Method of Predicting Water Content in Crude Oil Based on Measuring Range Automatic Switching

Water content in output crude oil is hard to measure precisely because of wide range of dielectric coefficient of crude oil caused by injected dehydrating and demulsifying agents.The method to reduce measurement error of water content in crude oil proposed in this paper is based on switching measuring ranges of on-line water content analyzer automatically.Measuring precision on data collected from oil field and analyzed by in-field operators can be impressively improved by using back propogation （BP） neural network to predict water content in output crude oil.Application results show that the difficulty in accurately measuring water-oil content ratio can be solved effectively through this combination of on-line measuring range automatic switching and real time prediction,as this method has been tested repeatedly on-site in oil fields with satisfactory prediction results.

Laboratory Design Criteria for Monitoring Biostimulated Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in Niger Delta Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.

同心双锥型高含水油水两相管式旋流分离特性

针对常规切向入口旋流分离器处理高含水采出液效果较差以及分离效率受入口流速影响较大等问题,率先提出中心细锥体和外筒倒锥体的同心双锥型油水两相管式分离构造。综合高含水率、大处理量等因素综合作用,建立油-水两相分离Mixture多相流模型和流场RNG k-ε湍流模型,并采用SIMPLE压力-速度耦合算法对模型进行求解,依据求解结果揭示同心双锥型管式分离腔室内旋流场的动态分布状况,量化分析中心锥角度变化对油水两相管式分离效率的具体影响程度,探究油滴粒径、入口流速等参数对管式旋流分离性能的作用机制。结果表明,随中心锥角度不断增加,同心双锥型管式旋流分离效率呈现先升高再降低的变化趋势,最佳中心锥角度为82°;增大油滴粒径能升高油池聚集性,有利于提升分离性能,当油滴粒径由0.3 mm增至0.6 mm时,分离效率由85.6%提至94.5%;入口流速对分离效率的影响相对较小,当入口流速由5 m·s^(-1)提至11 m·s^(-1),分离效率仅由93.3%升至96.9%,流速相差6 m·s^(-1)时,分离效率仅相差3.5%。

磷脂酶A1对大豆毛油脱胶效果的影响

以大豆毛油为原料,研究磷脂酶A1添加量、柠檬酸溶液添加量、脱胶温度和脱胶时间对脱胶效果以及中性油脂肪酸和甘油酯组成的影响。结果表明,磷脂酶A1脱胶的最佳反应条件为20 mg/100 g油的磷脂酶A1、0.15 mL 45%柠檬酸溶液、50℃脱胶温度、4 h反应时间。在最佳的脱胶工艺条件下,磷脂酶A1脱胶中性油中含磷量降至0.47 mg/kg,油脂得率(95.55%)高于酸化脱胶中性油的得率(92.94%)。酶法脱胶中性油与毛油的脂肪酸和甘油酯组成相比,酶法脱胶中性油的脂肪酸组成没有明显变化,甘油酯组成中的甘一酯和甘二酯相对含量减少、甘三酯相对含量增加;与酸化脱胶油脚相比,磷脂酶A1脱胶油脚中溶血磷脂(溶血磷脂酰胆碱、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和溶血磷脂酰肌醇)的相对含量增加至48%。

不同因素对油桐果及桐饼粕成分影响研究

废弃桐饼粕所含化学物质可用作天然杀虫杀菌的有机肥料,为实现其高效利用,以云南省丘北县油桐(Vernicia fordii)为研究对象,以采摘时间、树种和树龄为研究因素,通过凯氏定氮法和索氏提取法对油桐果及桐饼粕进行重量分析和成分测定。结果表明:10月26日和11月5日采摘三年桐的果灰和果种子重量高于千年桐,且果壳重量较低,在20年树龄时相对重量占比最佳为37%:28%:35%;10月26日采摘15年树龄的三年桐的果壳及桐饼粕氮含量最高分别为5.04%和44.63%,桐饼粕粗脂肪含量为14.50%。综上,根据不同的树种和树龄优化收获时间可较大幅度提高油桐果的产量和重量,增加油桐的经济价值,为后续油桐果及衍生产品的高效利用和可持续发展提供参考。

