THE SECRETORY STIGMAS IN POPULUS: DEVELOPMENT, CYTOCHEMISTRY, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THEIR RELATION TO INTERSECTIONAL INCOMPATIBILITY *

The stigmas of five species, Populus euphratica Oliv., P. alba L., P. simonii Carr., P. lasiocarpa Oliv. and P. nigra L. have been studied. Scanning electron microscopy re veals that exudates are present in the intercellular spaces, in the clefts between the multicel lular papillae and on the receptive surface. Release and movement of exudates can be visual ized when the fresh stigmas are stained with sudan Ⅲ and auramine O. Paraffin and semi thin resin sections of stigmas after glutaraldehyde osmium fixation evidence the lipidic nature of the exudates. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the glandular features of the stigmatic papillae cells, such as abundance of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, and well developed dictyosomes with secretory vesicles. Pellicle and epicuticular lamellate layers which have been considered as typical features of the dry type stigmas are also present in the species where stigmas appear extremely wet. It is concluded that stigmas in all of the five species are secretory at the receptive stage. Well developed generative and sperm cells were observed in the pollen tubes penetrating through the deep layers of the stigmatic tissue in the reciprocal crosses between P. euphratica and P. simonii, which indicated that there is no significant barrier in the stigma.

Genetic and Geographic Patterns of Duplicate DPL Genes Causing Genetic Incompatibility Within Rice:Implications for Multiple Domestication Events in Rice

Strong genetic incompatibilities exist between two primary rice subspecies,indica and japonica.However,the wild ancestors of rice,O.nivara Sharma et Shastry and O.rufipogon Griff.,are genetically compatible.How this genetic incompatibility became established has not been clearly elucidated.To provide insights into the process,we analyzed a pair of hybrid sterility genes in rice,DOPPELGANGER 1(DPL1)and DOPPELGANGER 2(DPL2).Either of the two loci can have one defective allele(DPL1-and DPL2-).Hybrid pollen carrying both DPL1-and DPL2-alleles is sterile.To explore the origination of DPL1-and DPL2-,we sequenced the DPL1 and DPL2 genes of 811 individual plants,including Oryza sativa(132),O.nivara(296)and O.rufipogon(383).We then obtained 20 DPL1 and 34 DPL2 sequences of O.sativa from online databases.Using these sequences,we analyzed the genetic and geographic distribution patterns of DPL genes in modern rice and its wild ancestors.Compared with the ancestral populations,DPL1-and DPL2-showed reduced diversity but increased frequency in modern rice.We speculated that the diversity reduction was due to a historic genetic bottleneck,and the frequency had likely increased because the defective alleles were preferred following this artificial selection.Such results indicated that standing variances in ancestral lines can lead to severe incompatibilities among descendants.Haplotype analysis indicated that the DPL1-haplotype of rice emerged from an O.nivara population in India,whereas the DPL2-haplotype emerged from O.rufipogon in South China.Hence,the evolutionary history of DPLs conforms to the presumed multiple domestication events of modern rice.

Sulfolane-Graphite Incompatibility and Its Mitigation in Li-ion Batteries

The non-flammability and high oxidation stability of sulfolane(SL)make it an excellent electrolyte candidate for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,its incompatibility with graphitic anode prevents the realization of these advantages.To understand how this incompatibility arises on molecular level so that it can be suppressed,we combined theoretical calculation and experimental characterization and reveal that the primary Li^(+) solvation sheath in SL is depleted of fluorine source.Upon reduction,SL in such fluorine-poor solvation sheath generates insoluble dimer with poor electronic insulation,hence leading to slow but sustained parasitic reactions.When fluorine content in Li^(+)-SL solvation sheath is increased via salt concentration,a high stability LiF-rich interphase on graphite can be formed.This new understanding of the failure mechanism of graphite in SL-based electrolyte is of great significance in unlocking many possible electrolyte solvent candidates for the high-voltage cathode materials for next-generation LIBs.

ABO incompatibility in renal transplantation

ABO blood group incompatibility(ABO-I)was historically considered an absolute contraindication to kidney transplantation due to the significant risk of acute antibody-mediated rejection and early graft loss.Nevertheless,the urge to minimize the gap between the candidates’number on the waitlist for kidney transplants and the available kidney donors encourage investigation into finding ways to use organs from ABO-I kidney donors,especially in the era of using more potent immunosuppression therapies.This review aims to discuss a general overview of ABO-I kidney transplantation and the different protocols adopted by some transplant centers to meaningfully overcome this barrier.

