Effect of diboron trioxide on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite pellets

The effect of diboron trioxide(B_2O_3) on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite pellets was investigated in this work. The main characterization methods were X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, mercury injection porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the crushing strength increased greatly with increasing B_2O_3 content and that the increase in crushing strength was strongly correlated with a decrease in porosity, the formation of liquid phases, and the growth and recrystallization consolidation of hematite crystalline grains. The smelting properties were measured under simulated blast furnace conditions; the results showed that the smelting properties within a certain B_2O_3 content range were improved and optimized except in the softening stage. The valuable element B was easily transformed to the slag, and this phenomenon became increasingly evident with increasing B_2O_3 content. The formation of Ti(C,N) was mostly avoided, and the slag and melted iron were separated well during smelting with the addition of B_2O_3. The size increase of the melted iron was consistent with the gradual optimization of the dripping characteristics with increasing B_2O_3 content.

Shaped Insulating Refractory Products——Determination of Cold Crushing Strength

1 Scope This standard specifies a method for determination of the cold crushing strength of shaped insulating refractory products.

Density and Strength of Mortar Made with the Mixture of Wood Ash, Crushed Gneiss and River Sand as Fine Aggregate

The main purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using wood bottom ash to partially replace natural fine aggregate or crushed gneiss sand in the manufacturing of mortars. The experiment uses wood ash as fine aggregates, which passes through 5 mm sieve, in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight to replace partially river sand and crushed gneiss, and the both sand of the same size as the aggregate respectively. Experimental results show that density of mortar and the compressive strength of mortar decrease globally with the increase in wood ash content. At 56 days, and for all replacements with wood ash, compressive strengths values of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand is greater than 20 MPa, which is not the case for mortar made with crushed gneiss and wood ash. Moreover, for 5% of replacement with wood ash, compressive strengths of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand and the mixture of wood ash and crushed gneiss are respectively 37 MPa and 32 MPa at 56 days. These values satisfied the strength requirements. Hence, 5% replacement of crushed gneiss with wood ash is suggested and could be benefit for mortar. In addition, the replacement of sand by wood ash is preferable with river sand which contains fewer fines than crushed gneiss. The compressive strength of mortar with 25% wood ash + river sand could be suitable.

Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials

Strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials,key factors for determining the stability of dams,pertain strongly to the grain crushing characteristics.In this study,single-particle crushing tests were carried out on rockfill materials with nominal particle diameters of 2.5 mm,5 mm and 10 mm to investigate the particle size effect on the single-particle strength and the relationship between the characteristic stress and probability of non-failure.Test data were found to be described by the Weibull distribution with the Weibull modulus of 3.24.Assemblies with uniform nominal grains were then subjected to one-dimensional compression tests at eight levels of vertical stress with a maximum of 100 MPa.The yield stress in one-dimensional compression tests increased with decreasing the particle size,which could be estimated from the single-particle crushing tests.The void ratio-vertical stress curve could be predicted by an exponential function.The particle size distribution curve increased obviously with applied stresses less than 16 MPa and gradually reached the ultimate fractal grading.The relative breakage index became constant with stress up to 64 MPa and was obtained from the ultimate grading at the fractal dimension(a?2:7).A hyperbolical function was also found useful for describing the relationship between the relative breakage index and input work during one-dimensional compression tests.

Grain crushing in geoscience materials-Key issues on crushing response,measurement and modeling:Review and preface

Grain crushing is commonly encountered in deep foundation engineering,high rockfill dam engineering,railway engineering,mining engineering,coastal engineering,petroleum engineering,and other geoscience application.Grain crushing is affected by fundamental soil characteristics,such as their mineral strength,grain size and distribution,grain shape,density and specimen size,and also by external factors including stress magnitude and path,loading rate and duration,degree of saturation,temperature and geochemical environment.Crushable material becomes a series of different materials with the change in its grading during grain crushing,resulting in a decrease in strength and dilatancy and an increase in compressibility.Effects of grain crushing on strength,dilatancy,deformation and failure mechanisms have been extensively investigated through laboratory testing,discrete element method(DEM)modelling,Weibull statistics,and constitutive modelling within the framework of the extended crushing-dependent critical state theory or the energy-based theory.Eleven papers summarized in this review article for this special issue addressed the above issues in grain crushing through the advanced testing and modelling.