某海上平台原油入罐温度高原因分析及处理措施

某海上生产平台处理油田生产出来的原油并储存至合格油罐,通过外输油轮靠泊外输方式外输原油。随着油田大泵提液及油井含水的上升,生产处理平台生产流程出现瓶颈,其中进入原油储罐的原油温度大大提升,长期高于设计的入罐操作温度,加大了平台原油储罐的运行风险。为降低原油入罐温度,平台对入罐温度高的原因进行分析并针对性的提出了一些处理措施,取得了良好的效果。

油田老化油处理工艺研究及应用

随着海上油田群滚动开发,南海西部某陆岸终端老化油逐步增多,老化油不仅占据大量罐容,还影响外输销售原油产品质量。针对老化油含水率高、乳化程度高和机械杂质含量高特点,因地制宜通过新增一套蝶式离心机并利用现有设备设施进行工艺流程适应性改造,采取离心机离心分离预脱水、事故罐热化学沉降再脱水和原油稳定塔高温蒸馏精脱水三段处理工艺进行处理。通过该处理工艺,已累计处理老化油3万m3,处理后原油含水率≤0.5%,满足原油外输销售标准,应用效果良好。

处理站间含水原油输送参数优化

“分水站+脱水站”是油田广泛应用的采出液处理模式之一,实现多站整体节能,需要对处理站和管道进行整体优化。基于进站温度对脱水和外输能耗的影响建立了含水原油输送热能损耗计算方法,在分水站、脱水站和管道的整个系统中,分析出含水原油处理及输送的能耗,研究了分水站外输原油含水、温度等参数对系统能耗的影响。结果表明:原油含水增加,原油输送热能损耗先增加后降低,油水反相点是热能损耗最大的含水工况;外输温度升高,原油输送热能损耗增加;在低温高含水时,原油输送热能损耗较低;原油含水增加,分水站原油外输压力降、压力能损耗和综合能耗先升高后降低,然后再升高,存在低含水和较高含水两个压力降、压力能损耗和综合能耗极小值,含水率70%时综合能耗最低;分水站低含水原油外输,或者反相点以上的高含水外输,都能达到节能降耗目的。当扩建受到限制或改造成本高时,分水站宜利用地层热能进行不加热油水分离,原油外输含水宜高于反相点含水。

Physical properties of wax deposits on the walls of crude pipelines

Wax deposits on the wall of a crude oil pipeline are a solid wax network of fine crystals, filled with oil, resin, asphaltene and other impurities. In this paper, a series of experiments on wax deposition in a laboratory flow loop were performed under different conditions （flow rate, temperature differential between crude oil and pipeline wall, and dissolved wax concentration gradient）, and the wax deposits were analyzed, so quantitative relationships among wax content, wax appearance temperature （WAT）, shear stress, and radial concentration gradient of dissolved wax at the solid/liquid interface were obtained. Finally, a model was established to predict WAT and the wax content of the deposit.

超临界二氧化碳对原油萃取作用分析

超临界二氧化碳具有良好的驱油性能,在三次采油中备受关注。为了研究超临界二氧化碳对大港油田不同类型原油的萃取作用,以超临界二氧化碳萃取仪为实验装置,使原油与二氧化碳充分反应,考察反应前后原油在组分含量、烷烃结构以及黏度等方面的变化。研究结果表明,正构烷烃基质原油比环烷烃基质原油更易于萃取;原油胶质含量越高,萃出油含量越小,升温、升压会显著增加萃出油含量;萃出油在组成上以烷烃、胶质为主,烷烃结构以C_(12)—C_(22)轻质组分为主。整体而言,二氧化碳萃出油含量较小,在0.19%~2.16%之间,萃余油与原始原油物性相当。

基于Vivaldi天线的原油含水率测量仪设计

微波透射法原油含水率测量仪设计的关键点是微波传感器的小型化,即要求微波传感器的辐射口径面必须小于油管的内径。为解决这一技术难题,一种辐射口径面为70 mm×2 mm的Vivaldi天线被提出,由于该天线的2 mm厚度远小于油管内径,因此可应用于任意尺寸油管进行含水率测试,非常符合微波透射法含水率的测试需求。通过测试结果可以看出:所设计的Vivaldi天线工作频带为2.5~8 GHz(工作带宽为110%)。将所设计的Vivaldi天线应用于微波透射法原油含水率测量仪作为微波传感器,分析传输系数与含水率之间的变化关系。测试结果表明:Vivaldi天线在0~100%范围内测试的绝对误差小于7%,而在10%~85%范围内绝对误差小于5%。该实验结果,为以后测量系统实现含水率的高精度测量和在线测量提供理论依据和实际参考。

