Pushover analysis of reinforced concrete frames considering shear failure at beam-column joints

Since most current seismic capacity evaluations of reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures are implemented by either static pushover analysis （PA） or dynamic time history analysis, with diverse settings of the plastic hinges （PHs） on such main structural components as columns, beams and walls, the complex behavior of shear failure at beam-column joints （BCJs） during major earthquakes is commonly neglected. This study proposes new nonlinear PA procedures that consider shear failure at BCJs and seek to assess the actual damage to RC structures. Based on the specifications of FEMA-356, a simplified joint model composed of two nonlinear cross struts placed diagonally over the location of the plastic hinge is established, allowing a sophisticated PA to be performed. To verify the validity of this method, the analytical results for the capacity curves and the failure mechanism derived from three different full-size RC frames are compared with the experimental measurements. By considering shear failure at BCJs, the proposed nonlinear analytical procedures can be used to estimate the structural behavior of RC frames, including seismic capacity and the progressive failure sequence of joints, in a precise and effective manner.

Effect of Weld Parameters on Effective Notch Stress at Weld Root and Toe of Load Carrying Cruciform Joints

Cruciform joints in ships are prone to fatigue damage and the determination of type of weld plays a significant role in thefatigue design of the joint. In this paper, the effect of weld geometry on fatigue failure of load carrying cruciform joints inships is investigated using Effective Notch Stress (ENS) approach. A fictitious notch of 1 mm radius is introduced at theweld root and toe and fatigue stress is evaluated. The effect of weld leg length (l) and weld penetration depth (p) on ENS atweld root and toe are determined. The critical weld leg length (lcr) at which fatigue failure transitions from weld root toweld toe is investigated. An approximation formula for determination of the critical weld leg length considering weldpenetration depth (p) is proposed.

Seismic Behaviour of Beam-Column Joints of Precast and Partial Steel Reinforced Concrete

A beam-column joint of precast and partial steel reinforced concrete( PPSRC) is proposed for precast reinforced concrete frames. The PPSRC consists of partial steel and reinforced concrete. The partial steel is located in the core joint region and the connections between concrete members. This paper presents an experimental study of a series of PPSRC specimens. These specimens are tested under low cyclic loading.Experimental results demonstrate that the bearing capacity of the PPSRC specimens is 3 times that of the ordinary reinforced concrete( RC) beam-column joints. The strength and stiffness degradation rates are slower compared with that of the RC beam-column joints. In addition,the strength of the core joint region and the connections is higher than other parts of the PPSRC specimens. Beam failure occurs firstly for the PPSRC specimens,followed by column failure and connections failure. The failure of the core joint region occurs finally.Test results show that the seismic performance of the PPSRC is better than that of the ordinary RC beam-column joints.

Seismic performance of steel reinforced ultra high-strength concrete composite frame joints

To investigate the seismic performance of a composite frame comprised of steel reinforced ultra high-strength concrete （SRUHSC） columns and steel reinforced concrete （SRC） beams, six interior frame joint specimens were designed and tested under low cyclically lateral load. The effects of the axial load ratio and volumetric stirrup ratio were studied on the characteristics of the frame joint performance including crack pattern, failure mode, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, strength degradation and rigidity degradation. It was found that all joint specimens behaved in a ductile manner with flexural-shear failure in the joint core region while plastic hinges appeared at the beam ends. The ductility and energy absorption capacity of joints increased as the axial load ratio decreased and the volumetric stirIup ratio increased. The displacement ductility coefficient and equivalent damping coefficient of the joints fell between the corresponding coefficients of the steel reinforced concrete （SRC） frame joint and RC frame joint. The axial load ratio and volumetric stirrup ratio have less influence on the strength degradation and more influence on the stiffness degradation. The stiffness of the joint degrades more significantly for a low volumetric stirrup ratio and high axial load ratio. The characteristics obtained from the SRUHSC composite frame joint specimens with better seismic performance may be a useful reference in future engineering applications.

Fatigue life prediction of gas metal arc welded crucifrom joints of AA7075 aluminium alloy failing from root region

Empirical relationship was developed to predict the fatigue life of gas metal arc welded （GMAW） cruciform joints failing from root region. High strength, age hardenable aluminium alloy of AA7075-T6 grade was used as the base material. The design of experiments concept was used to optimize the required number of fatigue testing experiments. Fatigue experiment was conducted in a servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine under constant amplitude loading. The empirical relationship was developed. By using the developed empirical relationship, the fatigue life of GMAW cruciform joints failing from root region was predicted at 95% confidence level. The effect of cruciform joint dimensions on fatigue life was discussed in detail.

