Aseismic negative dislocation model and deformation analysis of crustal horizontal movement during 1999--2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block

Through numerical simulation for GPS data, aseismic negative dislocation model for crustal horizontal movement during 1999~2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block is presented, combined with the spatial distribution of apparent strain field in this area, the characteristics of motion and deformation of active blocks and their boundary faults, together with the place and intensity of strain accumulation are analyzed. It is shown that: a) 9 active blocks appeared totally clockwise motion from eastward by north to eastward by south. Obvious sinistral strike-slip and NE-NEE relative compressive motion between the blocks separated by Qilianshan-Haiyuan fault zone was discovered; b) 20 fault segments (most of them showed compression) locked the relative motion between blocks to varying degrees, among the total, the mid-east segment of Qilianshan fault (containing the place where it meets Riyueshan-Lajishan fault) and the place where it meets Haiyuan fault and Zhuanglanghe fault, more favored accumulation of strain. Moreover, the region where Riyueshan-Lajishan fault meets north boundary of Qaidam block may have strain accumulation to some degree. c) Obtained magnitude of block velocities and locking of their boundaries were less than relevant results for observation in the period of 1993~1999.

Preliminary division of active block boundary in Chinese mainland based on recent vertical crustal movement

The characteristics of vertical crustal movement in Chinese mainland are studied, and the ideas and principles for dividing active blocks according to the map of recent vertical crustal deformation rate in China is proposed. As a result, Chinese mainland is divided into 2 first-grade blocks, the east and west block, 6 second-grade blocks, the Northeast China, North China, East China, Xizang (Tibet), Gansu-Qinghai-Xizang (Gan-Qing-Zang) and Xinjiang block, and 16 third-grade blocks. The boundaries of active blocks divided in this paper are generally consistent with the pattern of neotectonic movement with some local difference. It shows that the recent crustal activity in Chinese mainland inherits the neotectonic movement occurred since the Quaternary, while some new activity tendencies appear.

Characteristics of horizontal crustal movement in Weihe basin and adjacent zones by GPS observation

Based on the GPS data provided by CMONOC during 1999~2002 and observed by Seismological Bureau of Shaanxi Province during 2001~2002, we have obtained the crustal movement velocity field in Weihe basin and adjacent regions. The results show that the motion velocity in Weihe basin and adjacent zones is characterized by distinct NE-directional stripped variation. The south border of Ordos block seems to show an discontinuous anti-clockwise rotation on the whole with an average velocity of about 5.7 mma-1 relative to Yulin site on the Ordos block. There is a left-lateral shear belt on both sides of Binxian-Xi'an-Lantian zone in the central Weihe basin, and its northern area has a better corresponding relationship with the dense zone of small earthquakes in Tong-chuan-Jingyang-Lintong-Weinan.

Recent crustal horizontal movement in the Chinese mainland

According to the results of careful re-proeessing of data obtained from two GPS survey campaigns of crustal movement monitoring network in Chinese mainland carried out in 1994 and 1996, the crustal horizontal movement characteristics in Chinesc mainland are studied in the paper.In the analysis, a relatively consummate deformation model in which the deformation is described by the relative movement between the tectonic blocks with interior strain and the corresponding analysis method are used. The magnitude of movement along the boundary zones between the tectonic blocks is calculated. And the characters and intensities between the main boundny zones are compared.

PRESENT-DAY CRUSTAL MOVEMENT OF NORTH-EASTERN QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU

GPS observations of CMONOC and other network reveal that, relative to Dingxin fiducial station in Alashan block, the crustal movements of north eastern Qinghai Tibet plateau and its adjacent regions have the following characteristics:(i)The western part of Qilian block is shortening and moving mainly northeastward, the 8 mm/a motion of southern margin of Qaidam basin is almost completely absorbed by compressed subsidence of Qaidam basin and uplift of Qilian mountain; (ii) Eastern part of Qilian block manifests itself mainly as block like rotation or extrusion along Haiyuan left lateral fault,with an angular velocity of 0.135 /Ma; (iii) Due to the clockwise rotation of the eastern Qilian sub block in the NW Liupanshan range, Ordos block shows a slight anticlockwise rotation; (iv) Haiyuan left lateral fault and northern edge thrust fault of Qilian mountain jointly constitute the major northeastern boundary of Qinghai Tibet plateau judging from the present day crustal movement.