Identification of Self-Incompatibility Genotypes in Some Sand Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) by PCR-RFLP Analysis

The identification of self-incompatibility genotype （S-genotype） will be useful for selection of pollinizers and design of crossing in cultivar improvement of sand pear. This paper reported the identification of self-incompatibility genotypes of seven Chinese and two Japanese sand pear cultivars using PCR-RFLP analysis and S-RNase sequencing. The Sgenotypes of these cultivars were determined as follows： Huali 1 S1S3, Shounan S1S3, Xizilti S1S4, Qingxiang S3S7, Sanhua S2S7, Huangmi （Imamuranatsu） S1S6, Huali 2 S3S4, Baozhuli S7S33, Cangxixueli S5S15. S-RNase alleles （S1 to S9） in sand pear could be identified effectively by PCR-RFLP analysis.

Study on the cytoplasmic incompatibility in some natural population of Culex pipiens complex in China and Japan

The cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Culex pipiens complex from China and Japan was studied. The results of the crossing experiments between 11 different strains suggest that some Japanese strains might be possible to be used for control Chinese strains by using male sterile technique, and the heavy infection of wolbachiae in mosquitoes may have some relations with the cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Cx. pipiens complex.

Heterosis of Double Low Self-incompatibility in Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)

66 F 1 hybrids, produced by 3 double low self-incompatible lines and 22 varieties with a North Carolina II (NCII) crossing design, were tested for their heterosis in Wuhan, China during two growing seasons from 1999 - 2001. The results showed that significant differences were found between F1s and their parents for yield per plant and seed oil content. Mid-parent heterosis of these two characters ranged from 5.50% -64.11% and from 1.55% -7.44% respectively. Heterosis for seed yield per plant was greater than that of seed oil content. For yield components, heterosis of total number of siliques per plant was the highest, followed by seed number per silique and 1 000 seeds weight. Significant genotype-by-year interaction was found for seed yield per plant. Results from correlation and combining ability analysis indicated that parental effects on its F! hybrid depended on characters, seed yield per plant was affected by both additive and non-additive effects, and seed oil content was affected mainly by additive effect. When designing hybrid programme, parents might be selected by GCAs and variances of SCAs of parents for the characters affected by both additive and non-additive effects, and by the sum of GCAs of female and male parents for the characters mainly affected by additive effects.

Anatomical Studies on Compatibility and Incompatibility of Some Solanaceous Plant Species to Field Dodder (<i>Cuscuta campestris</i>Yuncker)

Four solanaceous plant species, namely hot pepper (Capsicum frutescensL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMiller) were anatomically screened for compatibility/incompatibility to field dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYuncker, Cuscutaceae). The development of field dodder haustorium within stem tissues of the studied solanaceous plants was found to depend on the latter’s response to the former’s penetration. In hot pepper and tobacco, which showed a positive response, the haustorium was well developed and its searching hyphae established connections with their vascular tissues. However, potato and tomato showed a negative response and acquired different defense mechanisms against the parasitism of field dodder. In both of them, the field dodder haustorium and/or its searching hyphae exhibited distorted appearance and failed to establish connection with their vascular tissues. Thus, the tested solanaceous plant species could be classified as either compatible (hot pepper and tobacco) or incompatible (potato and tomato) hosts to field dodder.

Galaxy Evolution by the Incompatibility between Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter

The paper derives the galaxy evolution by the non-interacting (incompatibility) between dark matter and baryonic matter in terms of the short-range separation between dark matter and baryonic matter, so dark matter cannot contact baryonic matter. In the conventional CDM (cold dark matter) model, dark matter and baryonic matter are interactive (compatible), so dark matter can contact baryonic matter. However, the conventional CDM model fails to account for the failure to detect dark matter by the contact (interaction) between dark matter and baryonic matter, the shortage of small galaxies, the abundance of spiral galaxies, the old age of large galaxies, and the formation of thin spiral galaxies. The non-interacting (incompatible cold dark matter) model can account for these observed phenomena. The five periods of baryonic structure development in the order of increasing non-interacting (incompatibility) are the free baryonic matter, the baryonic droplet, the galaxy, the cluster, and the supercluster periods.