Seismic performance and global ductility of RC frames rehabilitated with retrofi tted joints by CFRP laminates

This paper presents a new FRP retrofi tting scheme to strengthen local beam-column joints in reinforced concrete(RC) frames.The new retrofi tting scheme was proposed following a preliminary study of four different existing retrofi tting schemes.A numerical simulation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete frames by bridging behavior of local joints to the whole structure.Local confi nement effects due to varying retrofi tting schemes in the joints were simulated in the frame model.The seismic behavior factor was used to evaluate the seismic performance of the strengthened RC frames.The results demonstrated that the new proposed retrofi tting scheme was robust and promising,and fi nite element analysis appropriately captured the strength and global ductility of the frame due to upgrading of the local joints.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for the Beam-Column Joint Subjected to Cyclic Loading Was Performed Using ANSYS

This paper analyses the seismic performance of exterior beam-column joints strengthened with unconventional reinforcement detailing. The beam-column joint specimens were tested with reverse cyclic loading applied at the beam end. The samples were divided into two groups based on the joint reinforcement detailing. The first group (Group A) of three non-ductility specimens had joint detailing in accordance with the construction code of practice in India IS456-2000, and the second group (Group B) of three ductility specimens had joint reinforcement detailed as per IS13920-1993, with similar axial load cases as the first group. The experimental studies are proven with the analytical studies carried out by finite element models using ANSYS. The results show that the hysteresis simulation is satisfactory for both un-strengthened and ferrocement strengthened specimens. Furthermore, when ferrocement strengthening is employed, the strengthened beam-column joints exhibit better structural performance than the un-strengthened specimens of about 31.56% and 38.98 for DD-T1 and DD-T2 respectively. The analytical shear strength predictions were in line with the test results reported in the literature, thus adding confidence to the validity of the proposed models.

Study on Strengthening of RC Beam Column Joint Using Hybrid FRP Composites

Beam-Column joints are critical zones in reinforced concrete structures which are most vulnerable to earthquake forces. Hence strengthening beam-column joint is vital to save the structure and its inhabitants in case of seismic forces. Numerous retrofitting works using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being undertaken worldwide. This work aims to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening beam-column joints using natural and artificial fibres. In this study, basalt (natural fibres) as monolithic composite (BFRP) and as hybrid composite along with glass (artificial fibres) were used for strengthening of beam-column joints. Totally six specimens were prepared and tested under monotonic loading. Specimen details used were: two control specimen, two specimens for monolithic wrapping and remaining two specimens for hybrid wrapping. The test results were compared with control and rehabilitated specimens. The performance of the treated joints was studied using the following parameters: initial and ultimate cracking loads, energy absorption, deflection ductility and stiffness at ultimate. From the test results, it was found that the hybrid combination of Basalt and Glass FRPs were found to be more effective in the treatment of beam-column joints. The strong column weak beam concept was achieved by failure in beam portion which helped in preventing the catastrophic failure of the entire structure.

喷丸强度对船舶典型Q345钢十字型焊接接头残余应力分布的影响

对船舶典型Q345钢十字型焊接接头进行了不同喷丸强度(0.167,0.183,0.198 mm)下的喷丸处理,研究了喷丸后接头残余应力表面和沿深度方向的分布以及疲劳寿命,确定了最优喷丸强度。结果表明:喷丸处理消除了焊接接头表面残余拉应力,引入了较高水平残余压应力,改善了表面残余应力分布均匀性,增加了残余应力影响层深度,延长了疲劳寿命;随着喷丸强度增加,引入的残余压应力增大,分布均匀性先提升后减小,残余应力影响层深度增加,疲劳寿命先延长再缩短;最优喷丸强度为0.183 mm,此时焊接接头表面残余压应力较大,分布均匀性最好,残余应力影响层深度较大,疲劳寿命最长。

Research about the Effect of Ultrasonic Impact on the Fatigue Properties of Cruciform Joints of 16MnR Steel

