Investigations into Optimization Models of Crude Oil Distillation Column in the Context of Feed Stock and Market Value

This paper proposes optimization models of crude oil distillation column for both limited and unlimited feed stock and market value of known products prices. The feed to the crude distillation column was assumed to be crude oil containing naphtha gas, kerosene, petrol and diesel as the light-light key, light key, heavy key and heavy-heavy key respectively. The models determined maximum concentrations of heavy key in the distillate and light key in the bottom for limited feed stock and market condition. Both were impurities in their respective positions of the column. The limiting constraints were sales specification concentration of light key in the distillate [ ], heavy key in the bottom [ ] and an operating loading constraint of flooding above the feed tray. For unlimited feed stock and market condition, the optimization models determined the optimum separation [ and ] and feed flow rate that would give maximum profit with minimum purity sales specification constraints of light key in the distillate and heavy key in the bottom as stated above. The feed loading was limited by the reboiler capacity. However, there is need to simulate the optimization models for an existing crude oil distillation column of a refinery in order to validate the models.

A Markov-switching dynamic regression analysis of the asymmetries related to the determinants of US crude oil production between 1982 and 2019

The structural changes brought about by shale oil revolution have inspired this paper of which the aim is to analyze the potential asymmetries related to the determinants of crude oil production in the USA.Thus,using a Markov-switching dynamic regression model in which parameters change when oil production moves from one regime to the other,it is found that for both oil production and oil relative importance,the regime that was dominant during the 1980s and the early 1990s when oil production in the USA was substantially high is the same regime that has once again become dominant in the decade corresponding to the shale oil revolution.Furthermore,the study reveals the existence of asymmetries in the relationship between US crude oil production and both manufacturing production and the consumer price index.Asymmetries are also found in the relationship between the relative importance US crude oil and manufacturing production.Finally,it is found that the intercept and the variance parameter also vary from one regime to the other,thus justifying the use of regime-dependent models.

Cross-correlation analysis of crude oil and new energy markets: A new perspective based on carbon emission market

Taking the return series of the EU carbon allowance price, WTI crude oil price, the European renewable energy index and Shenzhen carbon emission price, Daqing crude oil price, the China securities new energy index as sample data, the multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis method(MF-DCCA)is used to research the dynamic cross-correlation relationships among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and the new energy market in Europe and China and the source of the multifractality. The empirical analysis shows that the cross-correlations among the carbon emission market, crude oil market and new energy market in Europe and China have all significant multifractal characteristics. Moreover, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the carbon emission market and crude oil market is less than that between the carbon emission market and new energy market in Europe. The Chinese market is the opposite. In addition, the multifractal strength of cross-correlation between the crude oil market and new energy market in Europe is more than that between the crude oil market and new energy market in China. It is also found that the long-range correlation of the sequences themselves and the fat-tailed distribution in fluctuations are the common causes of the multifractality, and the fat-tailed in fluctuations distribution contributes more to the multifractals of the series.

Analysis of OPEC’s Monopoly in Crude Oil Market

This article briefly and historically reviews the polices of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries （OPEC） and analyzes the factors that facilitate or hinder OPEC＇s monopoly in the crude oil market. The industrial concentration ratio is chosen to measure OPEC＇s monopoly power based on the data from 1986 to 2004. It is concluded that OPEC possesses a long-standing cartel foundation and a rather strong monopoly in the world crude oil market. At the same time, there are unstable factors that influence and even weaken OPEC＇s monopoly.

China Crude Oil Imports and Oil Market-oriented Reform

Crude oil imports in China are mainly carried out by state-owned entities with non state-owned entities as compliment. Crude imported by 5 state-owned entities accounts for 90% of the total imports, while non state-owned entities are about given more freedom in using and importing crude. In 2015 only, there were 13 compauies graftted rcritlt access to imported crude oil and 6welv qualiied to import rights. Currently, there are 29 non-state-owned companies engaging in crude import business. China oil market is .faced with severe challenges. Ttre growth rate of oil demand declined, and dependence upon imported oil increased and reached as high as 61.26% in 2015. Refined oil demand growth also slowed down, and oil refining overcapacity got prominent and completion wouht become fiercer＂ in future. Overcapacity was about 140 million toils per year in 2015. Consumption ratio of diesel to gasoline went on declining, and ttre task of product structure adjustment was heavy. China oil market is undergoing great transformation, and institutional mechanism zoill go ahead, on the basis of centering on orderly release of limitations on crude oil and refined oil import and export, orderly release of competitive business arrd government pricing of oil/gas downstream links, vigorous resolving of overcapacity, strengthening low-carbon development, and laying a solid foundation.for guarantee.

