A crosslinked polymer as dopant-free hole-transport material for efficient n-i-p type perovskite solar cells

A new crosslinked polymer,called P65,with appropriate photo-electrochemical,opto-electronic,and thermal properties,has been designed and synthesized as an efficient,dopant-free,hole-transport material(HTM)for n-i-p type planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs).P65 is obtained from a low-cost and easily synthesized spiro[fluorene-9,90-xanthene]-30,60-diol(SFX-OH)-based monomer X65 through a freeradical polymerization reaction.The combination of a three-dimensional(3 D)SFX core unit,holetransport methoxydiphenylamine group,and crosslinked polyvinyl network provides P65 with good solubility and excellent film-forming properties.By employing P65 as a dopant-free hole-transport layer in conventional n-i-p type PSCs,a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of up to 17.7%is achieved.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time a 3 D,crosslinked,polymeric dopant-free HTM has been reported for use in conventional n-i-p type PSCs.This study provides a new strategy for the future development of a 3 D crosslinked polymeric dopant-free HTM with a simple synthetic route and low-cost for commercial,large-scale applications in future PSCs.

PREPARATION OF MONODISPERSE CROSSLINKED POLYMER MICROSPHERES HAVING CHLOROMETHYL GROUP BY DISTILLATIONPRECIPITATION POLYMERIZATION

Monodisperse crosslinked poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene)(poly(CMSt-co-DVB))microsphereswere prepared by distillation-precipitation copolymerization of chloromethylstyrene(CMSt)and divinylbenzene(DVB)inneat acetonitrile.The polymer particles had clean surfaces due to the absence of any added stabilizer.The size of the particlesranges from 2.59 μm to 3.19 μm and with mono-dispersity around 1.002-1.014.The effects of monomer feed incopolymerization on the microsphere formation were described.The polymer microspheres were characterized by SEM andchlorinity elemental analysis.

Preparation of microsized crosslinked microspheres by dispersion copolymerization of polystyrene/polyethylene glycol 200-dimethacrylae

Dispersion copolymerization of styrene with polyethylene glycol 200-dimethacrylae as the cross-linking agent was completed by using poly（N-vinyl pyrrolidone） and 2,2-azo-bisisobutyronitrile as the steric stabilizer and initiator, respectively. Crosslinked copolymeric microspheres were prepared directly by the one-step method of dispersion copolymerization. The effects of the content of polyethylene glycol 200-dimethacrylae on the particle morphology and the copolymerization rate were investigated. It shows that the crosslinking agent plays an important role in the particle morphology and the system stability. When the content of crosslinking reached 2.5wt%, the floriated particles were obtained.

STUDY ON CASTOR OIL POLYURETHANE/POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) AB CROSSLINKED POLYMERS

Castor oil polyurethane/poly(methyl methacrylate) AB crosslinked polymers (ABCP) were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of MMA and vinyl-terminated castor oil polyurethane which was obtained from isocyanate-terminated castor oil polyurethane and hydroxyethyl methacrylate The mechanical properties, transition and relaxation, as well as compatibility and morphology of the ABCP were investigated by changing the component. The results show that the ABCP is a semicompatible system and the compatibility of the two components decreases with increasing content of the hard segment. The mechanical and damping properties of the ABCP are obviously superior to that of their homopolymers. The damping value is mainly controlled by cross[ink density of the ABCP but the T-g value by component.

Thermo-and photo-driven soft actuators based on crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers

Crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers（CLCPs） are a type of promising material that possess both the order of liquid crystals and the properties of polymer networks.The anisotropic deformation of the CLCPs takes place when the mesogens experience order to disorder change in response to external stimuli; therefore,they can be utilized to fabricate smart actuators,which have potential applications in artificial muscles,micro-optomechanical systems,optics,and energyharvesting fields.In this review the recent development of thermo-and photo-driven soft actuators based on the CLCPs are summarized.