Surface impact treatment was carried out on the cruciform joint weldment of 16MnR steel by using the HJ-II-type ultrasonic impact machine.The ultrasonic impact current is 1.2 A,the impact amplitude is 30?m and ultrasonic impacting time is 30 and 60 min,respectively.Fatigue experiments were carried out for both treated specimen and un-treated specimen by using EHF-EM200K2-070-1A fatigue testing machine.The fatigue fractures were observed with the scanning electron microscope of 6360LA type and the microstructure of ultrasonic impact treating surface layer was analyzed by using high resolution transmission electron microscope of JEM-2100 type.The experimental results show that the microstructure of ultrasonic impact surface layer has been successfully nanocrystallized.The fatigue life of welded cruciform joints of 16MnR steel can be significantly improved through the ultrasonic impact treatment.The main reasons are that the ultrasonic impact treating can reduces the stress concentration in the weld toe,decrease the tensile stress,and even change to compressive stress in the weldment,the grain size in the welded joint can be refined.The longer the impact time,the greater increasing range of fatigue life will be.Compared to the sample without treatment,its fatigue life was increased 210.37%,362.48%,respectively,when the impact time was 30,60 min,respectively.

Investigation of the interior RC beam-column joints under monotonic antisymmetrical load

The paper presents numerical findings of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints under monotonic antisymmetrical load.The finite element models considered compression and tension damage were calibrated by test results in terms of the load-displacement,failure modes,and strains of longitudinal steel.The emphasis was put on studying the effects of hoop reinforcement ratio in joint core and the axial compression ratio on the responses of the joints.The results show that,in addition to the truss and strut-and-tie mechanisms,the confinement mechanism also existed in the joint core.A certain amount of stirrup is not only able to enhance the confinement in joint core,undertake a part of shear force and thus to increase the shear capacity,prevent the outward buckling of steel bars in column,improve the stress distribution in joint core,delay cracking and restrain the propagation of cracks,but also to increase the yield load,decrease the yield displacement of beam and improve the joint ductility.However,excessive horizontal stirrups contribute little to the joint performance.In a certain range,larger axial compression ratio is beneficial for the joint mechanical behavior,while it is negative when axial compression ratio is too large.

改善焊接接头疲劳强度超声冲击法的试验研究

利用自行研制的超声波冲击试验装置，对几种典型焊接结构用钢（Ｑ２３５Ｂ和１６Ｍｎ）的对接和十字接头（熔透），实施冲击处理。然后进行焊态与冲击处理态的弯曲与拉伸两种加载方式的疲劳对比试验。分别获得了各种情况冲击处理前后的σ－Ｎ曲线及条件疲劳极限（２×１０＾６周次）。结果表明：超声冲击处理后，Ｑ２３５Ｂ对接接头条件疲劳极限（２×１０＾６周次）提高了５７％（拉伸），十字接头（４点弯曲）提高了６４％。

定量热像法预测焊接接头的S-N曲线和残余寿命

在恒定的平均应力作用下,考虑焊接接头的实际工况,利用红外热像技术建立了快速预测焊接接头疲劳参数和残余寿命的模型,实现了定量热像法对非均质焊接接头疲劳性能的评估。通过红外热像仪监测焊接接头表面局部热点的变化,定性分析了损伤演化状态。结果表明:定量热像法克服了传统疲劳实验方法的局限性,可快速、准确地确定非均质焊接接头的疲劳性能。同时,通过对疲劳损伤过程中热点区域的实时监测说明其是一种有效的检测方法。

钢桥腐蚀斜焊缝十字接头疲劳性能研究

以45°倾角全熔透承载角焊缝十字接头为研究对象,在试件的边缘焊趾附近构造深度分别为1和2mm的2种人工半球形蚀坑,通过疲劳试验和有限元方法分析腐蚀对斜焊缝十字接头疲劳行为的影响。结果表明:当蚀坑深度分别为0,1,和2mm时,在200万次循环加载下斜焊缝十字接头疲劳强度分别为92.4,91.3和70.2 MPa,当蚀坑深度等于或小于1mm时,可以忽略蚀坑对斜焊缝十字接头疲劳强度的影响,但选取斜焊缝十字接头的S—N曲线时应该考虑不同腐蚀程度的影响;蚀坑深度是影响斜焊缝十字接头疲劳强度的主要因素,在蚀坑半径相同情况下蚀坑越深,等效应力越大,应力集中越明显;由于热点应力集中系数与蚀坑深度的相关性要好于深宽比,且非线性函数优于线性函数,因此推荐采用非线性函数拟合热点应力集中系数与蚀坑深度的关系。

焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子简化计算的比较研究(英文)