Relative Performance Evaluation of Competing Crude Oil Prices’ Volatility Forecasting Models: A Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency DEA Model

With the increasing number of quantitative models available to forecast the volatility of crude oil prices, the assessment of the relative performance of competing models becomes a critical task. Our survey of the literature revealed that most studies tend to use several performance criteria to evaluate the performance of competing forecasting models;however, models are compared to each other using a single criterion at a time, which often leads to different rankings for different criteria—A situation where one cannot make an informed decision as to which model performs best when taking all criteria into account. In order to overcome this methodological problem, Xu and Ouenniche [1] proposed a multidimensional framework based on an input-oriented radial super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to rank order competing forecasting models of crude oil prices’ volatility. However, their approach suffers from a number of issues. In this paper, we overcome such issues by proposing an alternative framework.

Impacts of CME Changing Mechanism for Allowing Negative Oil Prices on Prices and Trading Activities in the Crude Oil Futures Market

This study investigates and compares the effects of the Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,the Chicago mercantile exchange(CME)'s negative price suggestion on prices and trading activities in the crude oil futures market to discuss the cause of negative crude oil futures prices.Through event studies,the empirical results show that the COVID-19 pandemic no longer impacts crude oil futures prices in April,2020 after controlled market risk,while the CME's negative prices suggestion can explain the crude oil futures price changes around and even after April 8,2020 to some degree.Moreover,this study uncovers anomalies in prices and trading activities by analyzing returns,trading volume,open interest,and illiquidity measures using vector autoregressive(VAR)models.The results imply that CME's allowing negative prices strengthens the price impact on trading volume and makes illiquidity risk matter.This study's results coincide with the following lawsuit evidence of market manipulation.

China's Crude Oil Import & Export

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The Essence of Optimism of The Economists and Investors with Regard to the Economy of Russia

The gross domestic product of Russia,expressed in US dollars,indicates problems in the Russian economy associated with the decline in oil prices on the world energy market and the consequences of the sanctions of the United States and the European Union against Russia.The crisis situation of the Russian economy has a negative impact on the income of the population of country,represented mainly by wages.However,an economist or investor may be optimistic about Russian economic development in the medium term.This optimism is related to the economic policy of the United States.The expansion of the United States economy within the global space,based on economic growth,requires maintaining inflation within the target level and weakening the US dollar.These tasks are solved with the help of soft monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve System.The reduction of interest rates by the US Federal Reserve System against the background of inflation of the target level and the devaluation of the US dollar will contribute to economic growth in the United States,because it will lead to the depreciation of public debt,lower consumption of imports,increase in exports and trade balance,growth of production,income,consumption.The economic policy of the United States,which contributes to the devaluation of the US dollar,will also reduce the US dollar against the ruble.The optimistic view of investors-economists on the Russian economy is due to a significant strengthening of the ruble against the US dollar.Consequently,in the medium term,the gross domestic product and wages of citizens of Russia,expressed in US dollars,will significantly increase,and the purchasing power of the national currency of the country will also increase.This growth may continue until the next election of a new President of the United States in november 2020.After the election of the new President of the United States,there is a high probability of sanctions against Russia and of decline in oil prices in the world energy market in accordance with the future economic policy of the United States–two main reasons for the sharp strengthening of the US dollar against the ruble,which will cause a deeper economic crisis in Russia in the medium and long term.

2024年国际原油价格分析与趋势预测

2023年,全球经济增速放缓,在加息、减产、冲突等各因素叠加影响下,全年油价跌宕起伏,回吐2022年的风险溢价。展望2023年,从基本面和非基本面着手,分析全球经济、能源转型、供应、库存、美元、市场投机、黄金和地缘政治等因素未来动向,结合预测模型客观计算和专家的主观判断,对2024年国际原油价格走势进行整体展望和预测。预计2024年国际原油价格进一步下移,国际原油市场供需偏宽松,原油投资者信心不足,地缘冲突、极端天气等事件频发,非基本面扰动因素在短期内放大油价震荡区间,Brent、WTI原油均价将在73~83美元/桶和68~78美元/桶。