近红外光谱快速检测大豆原油含磷量

针对现有含磷量检测方法无法通过实时监测指导调控精炼过程中酸碱的添加量问题,提出一种基于近红外光谱分析的大豆原油含磷量的快速检测方法。对比分析发现标准正态变换法对大豆原油样本含磷量光谱数据的去除噪声效果最优。采用组合区间偏最小二乘法优选出磷脂的最佳特征吸收波段,选用学习效率0.005、训练次数108,建立了大豆原油含磷量的BP神经网络预测模型。模型校正集的决定系数(R^(2))为0.979 7、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.859 3、相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为1.89%;预测集的R^(2)为0.978 5、RMSE为0.963 8、RSD为2.15%。以上结果说明近红外光谱技术能够实现大豆原油中含磷量的快速、精准、无损检测,为后续精炼工段及调控提供切实可行的方法。

减氧空气与轻质原油低温氧化反应特征

塔河北区块轻质原油与减氧空气在温度和压力作用下,探究其组分变化情况和耗氧量规律。在室内使用高温高压反应釜开展原油静态氧化实验,较为系统地研究不同含氧量及不同注气量的减氧空气对原油的氧化作用;并利用色谱分析对烃类分析,收集反应气体进行气体分析,气体组分和原油组分都有不同程度的变化。研究结果表明:①原油样本与减氧空气发生低温氧化反应,重质组分C_(21)以上的组分均下降,低于C_(13)的轻质组分含量均上升;②原油氧化效果随着含氧量上升而增强,反应过程组分对应“拐点”靠前;③含氧量一定时,改变油气比,反应对应的“拐点”不变;含氧量为下降趋势后趋于平缓;④低温氧化过程生成的CO_(2)含量为上升趋势后趋于平缓;⑤在油藏温度(160℃)下,原油主要涉及2个反应热裂解和加氧反应。热裂解反应与含氧量无关,和温度有关,主要反应温度是160~200℃。高碳组分沥青质等重质组分会分解成饱和烃。加氧反应主要是芳香烃,胶质加氧反应也会生成沥青质。当2种反应同时存在时,沥青质参与热裂解的含量大于加氧反应芳香烃等生成的沥青质量,会导致沥青质含量减少。

新型原油含水率及密度智能在线分析系统应用总结

新型原油含水率及密度智能在线分析系统基于微波共振原理,配置在线组分自动修正功能,适用于进口原油和国产原油,免维护,无周期性清洗需求。首套分析系统将含水分析仪安装在主管,后为了提升油水混合效果,改为旁路安装。在确保油水混合均匀的前提下,当含水率低于1%时,测量不确定度小于±0.05%;当含水率在1%~20%时,测量不确定度小于读数的±5%;当含水率在20%~50%时,测量不确定度小于±1%;当含水率在50%~100%时,测量不确定度小于±5%;密度测量不确定度为±0.2 kg/m^(3)。应用表明,该系统在管输原油的计量交接或监督、电脱盐进料和常减压进料的实时监控等方面具有良好的应用前景。