对接、T 型接头与十字接头是船舶与海洋结构的典型结构形式,其大部分疲劳失效是由于焊趾引起的。各种表面裂纹的应力强度因子计算是船舶与海洋结构基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础。Bowness 等人提出了T 型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子计算式,作者对其复杂的计算式进行了简化。BS7910 针对对接、T 型接头与十字接头提出了两套焊趾应力强度因子表达式,一是针对二维表面裂纹提出的,一是针对三维表面裂纹提出的。本文对作者给出的简化表达式以及BS7910 的两套表达式进行了比较。结果表明作者给出的简化表达式不仅可以用来计算T 型接头的焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子,而且可以用来计算对接与十字接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子。同时发现在a/T< 0.05 处三者的差别比较大,因此用有限元法进行了验证,结果证明作者给出的简化表达式比其他表达式更加合理。

考虑焊趾形貌的十字焊接接头疲劳评定研究

针对十字焊接接头,考虑焊趾形貌特征,分别建立了包含圆弧形焊趾和直线形焊趾的两种有限元模型,分析了焊趾局部的应力状态;以有效缺口应力为控制参量,估算了循环拉伸载荷作用下十字焊接接头的疲劳寿命;开展了相关疲劳试验,对估算结果进行了验证。研究表明焊趾形貌对焊接接头的疲劳特性有较大影响,圆弧形曲线可以较好地描述焊趾形貌,循环拉伸载荷作用下裂纹通常在焊趾部位萌生,且位于靠近焊缝端面的圆弧段凸顶点附近,考虑焊趾形貌的有效缺口应力法可以作为焊接结构疲劳寿命的有效评定方法。

考虑疲劳性能的十字接头角焊缝尺寸设计

传统的角焊缝尺寸设计往往只考虑焊缝的静力强度,文中则从疲劳性能的角度对十字接头角焊缝的尺寸设计问题进行研究.首先计算了无熔深十字接头可能失效截面的结构应力,通过对不同焊脚尺寸时结构应力变化特点的分析,从理论上证明了焊脚尺寸越大,接头的疲劳性能越高;当焊脚尺寸s和板厚h之比小于0.75时为焊根失效,大于0.75时为焊趾失效;而实际工程中s/h在0.8和1.0之间是比较理想的选择.然后通过一系列疲劳试验验证了上述结论.最后还分析了焊接熔深对十字接头疲劳性能和焊脚尺寸设计的影响.

铝合金非承载十字接头疲劳特性

基于结构应力法,计算拉伸疲劳加载时不同几何尺寸的7N01铝合金非承载十字接头的结构应力,并结合疲劳试验数据建立其疲劳失效的主S-N曲线.结果表明,与名义应力法相比,基于结构应力法的主S-N曲线线性相关性更好,能够适应不同几何尺寸十字接头疲劳的计算.进一步分析相同名义应力下,承载板厚度对疲劳寿命的影响,结果表明,接头疲劳承载能力的增加与板厚的增加并非线性关系,随着承载板厚度增加,接头疲劳寿命降低.

SMA490BW钢低组配接头的疲劳性能研究

为发挥低强匹配焊接能改善高强钢的可焊性、有效降低约束力和预热温度的优点,采用J422焊条焊接超声疲劳试样,对高铁转向架用钢SMA490BW低组配十字焊接接头开展常温拉压条件下的超声疲劳试验,并对失效试样进行断口分析,研究低组配接头的疲劳失效机理。试验结果表明:十字焊接接头试样均断于焊趾,疲劳S-N曲线呈连续下降趋势。将十字接头的疲劳性能与板状母材进行对比分析,发现十字接头的疲劳寿命远低于母材。在循环周次为3.11×106时,十字接头试样的疲劳强度仅为母材的67%。试样疲劳断口的扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果显示,裂纹源主要位于焊趾处的熔合区,该区域存在的几何不连续性及焊接缺陷会引起较大应力集中,是导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要因素。

十字焊接接头疲劳试验与宏观断口分析

疲劳断口的宏观分析是焊接结构疲劳试验和失效分析的有效手段,但一直未获得应得的重视,原因在于较难出现肉眼可识别的海滩条带。基于勾线法原理,研究了标记载荷对生成海滩条带的影响,制定了3种标记载荷谱,开展了十字焊接接头的拉伸疲劳试验。试验结果表明,标记载荷的幅值、平均值和循环次数是影响海滩条带生成效果的重要因素,保留载荷最大值的半幅标记载荷谱容易获得较明显的疲劳海滩条带。宏观断口分析发现了3种基本的裂纹演变形态,揭示了初始裂纹萌生位置及其数量是影响裂纹演变形态的主要因素。