Necrotic Incompatibility in Crosses of Bread Wheats in Argentina

Abstract： Synthetic wheats are the product of the cross between Triticum turgidum L. var. durum and T. tauschii. The 7＇. tauschii has shown excellent resistance to diseases, salinity, and drought, However, these synthetic wheats are also carriers of genes that produce varying degrees of necrosis, which is expressed as death of tissues in the hybrids （F l） generated from crosses with other bread wheats Necrotic incompatibility is a gradual premature leaf death in certain bread wheat F1 plants and it is caused by the interaction of two genes Nel and Ne2. In this paper 40 hybridizations with T. tauschii in the genetic constitution of some of the two parents made in 2006 and 2007 are presented, and their respective F1 planted at the CEI Barrow （Chacra Experimental de Barrow）. The plants that showed necrotic incompatibility had less growth than the normal F1 at tillering. Symptoms appeared at the beginning of tillering, remaining in that state and till jointing but they never headed. Out of the 16 Argentinean commercial cultivars evaluated, seven had the Ne allele in its genetic constitution and therefore showed necrotic incompatibility, whereas nine of them did not have the NE allele and their F 1 developed normally.

Self-incompatibility Characteristics of 34 Apricot Cultivars in Xinjiang

[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the relationship between self-incompatibility strength and characteristics related to pollination and fertilization of different apricot varieties in Xinjiang. [ Method] The pollen amount, pollen germination rate, pollen tube growth status and fruiting setting rate by self-pollina- tion of 34 apricot cultivars in Xinjiang were determined, to analyze the self-incompatibility of different apricot cultivars. [ Result] The average pollen amount per anther of 34 apricot eultivars was 1 213.7, and the average pollen germination rate was 46.0%. There were great differences in the self-incompatlbility of different cuhivars ; most pollen tubes of the euhivars with high self-incompatibility stopped elongating at 1/3 or 1/2 part of the styles, and only a few pollen tubes of the euhivars with low self-incompatibility reached the ovary, and the normal fertilization ratio was significantly lower than that in self-compatible cultivars. [ Conclusion] Among the 34 apricot cuhivars, only 6 cuhivars were self-compatible and the others exhibited gametophyte self-incompatibility. In addition, the fruit setting rate by self-pollination was low.

Molecular Cloning,Expression Analysis and Localization of Exo70A1 Related to Self Incompatibility in Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis)

The exocyst is a conserved protein complex,and required for vesicles tethering,fusion and polarized exocytosis.Exo70A1,the exocyst subunit,is essential for assembly of the exocyst complex.To better understand potential roles of Exo70A1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage（Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis）,we obtained the full-length cDNA of Exo70A1 gene,which consisted of 1 917 bp and encoded a protein of 638 amino acids.BlastX showed BcExo70A1 shared 94.9% identity with Brassica oleracea var.acephala（AEI26267.1）,and clustered into a same group with other homologues in B.oleracea var.acephala and Brassica napus.Subcellular localization analysis showed BcExo70A1 was localized to punctate structures in cytosol of onion epithelial cells.Results showed that BcExo70A1 was widely presented in stamens,young stems,petals,unpollinated pistils,roots and leaves of self compatible and incompatible plants.The transcripts of BcExo70A1 in non- heading Chinese cabbage declined during initial 1.5 h after incompatible pollination,while an opposite trend was presented after compatible pollination.Our study reveals that BcExo70A1 could play essential roles in plant growth and development,and is related to the rejection of self pollen in non-heading Chinese cabbage.

ABO incompatible renal transplants:Good or bad?

ABO incompatible kidney transplantation(ABOi-KT) was previously considered to be an absolute contraindication for patients with end-stage kidney disease(ESKD) due to hyperacute rejection related to blood type barrier. Since the first successful series of ABOi-KT was reported, ABOi-KT is performed increasingly all over the world. ABOi-KT has led to an expanded donor pool and reduced the number of patients with ESKD awaiting deceased kidney transplantation(KT). Intensified immunosuppression and immunological understanding has helped to shape current desensitization protocols. Consequently, in recent years, ABOi-KT outcome is comparable to ABO compatible KT(ABOc-KT). However, many questions still remain unanswered. In ABOi-KT, there is an additional residual immunological risk that maylead to allograft damage, despite using current diverse but usually intensified immunosuppressive protocols at the expense of increasing risk of infection and possibly malignancy. Notably, in ABOi-KT, desensitization and antibody reduction therapies have increased the cost of KT. Reassuringly, there has been an evolution in ABOiKT leading to a simplification of protocols over the last decade. This review provides an overview of the history, outcome, protocol, advantages and disadvantages in ABOi-KT, and focuses on whether ABOi-KT should be recommended as a therapeutic option of KT in the future.