Horizontal crustal movement in Chinese mainland from 1999 to 2001

The paper introduces the horizontal crustal movement obtained from GPS observations in the regional networks (including the basic network and the fiducial network) of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) carried out in 1999 and 2001. This paper is characterized by the acquisition of the horizontal dis- placement velocities during the period from 1999 to 2001 at the observation stations in the regional networks with datum definition of a group of stable stations with small mutual displacements in east China. Based on the most detailed map of horizontal crustal movement in Chinese mainland, the division of blocks, their displacements and deformations are studied. An approach to analysis of the intensity of the horizontal crustal deformation is proposed. The general characteristics of the recent horizontal crustal movement in Chinese mainland and that before the Kunlunshan earthquake of M=8.1 on November 14, 2001 are analyzed.

Crustal Motion Characteristics in the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Regions after the Wenchuan Earthquake

The Wenchuan earthquake has altered the crustal motion characteristics in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.Using discontinuous GPS survey data for 2008–2012, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework has been obtained, and the general trend of contemporary crustal motion after the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake has been studied.In addition, using the velocity field, the block movement velocity has been estimated by least-squares fitting.Furthermore, the properties and displacement rates of main faults have been obtained from the differences in velocity vectors of the blocks on both sides of the faults.The results reveal that there are no obvious changes in the general characteristics of crustal motion in this area after the Wenchuan earthquake.The earthquake mainly changed the rate of the movement of the Chuan-Qing block and caused variation in the movement direction of the South China block.The effect of the earthquake on faults is mainly reflected in variations in fault displacement velocity; there is no fundamental change in the properties of fault activity.The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe fault decreased by 3–4 mm/a, the Longmenshan fault increased by 9–10 mm/a, and the northern segment of the Anninghe fault increased by approximately 9 mm/a.Furthermore, the displacement rates of the Minjiang, Xueshan, Huya, Longquanshan, and Xinjin faults increased by 2–3 mm/a.This implies that the effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on crustal movement can mainly be observed in the Chuan-Qing, South China, and N-Chuan-Dian blocks and their internal faults, as well as the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan faults and the northern section of the Anninghe fault.The reason for this is that the Wenchuan earthquake disturbed the kinematic and dynamic balance in the region.

Current tectonic deformation and seismogenic characteristics along the northeast margin of Qinghai -Xizang block

Based on the data from repeated precise leveling and across-fault deformation measurements carried out in recent 30 years and the analyzed results from GPS observations made in recent years along the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block, and combined with the geological structures and seismic activities, some characteristics in regional tectonic deformation and strong earthquake development are studied and approached preliminarily. The results show that: a) The space-time distribution of current tectonic deformation in this area is inhomogeneous with relatively intensive tectonic deformation in the vicinity of main boundary faults and weak deformation in the farther areas. The intensity of vertical differential movement and the deformation status vary with time, and the horizontal movement and deformation are characterized by apparent compression and strike-slip. b) The tectonic stress field generated by the NE-trending continuous compressive movement of Qinghai-Xizang block due to the northward press and collision of India plate is the principal stress for the tectonic deformation and earthquake development in this area. The evolution of space-time distribution of tectonic deformation and seismicity is closely related to the block activity and dynamic evolution of regional tectonic stress field. c) The vertical deformation uplift and high-gradient deformation zones and the obvious fault deformation anomaly appeared along the boundaries of tectonic blocks can be considered as the indicators of hindered block motion and intensified tectonic stress field for strong earthquake development. Usually, the above-mentioned phenomena would be followed by the seismicity of M6.0, but the earthquake might not occur in the place with the maximum movement. The zones with the fault deformation anomaly characterized by tendencious accumulation acceleration turning and the surrounding areas might be the positions for accumulation of strain energy and development and occurrence of strong earthquakes.

Inversion for negative dislocation on elastic block boundaries in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block and prediction for strong earthquake location

On the basis of the velocity field results of horizontal crustal movement obtained from GPS measurements during the periods of 1993-1999, 1999-2001 and 2001-2003 in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang block, and by the inversion of negative dislocation model for the elastic block boundaries, we provide in this paper a qualitative analysis and quantitative description for the difference of motion and deformation between the tectonic blocks and their boundary faults, time-space distribution of tectonic strain field, and locations with highly accumulated strain energy and correlative intensity. Furthermore, taking the regional tectonics and block strain into full consideration, we investigate the common features of background precursors relating to location prediction for M greater than or equal 6 earthquakes.