国际原油市场2023年回顾和2024年展望

近年来,国际油价在“OPEC+”产量政策、美联储货币政策、地缘局势动荡等因素影响下震荡加剧,对石油企业的生产经营造成了巨大挑战。以国际油价演变为主线,从供需、地缘、金融等角度回顾了2023年国际原油市场的特点:从需求侧看,欧美需求由“降”转“稳”,中国、印度两国带动全球原油需求稳定增长;从供给侧看,“OPEC+”坚持减产保价策略不动摇,美国、伊朗成为主要增产国;叠加地缘冲突加剧、欧美央行维持高利率,国际油价宽幅波动,布伦特原油均价为82美元/桶,同比下降16.8%。立足关键要素的边际变化,从需求增幅收窄、“OPEC+”延长减产、美元进入降息周期及地缘博弈持续等维度展望了2024年国际原油市场,得出全年油价或同比小幅上行的结论,以期为油气行业生产经营提供决策参考。

极端事件冲击下原油期货市场有效性的演变特征

原油期货市场极易受到地缘政治冲突和金融危机等极端事件冲击的影响,基于多重分形降趋波动分析和递归图方法构建了4种指标,量化分析了上海原油期货市场的有效性,并以国际原油Brent和WTI期货市场作为对比,系统地研究了极端事件冲击下市场有效性的动态演变特征。最后,对WTI原油期货市场的长历史数据进行了分析。研究发现:在相同的样本期间内,由于中国原油期货的制度优势、审慎适时的风控政策和具有强大韧性的经济基本面,极端事件冲击对国际原油期货市场有效性的负面影响要大于国内市场,从而使得上海原油期货市场的有效性在不同时间尺度下都高于Brent和WTI原油期货市场;原油期货市场的有效性不是固定不变的,具有显著的均值回复特征,极端突发事件会对原油期货市场的有效性造成严重的负面冲击,由于原油期货市场系统具有自我修复的能力,外生冲击造成的短暂动荡会被逐渐吸收化解,以维持自身市场有效性的相对稳定。所构建的市场有效性指标对预警原油期货市场风险具有一定的效果。

海上原油中转储销模式研究

随着国内海上油气田的勘探开发,原油产量增长对目前常规海上原油储销体系产生巨大压力,并且部分海上平台或者边际油田位置较为偏远,传统的铺设输油管道和建设陆地终端或FPSO进行原油储销成本较高,影响油气田的开发利用。文章通过对目前国内海洋原油常规储销模式进行研究,分析其在新形势变化下面临的问题和不足,以QHD原油中转外输为实际案例,对海上原油中转储销模式进行探讨。

Achievements of Capital Construction of Onshore Petroleum Industry

For meeting the development of petroleum in-dustry,the petroleum capital construction battalion is being introducing and developing domestic and foreign advanced technologies,and speeds up to re-construct and form a complete set of surface project for high water content stage oilfield and to tackle technical problems of surface process and equipment for polymer-injecting tertiary recovery,surface pro-ject construction for special type oil and gas reser-voirs,oil and gas-field project construction in spe-cial areas of desert and shallow sea,and design and construction of extra-long-distance large-bore oil and gas conveying pipeline.We firmly believe that the petroleum capital construction battalion will stride a new step and attain greater achievement in surface project construction of domestic and over-seas oil and gas-fields.

2023年国际原油价格分析与趋势预测

2022年,全球经济增速放缓,各种超预期因素引发原油供给担忧,国际油价大幅攀升并剧烈波动。展望2023年,从基本面和非基本面着手,分析全球经济、供应、库存、美元、黄金、市场投机和地缘政治等因素未来动向,结合预测模型客观计算和专家的主观判断,对2023年国际原油价格走势进行整体展望和预测。预计2023年国际原油价格中枢回落,市场供需偏紧,地缘政治因素持续扰动,短期不确定性较大,Brent、WTI原油均价将在82~92美元/桶和77~87美元/桶。