Bounding surface plasticity model for stress-strain and grain-crushing behaviors of rockfill materials

Crushing of grains can greatly influence the strength,dilatancy,and stress-strain relationship of rockfill materials.The critical state line(CSL)in the void ratio versus mean effective stress plane was extended to the breakage critical state plane(BCSP).A state void-ratio-pressure index that incorporated the effect of grain crushing was proposed according to the BCSP.Rowe’s stress-dilatancy equation was modified by adding the breakage voidratio-pressure index,which was also incorporated into the formulations of the bounding stress ratio and plastic modulus.A BCSP-based bounding surface plasticity model was proposed to describe the state-dependent stressstrain behaviors and the evolution of grain crushing during shearing process of rockfill materials,and was shown to sufficiently capture the breakage phenomenon.

New testing methodology for the quantification of rock crushability:Compressive crushing value(CCV)

Crushing is a size reduction process that plays a key role in both mineral processing and crushing–screening plant design. Investigations on rock crushability have become an important issue in mining operations and the manufacture of industrial crusher equipment. The main objective of this research is to quantify the crushability of hard rocks based on their mineralogical and mechanical properties. For this purpose, the mineralogical, physical, and mechanical properties of various hard rocks were determined. A new compressive crushing value(CCV) testing methodology was proposed. The results obtained from CCV tests were compared with those from mineralogical inspections, rock strength as well as mechanical aggregate tests. Strong correlations were found between CCV and several rock and aggregate properties such as uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), the brittleness index(S_(20)), and aggregate impact value(AIV). Furthermore, the relationship between the mineralogical properties of the rocks and their CCVs were established. It is concluded that the proposed testing methodology is simple and highly repeatable and could be utilized as a pre-design tool in the design stage of the crushing process for rock quarries.

XRD Evaluation of Relative Mechanical Strength and Irradiation Resistance of Synthetic Diamond

We continue here our previous work where SD powders were significantly strengthened by irradiation with electrons of lower energy under smaller dose. Previous results were obtained from the crushing strength analysis, no XRD was applied. In present work, powders of synthetic diamond with low strengthwere sorted on sets with different grain size. As established, the sets had various crushing strengths and morphology. They were irradiated with high energy electrons (6.5 MeV, D = 2 × 1019 and D = 6 × 1019 cm?2, Tirr = 450 K) and analyzed using XRD (CuKα) before and after irradiation. Nonlinear dependences a(Θ) = f{R(Θ), where a(Θ) is lattice constant and R(Θ) is Raily function, and the discovered extra-splits (additional to α1-α2-doublets on CuKα) of basic peaks in XRD patterns from the SD sets, testified that crystal lattice of diamond in sets was variously distorted, like of cBN doped with rare earth elements. As established, the first irradiation led to decreasing distortions, the more significantly the higher initial strength of the set. The second irradiation produced softening and increasing distortions of crystal lattice of diamond, the more effectively the less initial strength of diamond. XRD allows indirectly to presort synthetic diamond off the material with critically low relative mechanical strength as well as evaluate resistance of diamond crystal lattice against heavy irradiation and other external impacts.

The Effect of Bridging Liquid Surface Tension and Specific Surface Area on Strength Factor of Coal Agglomerates

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of bridging liquid surface tension and specific surface area on strength factor of coal agglomerates. The production of coal agglomerates of the range 15-27.51 mm was achieved. The crushing strength of the agglomerates was determined for good handling of fine （coal-liquid mixture） to improve fugitive dust control, decrease in transportation losses, reduce risk of coal freezing, lower risk of spontaneous combustion, etc. in iron and steel industries, railway corporations and coal corporations. Kerosene （paraffin oil） was used as a binder and the agglomerated coal oil mixture was pelletized using balling technique （disc）. Mechanical and physical tests like compressive strength test, etc. were carried out. The relationship between the bridging liquid surface tension and specific surface area on strength factor of coal agglomerates showed that there is considerable variation in these parameters in the coal powder systems.

