz.利用格林函数法计算Rijke管的声学特征频率,表明实验测试的两组自激振荡频率分别为Rijke管的一阶和二阶声学特征频率.不同当量比下火焰平均热释放率图像表明,高当量比火焰更易与系统低阶振荡频率耦合,这是因为此时火焰长度较高,且预混气体流速较慢,对应对流延迟时间较长.使用相平均和本征正交分解方法得到了不同振荡频率下的振荡模态,低频振荡以轴向振荡为主,高频振荡以频闪振荡为主.

低温氮气/液氮射流冷凝振荡特性实验研究

为了探索火箭低频振动特征及其机理,以液氮为工质开展气液掺混射流冷凝的可视化低温实验研究,通过高速相机成功捕捉到了直管段内的低频振荡流型,且利用低温高频动态压力传感器成功测量到了低频压力脉动特性,为火箭低频振动问题提供了事实依据。通过逐帧图像处理技术发现,氮气/液氮相界面以16 Hz的频率周期性波动,与压力脉动主频一致。射流冷凝振荡表现出3种不同流型:间歇回流、过渡流和气羽振荡流。间歇回流频率随着气体流量和液体质量通量的增加而增加,冷凝振荡频率随气体流量的增大而增大,随液体质量通量的增大而减小。整体上间歇回流频率为0.8—2.8 Hz范围,冷凝振荡频率为16.6—17.8 Hz范围,皆表现为典型的低频特性,为低温液体燃料火箭低频振动问题提供了理论基础和技术支撑。

硐室岩壁过渡型破坏模式及最大线应变理论分析研究

地下硐室所在的岩体应力条件复杂,破坏模式随着与开挖面距离的不同发生转变,开挖所引起的原位脆性岩体应力集中会导致平行于自由面的局部损伤演化,称为表面不稳定性。而在深层条件下,低强度硐室岩壁的表面不稳定性及过渡型破坏模式很常见。针对目前实验室中圆柱形试样在单轴压缩试验中试样受力不符合岩壁单元实际应力状态的局限性,研发一款可模拟硐室岩壁过渡式破坏的试验测试仪。对长方体砂岩、花岗岩试样进行单临空面双向应力加载试验,分析岩石试样的裂纹发展、应力应变规律和破坏模式过渡转化。基于最大线应变理论及胡克定律提出最大线应变强度分析公式,建立基于最大线应变理论的岩壁表面不稳定性破坏的试验测试和分析方法,并且同Mohr-Coulomb准则及Hoek-Brown强度理论进行比较,通过试验数据验证最大线应变理论解释硐室岩壁过渡型破坏模式的适用性。

抽蓄系统抽水快转发电过渡过程的水力不稳定性

为满足电力系统动态服务需求,要求抽蓄系统快速完成工况转换,抽水快转发电过渡过程是抽蓄系统在工况转换过程中最为复杂和危险的工况之一,但目前相关研究较少。为明确该过程的水力不稳定性,建立抽蓄电站全过流系统三维模型,开展抽蓄系统抽水快转发电过渡过程的数值模拟计算,探究水泵水轮机组的外特性参数变化、压力脉动特性和内部流态演变。研究表明:抽蓄机组抽水快转发电过程中,流量、力矩及受力的变化皆随着活动导叶动作呈现出阶梯式变化;水泵制动运行工况及转轮转速发生转向期间为机组易产生较大摆动、力矩易发生剧烈波动的时段,且尤以无叶区的压力波动最为剧烈;导叶开度的快速变化以及流量和转速的变向成为机组内部危险流动的主要来源。研究结果可为提高抽水快转发电过渡过程中的稳定性和优化控制策略提供理论支撑。