Polyamine-Polymeric Micelle Hybrid Hydrogel: Microscopic Properties of Crosslinkers Affecting Macroscopic Rheological Properties of Hydrogel

We have developed a hybrid hydrogel that is formed from a crosslinkable polymeric micelle and a polyamine. Under optimal conditions, the hydrogel rapidly formed in one second after a crosslinkable polymeric micelle solution was mixed with a polyamine solution. We could change the hydrogel’s gelation properties, such as the storage modulus and gelation time by tuning the molecular weights of block copolymers and by tuning the pH of the dissolving-solvent of the hydrogel’s constituent components. Furthermore, we have clarified here that the structural difference among the micelles acting as crosslinkers can affect the gelation properties of the hydrogel. According to our findings, the hydrogel that was formed from the polymeric micelles possessing a highly packed (i.e., well-entangled or crosslinked) inner core exhibited a higher storage modulus than the hydrogel that was formed from the polymeric micelles possessing a lowly packed structure. Our results demonstrate that a microscopic structural difference among crosslinkers can induce a macroscopic change in the properties of the resulting hydrogels. For medical applications, the hydrogel proposed in the present paper can encapsulate the hydrophobic compounds in crosslinkers (polymeric micelles) so that the hydrogel can be available as the biomaterial for their sustained release.

具有pH值响应性纳米通道的氧化石墨烯纳滤膜的制备

为了改善氧化石墨烯基纳滤膜在应用时结构稳定性差和应用范围窄的问题,利用乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(VTES)对氧化石墨烯(GO)进行改性,并接枝聚丙烯酸(PAA),获得具有交联结构和pH值响应性的GO-PAA纳滤膜;对GO粉末、GO-VTES粉末、GO-PAA粉末和纳滤膜进行表征,采用染料刚果红、达旦黄、金橙、结晶紫、罗丹明B和碱性红分析纳滤膜的分离性能。结果表明:在酸性环境下,PAA链静电斥力减弱,链收缩,膜分离效果差;在中性或碱性环境下,PAA链静电斥力大,链伸展,膜分离效果好,纳滤膜对阴离子型染料的分离效果均达99%以上,对阳离子型染料均具有99%以上的吸附分离效果。该GO-PAA纳滤膜具有优异的分离效果和结构稳定性,在染料废水处理领域有着广泛的应用前景。

开环易位烯烃聚合物的动态交联改性研究进展

开环易位聚合(ROMP)为烯烃聚合物的制备提供了一种精确而高效的方法,可制备不同拓扑结构的功能性热塑性烯烃聚合物材料。热塑性烯烃聚合物尽管可以在高温下熔融再加工,但其较低的力学性能和耐热性能限制了其在极端条件下的使用寿命。通过固化交联改性则可以大大改善材料的力学性能等,但也为废旧材料的回收再利用带来了困难。为克服上述局限,构建含有动态键的烯烃聚合物交联网络引起了广泛关注,该类聚合物在提升力学等性能的同时也赋予了其可重复加工的能力。本文聚焦于通过开环易位聚合合成不同拓扑结构的烯烃聚合物,并利用不同类型动态键对其进行动态交联改性的最新研究进展。并对该领域的发展现状和未来研究方向进行了总结。

自交联疏水型丙烯酸树脂乳液的制备及性能

制备了封闭单体,并以丙烯酸十八酯(SA)、封闭单体、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOMA)为主要原料,十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(1831)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)为乳化剂,采用乳液聚合方法制备了自交联疏水型丙烯酸树脂乳液。通过红外光谱、粒径、DSC、热重分析等对封闭单体及丙烯酸树脂乳液进行了表征,利用扫描电镜对丙烯酸树脂处理后的织物表面形貌进行了表征,分析了封闭单体解封温度,测定了织物表面的接触角及滚动接触角,研究了封闭单体用量及温度对织物表面丙烯酸树脂疏水性能的影响。结果表明,封闭单体的解封温度为87℃,当封闭单体质量分数为6%时制备的丙烯酸树脂乳液性能稳定,在织物表面接触角可达132.4°,防水性能良好。

Synthesis of Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s with Crosslinkable End or Side Groups and Its Solid State Structure and Optical Properties Before and after Crosslinking