Compressive Strength and Abrasion Resistance of Concretes under Varying Exposure Conditions

The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the wear resistance of concretes under abrasion rates. Five concrete mix proportions of a fixed water-cement ratio of 0.45 were considered in the study, but the constituent materials, age of concrete and exposure contact conditions were varied. The coarse aggregate type employed in the study was crushed granite. The compressive strength and abrasion resistance of concretes were tested between at ages 7 to 70 days and 100 - 500 revolutions of abrasion wheels respectively. The study revealed that the compressive strength and abrasion resistance had the optimal performance when the coarse aggregate content was 45% and the worst performance when the fine aggregate content was 28.7% of the total weight of concrete constituents. There was a remarkable loss of concrete particles to wear between 200 revs and 300 revs of abrasion wheel contact. Concrete grade in excess of 60 N/mm2 is required to resist abrasion beyond 200 revolutions of abrasion wheel contact on concrete specimens. Concretes investigated also showed weak resistance to deep abrasion at and above 300 revolutions of abrasion wheel contact.

激振搅拌对水泥稳定碎石与煤矸石抗压强度的影响

为研究激振搅拌工艺对水泥稳定煤矸石混合料性能的影响规律,以水泥稳定碎石为基准,对比分析普通搅拌与激振搅拌对不同水泥剂量的水泥稳定基层材料无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明:在干拌状态下增加激振工艺对基层混合料抗压强度的提升效果显著,在激振气压为0.4 MPa、激振干拌30 s后普通湿拌30 s条件下,混合料的7 d无侧限抗压强度达到最佳;激振搅拌对水泥稳定碎石、水泥稳定煤矸石混合料强度的平均提升幅度约为20%,对煤矸石混合料的强度提升更加显著,水泥剂量越少,提升幅度越大。SEM结果表明激振搅拌后混合料中的水化产物分布更加均匀,结构更加致密;经线性拟合计算,当水泥剂量为2.0%~7.0%(质量分数,下同)时,激振搅拌对于碎石混合料可节约8.9%~26.3%的水泥,对于煤矸石混合料可节约12.9%~30.8%水泥,且节约率与水泥剂量成反比。

正硅酸锂氚增殖材料结构改性及机械性能研究

三元锂陶瓷可作为聚变堆候选固态氚增殖材料。其中,硅酸锂(Li_(4)SiO_(4))锂密度较高,释氚性能良好。然而,Li_(4)SiO_(4)烧结较为困难,力学性能亟待改善。针对这一问题,研究提出通过中子倍增元素Pb、Zr添加的方式,调控陶瓷烧结特性及微细结构,以提高陶瓷致密度、改善机械性能。向前驱体溶液中以硝酸铅[Pb(NO_(3))_(2)]形式添加2 wt.%、5 wt.%和8 wt.%Pb元素,通过微波辅助溶液燃烧合成法得到陶瓷粉体。X射线衍射分析显示,陶瓷中Pb的有效成分为PbO。当向陶瓷中添加2 wt.%Pb元素后,陶瓷的致密度有所提高。在氧气氛围下,经1273 K烧结后相对致密度可达90%。对陶瓷的抗弯强度进行了测试,结果显示Pb添加可在一定程度上改善陶瓷的机械性能。因而,PbO虽然能够改善陶瓷的烧结致密化过程,但难以显著提高Li_(4)SiO_(4)的力学性能。向Li_(4)SiO_(4)添加10 wt.%ZrO_(2)后,Zr主要以Li_(2)ZrO_(3)形式存在。陶瓷晶粒得到明显细化,陶瓷的相对致密度为86.19%,其抗弯强度与致密度成正向关系。在此基础上,制备了Li_(4)SiO_(4)-10 wt.%ZrO_(2)微球,其抗压溃力可达40.76 N。