原油热裂解过程中的红外光谱演化特征及其主控因素

原油的红外光谱能够反映原油中各种分子基团的信息,对于简单、快速识别原油的成因类型和热演化程度有很大的应用潜力。通过对两个不同有机相来源的原油样品开展热解实验,初步研究了原油热解过程中红外光谱的演化特征及其主控因素。结果表明,随着原油热解程度的增加,不同类型原油的红外光谱具有相似的演化模式,可近似划分为两个阶段。在早期阶段(实验温度<370℃),热解油中甲基/亚甲基吸光度比值(A_(CH_(3))/A_(CH_(2)))变化不明显,而芳环分子基团吸光度(A_(aro))及其与烷基分子基团吸光度比值(A_(aro)/A_(sat))减小,这主要是由于原油中部分热稳定性低的化合物发生脱支链作用,形成了饱和烃组分,降低了芳烃/饱和烃比值。在晚期阶段(实验温度>370℃),热解油中A_(CH_(3))/A_(CH_(2)),A_(aro)/A_(sat)/A_(sat)均显著增大,这主要是由于化合物中长分子链结构断裂,形成富含短分子链结构的化合物,造成甲基分子基团的含量增加;同时,热解油中化合物的芳构化程度显著增加,造成芳烃含量和芳烃/饱和烃比值增大。在原油热解过程中,不同类型原油的红外光谱参数存在一定的差异性,尤其是处于原油热解的早期阶段。因此,原油的红外光谱参数图版可以应用于划分原油类型和识别原油的热演化程度。

The effect of water content in crude oil on the tribological behavior of screw pump's stator rubber

It is worthy of studying the effect of water content in crude oil on tribological behavior of stator rubber,because the different water content would affect the swelling and wear of rubber.Compatibility of dewatered crude oil and water was observed after mixture of dewatered crude oil and water(called oil-water mixture)was mechanical stirred and statically placed.Static etching experiment of samples in oil-water mixture was performed using hanging patch test.Wetting contact angle of oilwater mixture on rubber surface was measured by contact angle meter.Tribological behavior of samples in mixture was measured using a ring-on-block tester.The result shows that when the water content is less than 15%,water can blend with dewatered crude oil,and oil-water separation happens when water content was more than 15%.With the increasing of water content in crude oil,Wettability of mixture and swelling increment of samples decrease.The wear loss of sample increases after treated by swelling experiment,and FKM owns better wear resistance than NBR.

Terahertz-dependent evaluation of water content in high-water-cut crude oil using additive-manufactured samplers

The evaluation of water content in crude oil is of significance to petroleum exploration and transportation.Terahertz(THz) waves are sensitive to fluctuations in the dipole moment of water.However,due to the strong absorption of water in the THz range,it is difficult for the THz spectrum to determine high water content with the common sampler.In this research,micron-grade samplers for THz detection were designed and manufactured using additive manufacturing(AM) technology.Oil-water mixtures with water content from 1.8%to 90.6%were measured with the THz-TDS system using sample cells.In addition,a detailed analysis was performed of the relationships among THz parameters such as signal peak,time delay,and refractive index as well as absorption coefficient and high water content(>60%).Results suggest that the combination of THz spectroscopy and AM technique is effective for water content evaluation in crude oil and can be further applied in the petroleum industry.

胜利油田化学剂对原油金属含量影响分析

选取胜利油田开采的现河原油、海洋原油和孤岛原油3种原油为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定原油中的金属含量及油田化学剂中的钙含量,考察采油化学剂、集输化学剂对原油中主要金属含量的影响。结果表明:胜利原油金属主要以钙、镍为主;采油化学剂与集输化学剂不会影响原油镍含量,不同集输化学剂对原油中镍、钒含量没有影响,说明原油中镍、钒含量不受脱水/盐条件及采油化学剂的影响,这可能与其存在形态有关;采油化学剂与集输化学剂的加入对钙的存在形态影响较大,影响程度与原油酸值呈正比。表面活性剂类油田化学剂会促进水中钙向原油组分中转移,其中钙以环烷酸钙的形式存在。

单波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定原油中盐含量

提出了一种单波长色散X射线荧光光谱法快速测定原油中盐含量的方法。利用该方法对原油样品中的无机氯含量进行分析,并与传统方法进行了对比。实验结果表明该方法具有高度的灵敏度和准确性,该方法加标回收率在99.04%~99.67%,平行进样的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.04%~2.09%,能够有效地测定原油中的盐含量。本方法操作简单,准确性高,可作为传统原油中盐含量方法的替代方法。

原油中硫含量测定技术的应用研究

针对目前利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定原油中硫含量所存在的效率低、经济性差的不足,提出了一种新的原油中硫含量测定方法。以紫外荧光法为核心,通过对不同稀释剂和不同混合比例条件下的最佳测定参数进行了分析。结果表明,当超声波作用时间为14min,测试温度为35°的条件下具有最佳的测试精度,为推动原油中含硫量测试方法的拓展奠定了基础。