中国大陆及其邻区强震活动与活动地块关系研究

从活动地块假说出发 ,在活动地块研究的基础上 ,探讨了中国大陆及邻区活动地块与强震活动的关系。研究指出 ,主要构造变形和强烈地震大都发生在活动地块边界。在占总面积 17%的活动地块边界上 ,集中了全部的 8级以上巨大地震和 86 %的 7级以上大地震 ,其释放能量占全部总能量的 95 %以上 ,表明中国大陆及其邻区活动地块边界带控制了绝大部分的强地震。从活动地块的整体来看 ,强震活动不仅显示出显著的韵律性特征 ,而且其高、低起伏基本上与中国大陆地区一致 ,只是强震活跃时段有时稍长于中国大陆。各轮回强震活动都有各自活动的主体地区 ,反映了不同活跃期内地块的不同活动方式。文中还从现今地壳运动角度 ,讨论了活动地块运动速率与强地震活动水平之间的可能联系。

利用局域复测GPS网研究中国大陆块体现今地壳运动速度场

利用 1992年以来我国进行的 6项不同规模高精度GPS地壳监测网的资料 ,采用统一的数据处理策略 ,重新进行了数据处理 ,并统一进行了平差 ,归算到相同的ITRF97坐标框架基准之下 ,获得了中国目前覆盖最广、测站最多的一个较为完整的、框架统一的GPS地壳运动图像和速度场 ,并对结果作了初步的地学解释。

中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块

GPS观测结果给出了在欧亚参考框架下周边板块的运动状态 ,印度板块的运动方向约NE2 0° ,速度是 40～ 42mm/a ;北美板块的运动方向约NW 2 80°～ 2 90° ,速度是 2 1～ 2 3mm/a ;菲律宾板块的运动方向是NW 2 90°～ 310° ,速度是 37～ 45mm/a ;哈萨克—西伯利亚地盾的运动方向约NE130° ,速度是 3～ 5mm/a。GPS所揭示的中国大陆现今运动场清晰地表现出了以活动地块为单元的分块运动特征。文中给出了各主要活动地块的运动方向和速度。大部分活动地块内部结构完整 ,以整体性的运动为主 ;个别活动地块内部发生构造变形 ,地块的整体性不好。中国大陆以活动地块为单元的现今构造变形可能与大陆岩石圈的结构和性质有关 ,上地壳以脆性变形为主 ,下地壳和上地幔以粘塑性的流变为特征 ,从底部驱动着上覆脆性地块的整体运动。

青藏块体东北缘现今地壳运动

中国地壳运动观测网络工程等GPS观测结果表明 ,相对于稳定的阿拉善地块 ,青藏块体东北缘及其邻区现今地壳运动具有如下特征 :①甘青块体西部以北东向挤压运动和地壳缩短为主 ,其中柴达木盆地南缘 8mm/a的北东向地壳运动几乎全为柴达木盆地的压陷沉降和祁连山地的上升缩短所吸收 ;②柴达木盆地以东的甘青块体中、东部表现为整体的顺时针刚性旋转运动 ,其旋转北边界为毛毛山—海原走滑断裂带 ,旋转角速率为 0 .135°/Ma ;③受甘青块体顺时针旋转运动的耦合影响 ,鄂尔多斯地块表现为逆时针旋转运动 ,两者的耦合边界为北西向的六盘山断裂带 ;④海原左旋走滑断裂带和祁连北缘逆冲断裂带构成了青藏块体东北缘现今地壳运动的主边界。

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区现今地壳水平运动与应变

位于青藏块体和华北块体之间的鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘地区是中国大陆构造活动最活跃的地区之一,从1300年至今,在块体周边断陷盆地和西南缘断裂带上发生了五次8级以上的地震.为了了解该地区现今地壳运动、应变状态以及断裂滑动分布,我们收集了中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009—2013年、国家GPS控制网、跨断陷盆地的8个GPS剖面等共527个流动站和32个连续站GPS观测数据,获得了高空间分辨率的地壳水平运动速度场,进一步用均匀弹性模型计算了应变率分布.结果表明,块体内部GPS站点向NEE方向运动,速度变化较小,应变率大多在(-1.0~1.0)×10^(-8)/a之间;山西断陷带构造运动与变形最为强烈,盆地相对于鄂尔多斯块体为拉张变形,应变率为(1.0~3.0)×10^(-8)/a,相对于东部山地则为挤压变形,应变率为(-2.0^-3.0)×10^(-8)/a,盆地西侧断裂(如罗云山断裂、交城断裂)以拉张运动为主,拉张速率为2~3mm·a-1,盆地东侧断裂主要以右旋缩短运动为主,速率为1~3mm·a-1;河套断陷带西部的临河凹陷处于较强的张性应变状态,应变率为(2.0~3.0)×10^(-8)/a;块体西南边缘处于压缩应变状态,应变率为(-1.0^-2.0)×10^(-8)/a,六盘山断裂存在明显的地壳缩短运动,速率约为2.1mm·a-1,速率在断裂附近逐渐减小,反映了断裂处于闭锁状态;相对于鄂尔多斯块体内部渭河断裂带为左旋运动,速率为1.0mm·a-1,盆地处在弱拉张变形状态.