The critical role of therapeutic plasma exchange in ABO-incompatible liver transplantation

Background:The shortage of donor liver restricts liver transplantation(LT).Nowadays,donor liver with ABO blood group incompatibility between donor and recipient has become an option to expand the source of donor liver.Although it is now possible to perform ABO-incompatible(ABO-I)LT,antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)has been recognized as the primary cause of desperate outcomes after ABO-I LT.Anti-A/B antibody is the trigger of immune response to ABO-I LT graft injury.Therapeutic plasma ex-change(TPE)can quickly reduce the titer of plasma antibodies and effectively inhibit humoral immunity.Data sources:We searched PubMed and CNKI databases using search terms“therapeutic plasma ex-change”,“ABO-incompatible liver transplantation”,“ABO-I LT”,“liver transplantation”,“LT”,“antibody-mediated rejection”,and“AMR”.Additional publications were identified by a manual search of references from key articles.The relevant publications published before September 30,2020 were included in this review.Results:Different centers have made different attempts on whether to use TPE,when to use TPE and how often to use TPE.However,the control standard of lectin revision level is always controversial,the target titer varies significantly from center to center,and the standard target titer has not yet been estab-lished.TPE has several schemes to reduce antibody titers,but there is a lack of clinical trials that provide standardized procedures.Conclusions:TPE is essential for ABO-I LT.Hence,further research and clinical trials should be conducted to determine the best regimen for TPE to remove ABO antibodies and prevent AMR.

Incompatible Nodulation of <i>Bradyrhizobium elkanii</i>Strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 with <i>Rj</i>3 Gene-Harboring Soybean Cultivars

Bradyrhizobia are known symbiotic partners of soybean. However, some soybean cultivars restrict nodulation by some Bradyrhizobium bacterial strains. These restrictions are related to compatibility between the Rj genes of soybean cultivars and nodulation types of inoculated bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine nodulation incompatibility of Type B strains with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 from Myanmar and specific strain Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA33, which are incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars, and B. japonicum USDA110 were used as inoculants to check compatibility or incompatibility with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Nitrogen fixation activity was measured by the acetylene reduction method. Ethylene concentration (reduction of acetylene) was determined by flame ionization gas chromatography. According to the inoculation test results, USDA110 was compatible with all soybean cultivars because it formed effective nodules (Figure S1 in Appendix) and possessed nitrogenase activity. Similarly, B. elkanii strains BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were highly compatible with non-Rj and Rj4-gene harboring soybean cultivars because they had the ability to form functional nodules and possessed nitrogenase activity. Inversely, BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars because they produced ineffective nodules. Consequently, the ratio of ineffective nodule number to total nodule number was >0.5. Therefore, nodule formation by the newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 was restricted by the Rj3 soybean cultivars potentially making them useful as specific strains to detect the Rj3 gene in soybean cultivars.

Differential Gene and Protein Expression in Soybean at Early Stages of Incompatible Interaction with Phytophthora sojae

Soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. Using genetic resistance is an important and major component in the integrated pest management of this disease. To understand molecular mechanisms of root and stem rot resistance in soybeans, the gene and protein expression in hypocotyls and stems of variety Suinong 10 carrying resistance genes Rps1a and Rps2 was investigated by using mRNA differential display reverse transcription PCR and two-dimensional electrophoresis at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after inoculation with P. sojae race 1. The results of the comparison of gene and protein expression showed that at least eight differential fragments at the transcriptional level were related to metabolic pathway, phytoalexin, and signal transduction in defense responses. Sequence analyses indicated that these fragments represented cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase gene, ATP b gene coding ATP synthase b subunit and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene which upregulated at 0.5 h post inoculation, blue copper protein gene and UDP-N-acetyl-a-D-galactosamine gene which upregulated at 2 h post inoculation, TGA-type basic leucine zipper protein TGA1.1 gene, cyclophilin gene, and 14-3-3 protein gene which upregulated at 4 h post inoculation. Three resistance-related proteins, a-subunit and b-subunit of ATP synthase, and cytochrome P450-like protein, were upregulated at 2 h post inoculation. The results suggested that resistance-related multiple proteins and genes were expressed in the recognition between soybean and P. sojae during zoospore germination, penetration and mycelium growth of P. sojae in soybean.