油轮滞期费率形成机制探究

油轮滞期费在中国进口原油运输物流成本支出中占有相当大的比例。滞期费是船舶承租人超出了承诺固定装卸时间而要支付的“议定损失”赔偿。期租同等收入是滞期费率形成的参考条件,基本运费率与WS指数、航运市场供需关系、装卸港条件、船舶集中到港是滞期费率形成的决定条件。中国油轮滞期管理控制存在大型原油码头接卸能力滞后于进口原油增长、进口西非原油拼装复杂和装货港口硬件设施条件较差、南美DES条款进口原油船期主导权和控制力弱、部分国内港口航道存在瓶颈,以及国内港口疫情防控政策变化等诸多问题。构建油轮承租人和船东“双赢”的生态,及时结算费用、树立口碑形象,捕捉租船时机、统筹测算成本,控制集中到港、缩短船期窗口,解决储运瓶颈、简化防疫程序等,是中国维护能源安全和降低滞期费对外支付的路径。

我国PTA产业链主要市场间的动态溢出效应研究

针对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)产业链的联动关系,采用前沿的溢出效应指数法和DCC-GARCH模型,从产业链角度研究我国PTA期货市场与其上游国际原油期货市场和下游纺织市场之间的静态和动态溢出效应.结果表明,上游国际原油期货市场主导收益率溢出效应,下游纺织市场主导波动率溢出效应,而PTA期货市场在产业链中处于信息接收方,且在产能过剩时不受产业链上下游市场的影响.

哪些行业承载来自上海原油期货市场更多的风险溢出

自2018年建立以来,上海原油期货市场与我国股市风险波动的联动愈发明显。不同于以往更关注整体股市的研究,本文从行业维度出发,探究上海原油期货市场对我国各行业的风险溢出效应。选取2019年9月1日到2022年9月1日期间上海证券市场十个一级行业指数的5分钟收益率数据,引入GAS模型弥补GARCH类模型的不足,并建立MIDAS-Copula-CoVaR模型对各行业的条件风险以及承载的风险溢出强度进行度量。结果表明:第一,含有MIDAS结构的Copula模型拟合效果更好,充分说明纳入高频数据的重要性。第二,上海原油期货市场风险条件下各行业的上行风险明显大于下行风险,呈现出较为明显的非对称性,说明各行业风险对油价上涨更敏感。第三,分行业看,上海原油期货价格下跌对能源行业影响最大、公用行业影响最小,价格上涨对医药行业影响最大、金融行业影响最小。第四,相较于正常情况,极端上行风险对医药行业的风险溢出强度最大、对消费行业最小,极端下行风险对可选行业的风险溢出强度最大、对金融行业最小。

国际原油市场与中国股票市场的波动溢出效应——基于滚窗VAR模型的测度

文章运用滚窗VAR模型测算了2011—2021年间布伦特原油指数与中国沪深300指数、11个一级行业指数之间的总波动溢出指数和净波动溢出指数,结合波动溢出指数的时变特征对国际原油市场与中国股票市场之间的波动溢出效应进行了研究。研究发现:整体来说两个市场间的波动溢出效应是比较小的。但是在市场危机时期,两个市场间的波动溢出效应会显著增强:国内市场危机时期,两个市场间的波动溢出效应具有方向性,主要是从国际原油市场向中国股票市场输出波动;国际市场危机时期,两个市场间的波动溢出效应不具有方向性。基于此,今后国内投资机构和投资者应增强资产组合的多元性;在国际市场危机时期,监管部门应重点关注国际原油市场对中国股票市场的输入型金融风险。

尾部溢出视角下国际油价对中国新能源股价的影响研究

经济绿色转型离不开新能源行业的平稳健康发展,在世界石油市场不确定性增强的背景下,研究国际油价波动对中国新能源行业股价的溢出效应并厘清其中的影响机理,对于中国防范化解输入性金融风险、推动新能源产业高质量发展具有重要意义。以国际油价和中国新能源行业股价为研究对象,采用基于分位数关联的尾部溢出指数方法,实证研究了国际油价波动对中国新能源行业股价的溢出效应,并进一步分析了其中的影响机理及动态特征。研究发现:第一,国际油价波动对中国新能源行业股价具有明显的溢出效应,且这一溢出效应在极端波动状态下显著增强。相对而言,光伏、水电和核能行业股价受国际油价波动的溢出影响更强;第二,国际油价极端上升和下降状态下对中国新能源行业股价的溢出呈现非对称性,多数情况下极端下降状态的溢出效应更强;第三,国际油价波动及其溢出效应均可显著抬升中国新能源股市风险,且溢出强度在跨市场风险传导中起到推波助澜的作用。此外,左尾溢出对新能源股市风险的影响呈现出“短期、高强度”特征,而右尾溢出呈现出“高持续性”特征。