昆仑山与汶川强烈地震对青藏块体东北缘地壳运动及应变积累的影响

充分应用GPS、区域水准、跨断层等地形变观测资料,借助非震负位错反演,结合地震活动,综合研究2001年11月14日昆仑山Ms8.1级地震对青藏块体东北缘地壳运动与应变积累的影响。通过分析笔者认为,青藏块体内部Ms8.1级巨大地震能量释放产生的扰动应力场对NE向主压背景应力场的调制作用,导致块体边界构造区域地壳差异运动和应力应变状态发生变化。其中,对阿尔金断裂东段与祁连山断裂带西段的应变积累状态反映减缓为主的影响,而对祁连山断裂带中东段则反映促进应变积累为主的影响。这种影响是一定时期、一定程度的。近期青藏块体东北缘区域应力场处于昆仑山、玉门、民乐等地震后的恢复状态。而由2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0地震后有限的GPS、跨断层短水准观测资料,可推测汶川地震对甘川交界东段-甘川陕交界区应变积累状况一定程度促进影响。

根据现代地壳垂直运动划分中国大陆活动地块边界的尝试

研究了中国大陆地壳垂直运动的特征 ,提出利用中国大陆现代地壳垂直形变速率图划分活动地块的思路和原则 ,并把中国大陆划分为东西 2个 I级地块 ,东北、华北、华南、西藏、甘青藏和新疆 6个 级地块和 1 6个 级地块 .本文划分的活动地块边界与新构造活动的图象在总体上是一致的 ,局部地区有些差别 .这表明 ,中国大陆地壳现今活动是第四纪以来新构造活动的继续 。

1999～2001年中国大陆地壳水平运动

介绍利用中国地壳运动观测网络区域网 (包括基本网与基准网 ) 1 999年与 2 0 0 1年两期GPS观测所获得的中国大陆地壳水平运动信息 .本文的主要特点是 :以位于东部的一组稳定点为基准 ,得到 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年区域网各观测站水平位移速率 .根据由此获得的我国大陆目前最为详细的地壳水平运动图象 ,研究了块体的划分、块体位移与块体变形 ,提出了分析块体水平变形强度的方法 ,分析了中国大陆现今地壳运动的基本特征及 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日昆仑山口西M8.1大地震前的地壳水平运动 .

GPS初步揭示的渭河盆地及边邻地区地壳水平运动特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络工程 1999～ 2 0 0 2年渭河盆地及邻近地区GPS观测资料 ,以及陕西省地震局 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年的GPS观测资料 ,研究了渭河盆地及周邻地区地壳运动速度场 .结果表明 ,渭河盆地及邻区的运动速率有明显的北东向条带状变化特征 ,鄂尔多斯块体南缘呈整体不连续性逆时针旋转运动 ,相对鄂尔多斯块体内部的榆林测点 ,平均速率约为5 .7mm/a ;渭河盆地中部的彬县—西安—蓝田一线 ,两侧存在一个显著的左旋剪切带 ,其北部区域与铜川—泾阳—临潼—渭南小震频发区有较好的对应关系 .

用GPS资料分析渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动特征

利用中国地壳运动观测网络工程1999～2002年渭河盆地及邻近地区GPS观测资料,以及陕西省地震局2001～2002年的GPS观测资料,研究了渭河盆地及邻近地区地壳运动速度场。结果表明,渭河盆地及邻区的运动速率有明显的WE向条带状变化特征,鄂尔多斯块体南缘呈整体不连续性逆时针旋转运动,相对鄂尔多斯块体内部的榆林测点,平均速率约为5.7mm/a;渭河盆地中部的彬县—西安—蓝田一线两侧存在一个左旋剪切带(东侧)和右旋剪切带,左旋剪切带的北部区域与铜川—泾阳—临潼—渭南小震频发区恰好对应;鄂尔多斯块体东南缘临汾盆地东侧,GPS观测点资料表现出应力集中的迹象,该区与临汾 韩城地震带也有较好的对应关系。

中国大陆现今地壳水平运动

在重新仔细处理了 1 994和 1 996年中国大陆地壳运动监测网两次 GPS测量资料的基础上 ,采用较为完善的块体相对运动和块体内变形叠加的变形模型和相应的分析方法 ,研究了中国大陆现今地壳运动的运动学特征 ,并定量计算和比较了主要活动构造块体边界带的活动性质和强度 ,得到了一些新的认识 .