基于名义粒径的砂岩颗粒破碎强度及颗粒集合抗剪强度的尺寸效应研究

对单颗粒和颗粒集合分别进行单轴压缩试验和直剪试验,探究不同尺寸、含石量和最大粒径下颗粒强度特征。基于Weibull统计模型建立颗粒强度尺寸效应公式,统计单颗粒名义粒径尺寸占比并推出级配曲线,再将名义粒径级配曲线与颗粒集合级配曲线对比,得到颗粒集合中特征粒径与名义粒径转化关系,由此得到从单颗粒推广到颗粒集合的强度尺寸效应公式,并检验公式适用性。结果表明:砂岩颗粒强度具有明显的尺寸效应;强度尺寸效应公式可以更好地预测天然级配堆石料的强度参数,对实际工程具有一定的指导意义。

均粒树脂压碎强度指标测试方法的改进及应用

提出了一种新的树脂压碎强度测试方法,完善了树脂的预处理过程,采用自动化压碎强度测试装置,增加了标准偏差作为评价指标。结果表明:新方法具有可自动判断测试终点、测试耗时短、不受人为因素干扰等优点;改进后的树脂压碎强度测试方法提高了测试精度,可用于检验树脂生产工艺水平、检查新树脂中是否掺杂回收树脂,以及判断树脂能否报废等。

The Permeability and Strength of Green High Performance Concrete

The permeability,alkali silica reaction,workability and strength of GHPC(green high performance concrete) were studied in this paper.The results show that GHPC has an excellent durability and the effects of mass ratio of flyash to high calcium slag,water binder ratio,content of water reducer,and crushed coarse aggregate type on the workability and strength of GHPC were considerably evident.A new path for the concretes continuous development was put forward.

干湿循环对不同粒径堆石颗粒破碎强度的影响研究

高心墙堆石坝在运行期库水位变化可达60 m以上,库水位变动范围内的堆石体受干湿循环作用易产生较大的后期变形,会导致坝顶出现纵向裂缝,影响高心墙堆石坝的安全稳定运行。干湿循环对堆石料长期劣化变形的影响已有大量的试验研究,然而干湿循环对不同粒径筑坝堆石颗粒破碎强度的影响研究相对较少。对不同粒径的板岩堆石颗粒进行了干湿循环作用后的单颗粒破碎试验,结果表明,板岩颗粒的荷载-位移曲线及其对应破碎模式可以分为4类,颗粒破碎时对应的峰值荷载和破碎强度均值随循环次数的增加而逐渐减小。不同粒径和循环次数下板岩颗粒的破碎强度均服从Weibull分布,特征破碎强度与循环次数间呈幂指数关系,表明板岩颗粒力学性质的劣化速度逐渐减慢。不同循环次数下板岩颗粒的特征破碎强度均有较为明显的尺寸效应,尺寸效应与循环次数呈负相关关系。

盐冻循环作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的宏细观性能

为研究盐分和冻融循环耦合侵蚀作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的力学性能、疲劳特性及微细观空隙结构衰减规律,在冻融条件下对不同初始含盐量的水泥稳定碎石混合料开展无侧限抗压强度试验、弯拉强度试验、动态压缩模量试验和三分点加载疲劳试验。基于工业CT无损检测技术研究了盐冻耦合作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料微细观空隙结构衰减规律;提出了盐冻循环次数与盐溶液浓度对水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能、疲劳性能和微细观空隙直径期望值的衰减公式;建立了微细观空隙结构与宏观力学性能、疲劳性能之间的拟合关系。结果表明:盐冻耦合侵蚀作用加速了水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能与疲劳特性衰减,随着盐冻循环次数增加,水泥稳定碎石混合料的无侧限抗压强度与动态回弹模量呈指数模型衰减,弯拉强度与疲劳寿命呈三次函数模型衰减;盐冻损伤主要集中在集料边缘的原生空隙部位,微细观等效空隙直径期望值和空隙级配中小于0.1 mm3的空隙数量随着盐冻耦合侵蚀作用次数增加而增大;硫酸钠盐溶液浓度越大,经历相同盐冻循环后水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能损伤度越高,微细观等效空隙直径期望值随着硫酸钠盐溶液浓度增大呈线性关系增大;随着等效空隙直径期望值增大,水泥稳定碎石混合料的动态回弹模量、无侧限抗压强度和弯拉强度均呈线性关系减小,同时疲劳寿命呈指数函数关系降低;盐冻耦合侵蚀作用改变了水泥稳定碎石内部微细观空隙结构,是盐冻耦合侵蚀作用导致水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能下降的原因之一。