Two crosslinkable poly（p-phenyleneethynylene）s（PPEs）： poly[2,5-di（2＇-ethyl-hexyloxy）-1,4-phenylenecthynylene] with end-capped vinyl（PPE1） and poly[2,5-di（allyloxy）-1,4-phenyleneethynylene-2,5-di（2＇-ethyl-hexyloxy）-1,4-phenyleneethynylene]（PPE2） were synthesized. Via the thermal addition reactions of vinyl end groups of PPE1 and allyloxy side groups of PPE2, crosslinked polymers C-PPE1 and C-PPE2 were obtained, respectively. The two polymers were characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction（WXRD）, ultraviolet-visible（UV-Vis） absorption, and photoluminescence（PL）. The results indicate that in the solid state, the polymer chains of PPE1 were packed with a low degree of crystallinity because of the sterically hindered（2＇-ethyl-hexyl）oxy branched side chains, but, because of the introduction of allyloxy side chains, the polymer chains of PPE2 were packed in an order fashion with a high degree of crystallinity. Because of the high crosslinking density in C-PPE2, the formation of aggregates and excimer was hampered by the formed crosslinking network more effectively in C-PPE2 film than in C-PPE1 film.

Polymer-based membranes for solvent-resistant nanofiltration:A review

Separation of organic mixture is an inevitable process in most modern industrial processes. In the quest for a more sustainable and efficient separation, solvent-resistant nanofiltration(SRNF) has emerged as a promising answer. This is because SRNF is a membrane-based process which offers the key advantages of high efficacy and low energy intensity separation. In particular, polymer-based membranes can offer compelling opportunities for SRNF with unprecedented cost-effectiveness. As a result, intensive research efforts have been devoted into developing novel polymer-based membranes with solvent-resistant capacities as well as exploring potential applications in different types of industries. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the recent progress in the development of the state-of-the-art polymer-based membranes for SRNF in the first section. Emerging nanomaterials for mixed matrix and thin film nanocomposite membranes are also covered in this section. This is followed by a discussion on the current status of membrane engineering and SRNF membrane commercialization. In the third section, we highlight recent efforts in adopting SRNF for relevant industrial applications such as food, bio-refinery, petrochemical, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries followed by separations of enantiomers in stereochemistry, homogeneous catalysis and ionic liquids. Finally, we offer a perspective and provide deeper insights to help shape future research direction in this very important field of SRNF.

Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres

Monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene （CPS） particles were prepared through the normal emulsion polymerization method by adding crosslinker--divinylbenzene （DVB） into the reaction system after polystyrene （PS） particles grew to -80% of the final size. When the amount of crosslinker DVB added was less than 6.17 wt% based on styrene, the prepared CPS particles were spherical and uniform and the size of the CPS particles could be predicted through the normal emulsion method. The glass transition temperature （Tg） of the prepared CPS particles was higher than that of un-crosslinked PS particles and, the more crosslinker that was added, the higher the Tg of CPS Particles. The prepared CPS particles had strong resistance to organic solvents.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC-BASED SUPERABSORBENTS WITH ENHANCED CROSSLINKING ON PARTICLE SURFACE

A series of acrylic-based superabsorbent resins were synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization, using potassium persulfate as the initiator, N, N＇-methylene bisacrylamide （BIS） and divinylbenzene （DVB） as the multiple crosslinking agents. The morphology of the resulting superabsorbent resins revealed by SEM demonstrated that a hard shell layer was indeed formed due to surface crosslinking. The swelling and deswelling properties, and the mechanical strength of superabsorbents were investigated. The results indicated that the adding time of DVB and the amount of DVB participated in the crosslinking show a significant influence on the properties of superabsorbents. When DVB was added in polymerization later, the amount of DVB participated in reaction decreases and the surface crosslinked shell becomes thinner. It is suitable for DVB to be introduced in the later stage of the polymerization process, because the absorption rate of resin is efficiently improved in conjunction with higher water absorption. Furthermore, it was found that the mechanical strength of swollen superabsorbent with surface crosslinking was indeed enhanced in comparison with that of the conventional one.