Improved Parallel Processing Function for High-Performance Large-Scale Astronomical Cross-Matching

Astronomical cross-matching is a basic method for aggregating the observational data of different wavelengths. By data aggregation, the properties of astronomical objects can be understood comprehensively. Aiming at decreasing the time consumed on I/O operations, several improved methods are introduced, including a processing flow based on the boundary growing model, which can reduce the database query operations; a concept of the biggest growing block and its determination which can improve the performance of task partition and resolve data-sparse problem; and a fast bitwise algorithm to compute the index numbers of the neighboring blocks, which is a significant efficiency guarantee. Experiments show that the methods can effectively speed up cross-matching on both sparse datasets and high-density datasets.

Modern approaches to incompatible kidney transplantation

The presence of human-leukocyte antigen （HLA）-antibodies and blood group incompatibility remain a large barrier to kidney transplantation leading to increased morbidity and mortality on the transplant waiting list. Over the last decade a number of new approaches were developed to overcome these barriers. Intravenous immunoglobulin （IVIG） remains the backbone of HLA desensitization therapy and has been shown in a prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trial to improve transplantation rates. Excellent outcomes with the addition of rituximab （anti-B cell） to IVIG based desensitization have been achieved. There is limited experience with bortezomib （anti-plasma cell） and eculizumab （complement inhibition） for desensitization. However, these agents may be good adjuncts for patients who are broadly sensitized with strong, complement-fxing HLA antibodies. Excellent short and long-term outcomes have been achieved in ABO incompatible transplantation with the combination of antibody removal, B cell depletion, and pre-transplant immunosuppression. Kidney paired donation has emerged as a reasonable alternative for programs who cannot provide desensitization or in conjunction with desensitization. Future therapies directed toward cytokines that alter B cell proliferation are under investigation.

Outcomes of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease patients co-infected with hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)are eligible for liver transplantation(LT)in Africa and Southeast Asia,particularly China.However,the outcome of HIV-HBV coinfected patients referred for ABO-incompatible LT(ABOi-LT)is unknown.AIM To clarify the outcome of ABOi-LT for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with endstage liver disease(ESLD).METHODS We report on two Chinese HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD who underwent A to O brain-dead donor LT and reviewed the literature on HIV-HBV coinfected patients treated with ABO-compatible LT.The pretransplantation HIV viral load was undetectable,with no active opportunistic infections.Induction therapy consisted of two sessions of plasmapheresis and a single dose of rituximab in two split doses,followed by an intraoperative regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin,methylprednisolone,and basiliximab.Post-transplant maintenance immunosuppressive agents consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil,and prednisone.RESULTS At the intermediate-term follow-up,patients showed undetectable HIV viral load,CD4(+)T cell counts greater than 150 cells/μL,no HBV recurrence,and stable liver function.A liver allograft biopsy showed no evidence of acute cellular rejection.Both patients survived at 36-42 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION This is the first report of ABOi-LT in HIV-HBV recipients with good intermediate-term outcomes,suggesting that ABOi-LT may be feasible and safe for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD.

A comparison of desensitization methods: Rituximab with/without plasmapheresis in ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation

Background: Plasmapheresis is a desensitization method used prior to ABO-incompatible(ABO-I) living donor liver transplantation. However, studies on its usefulness in the rituximab era are lacking.Methods: Fifty-six adult patients underwent ABO-I living donor liver transplantation between January2012 and October 2015. A single dose of rituximab(300 mg/m~2) was administered 2 weeks before surgery with plasmapheresis in all patients until February 2014(RP group, n = 26). Patients were administered rituximab only, without plasmapheresis between March 2014 and October 2015(RO group, n = 30).Results: The 6-, 12-and 18-month overall survival rates were 92.3%, 80.8% and 76.9% in the RP group and 96.6%, 85.4% and 85.4% in the RO group, respectively(P = 0.574). When the initial isoagglutinin titers < 16, neither group showed a rebound rise of isoagglutinin titers. For patients with initial isoagglutinin titers ≥ 16, the rebound rise of isoagglutinin titers was more prominent in the RP group. There was no difference in time-dependent changes in B cell subpopulations and ABO-I-related complications.Conclusions: Sufficient desensitization for ABO-I living donor liver transplantation can be achieved using rituximab alone. This desensitization strategy does not affect the isoagglutinin titers, ABO-I-related complications and patient survival.