基于Weibull分布模型的不规则矿石颗粒强度分布

不规则矿石颗粒的强度分布决定其断裂行为与破碎产品粒度分布。本文采用不同形式的Weibull分布模型分别拟合不同尺寸的铜矿石颗粒和锡矿石颗粒的强度分布,并对不同模型中的参数进行比较分析。结果表明:两参数Weibull分布模型对两种矿石颗粒强度分布的拟合效果均较好,且在双对数坐标系下,两种矿石颗粒的模型参数(特征破碎强度σ_0和两参数Weibull分布模量m)都随着颗粒尺寸d的增加而线性减小;在两参数Weibull分布模型的基础上,通过引入权重因子w与强度阈值σ_(th)分别构建两段Weibull分布模型和三参数Weibull分布模型,发现两段Weibull分布模型可定量描述剪切破坏与张拉破坏在整个破碎过程中对不规则矿石颗粒的破坏程度,而三参数Weibull分布模型可对低应力强度数据偏离两参数Weibull分布模型拟合曲线得到解释并加以修正。研究成果为碎磨设备操作参数的确定与设备选型提供理论指导,进一步丰富了不规则颗粒强度分布理论与研究方法。

加载速率对不规则钼矿石破坏特性的影响研究

加载速率是影响矿石破碎特性的关键因素之一。为探究加载速率对不规则钼矿石破坏特性的影响,开展了不规则钼矿石在不同加载速率下的单轴压缩实验,系统研究了加载速率对钼矿石的破坏形态、载荷峰值、位移变化、断裂能、破碎强度及Weibull分布模型的影响。实验结果表明:随着加载速率增大,不规则钼矿石破坏程度愈剧烈,其载荷峰值呈现增大趋势,且在高加载速率下增加幅度更为显著,峰值位移(峰值强度对应位移)逐步减小;断裂能在低加载速率(0.1 mm/min和0.5 mm/min)时变化不显著,高加载速率(10 mm/min)时断裂能增加幅度较为显著;随着加载速率增加,不规则钼矿石的破碎强度表现为先急剧增大、后缓慢增加的变化趋势,近似满足幂函数关系;两参数Weibull分布模型可以较好地描述不规则钼矿石破碎强度分布,其中Weibull分布模量m为常数,与加载速率无关,特征强度σ0随着加载速率的增大呈现增大趋势。本论文研究结果进一步丰富和扩展了不规则矿石破碎的理论与方法。

不排水条件下颗粒破碎粗粒土的动力特性分析

地震荷载作用下堆石等土料会发生颗粒破碎,从而导致其动力特性与不发生颗粒破碎的土料有很大的区别。为了探讨破碎粒状材料在循环荷载作用下的力学特性,对人工制备的粒状破碎土料进行了频率为1.0 Hz的循环加载固结不排水(consolidation undrained,CU)三轴试验,试验围压为100、200、300、400 kPa。研究结果表明:试样均为压缩破坏,呈应变硬化型;且不同激振力下的轴向应变曲线分为三段,即初始骤升段、中间平衡段和最终破坏段,并且每一阶段的长短和试样的变化均有所不同;动孔压随循环振次增大而增大,且在相同围压下激振力越大动孔压上升得越快。对动强度曲线分析发现,应力比越小动强度曲线越低;阻尼比整体上随着动剪应变的增大而逐渐增大,并且相同围压下激振力越小则阻尼比越小。颗粒破碎的影响因素有激振力、围压和振次等共同作用,不同围压(激振力)下各因素的影响大小不一、此消彼长,且随着围压增大颗粒破碎程度均逐渐增大。