Studies on Single-Ion Conducting Polymer with Pendant Sulfonate Group

The present paper narrates the single-ion conduction of the network polymer with lithium sulfonate as pendant group studied by using DC polarization. The Willianms-Landel-Ferry parameters, calculated from the temperature dependence of conductivity, agree reasonably well with universal values, verifying the influence of segmental motion on conductivity. Additional confirmation was obtained from a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher plots. The battery composed of (Li/this film/PAn) performs better characteristics than other systems using polymer solid electrolytes.

SYNTHESIS AND FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF St／DVB COPOLYMERS LABELLED WITH PYRENE GROUPS

Two kinds of St/DVB copolymer beeds containing (1 - pyrenyl) formyl and(1 -pyrenyl) methyl groups respectively have been synthesized by both functionalization and copolymerization. The fluorescence spectra of the swollen polymers synthesized are similar in shape to those of the corresponding model compounds, whilethe intensity ratio of excimer to monomer shows clear dependence on the contents ofthe pyrene groups.

KINETICS OF VINYL CHLORIDE (CO) POLYMERIZATION AT HIGH CONVERSION

This paper provides a summarized review on the kinetics of vinyl chloride homopolymerization in the absence and presence of chain transfer agents, of VC/DAP(diallyl phthalate) copolymerization with chain extension and/or slightly crosslinking functions, and of vinylidene chloride/VC random copolymerization. Models of rate, degree of polymerization or molecular weight, copolymer composition, gel fraction and crosslinking density were proposed and interpreted mechanistically.

FT-IR Study on Crosslin king Reaction of Acrylates Copolymer Emulsions

Introduction The emulsion of acrylate copolymers with actively functional groups have been widely developed and used as coating, adhesive and handling agent in spinning and weaving industry. Bessett, D. R. et al. studied the thermoset of N-(isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide by thermal evolution analysis and thermal gas chromatogram. Krejcar,

改性纤维素纳米晶/水性聚氨酯防腐涂料的制备

采用γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对纤维素纳米晶(CNC)进行表面改性,通过原位聚合法将改性CNC与水性聚氨酯(WPU)交联复合,在交联剂三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)的协同作用下,合成高度交联的改性CNC/WPU复合材料。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM、拉伸实验、电化学极化曲线和EIS表征了复合材料的结构及性能。结果表明,TMP含量[以聚丙二醇(PPG)和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)总质量为基准,下同]2.0%与改性CNC含量(以PPG和IPDI总质量为基准,下同)1.5%共同添加制备的CNC/WPU复合材料性能最优,所得复合涂层表面致密,拉伸强度较空白WPU样品得到明显提高;涂层吸水率降至约6.0%,耐水性能良好;腐蚀电流密度降至9.76×10^(-8)A/cm^(2),阻抗谱容抗弧半径达3.15×107Ω·cm^(2),盐水中浸泡168 h涂层表面无明显变化,是综合性能优良的耐腐蚀涂料。

血液灌流器中吸附树脂微球的制备及性能

高比表面积中孔吸附树脂微球是血液灌流器的核心材料,在净化血液过程中起到吸附血液毒素的作用。以甲苯为致孔剂,采用悬浮聚合法制备聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯吸附树脂微球,并采用Davankov后交联法制备了一种高比表面积的超交联吸附树脂微球,系统地研究了交联剂和致孔剂用量对树脂微球孔径尺寸及比表面积的影响。实验结果表明,悬浮聚合过程中随着体系甲苯质量分数从160%增大到240%,制备的吸附树脂微球的比表面积呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,其最高比表面积可达到515 m^(2)/g。后交联过程中二乙烯基苯含量对吸附树脂微球的孔结构有显著影响,当二乙烯基苯质量分数为70%时,二次交联后微球的比表面积可超过1100 m^(2)/g,平均孔径在6 nm左右,满足血液灌流器对吸附树脂的要求。

二元共聚高吸水性树脂的合成与溶涨性能

以N ,N′ -亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂 ,过硫酸钾为引发剂 ,采用溶液聚合法合成了丙烯酸 -丙烯酰胺二元共聚高吸水性树脂 .研究了单体组成、单体浓度、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、反应温度等因素对产物性能的影响 .