Geochemistry of island arc assemblage in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the role of Pan-African magmatism in crustal growth of the Arabian–Nubian Shield:A review

Neoproterozoic island arc assemblage of the Arabian–Nubian Shield(ANS)in the Eastern Desert(ED)of Egypt comprises juvenile suites of metavolcanics(MV),large amounts of meta-sedimentary rocks(MS),and voluminous metagabbros-diorites(MGD)and syn-tectonic intrusions of older granitoids(OG).We report here the updates of these four rock units in terms of classification,distribution,chemical characteristics,geodynamic evolution,metamorphism,and ages.In addition,we discuss these integrated data to elucidate a reasonable and reliable model for crustal evolution in the ANS.The main features of these rock units indicate their relation to each other and the geodynamic environment dominated by early immature oceanic island arcs to primitive continental arcs.Integrated information of the island arc metavolcanic and plutonic rocks(gabbros,diorites,tonalites,and granodiorites)furnish evidence of the genetic relationships.These include proximity and a coeval nature in the field;all protolith magmas are subalkaline in nature following calc-alkaline series with minor tholeiitic affinities;common geochemical signature of the arc rocks and subduction-related magmatism;their similar enrichment in LREEs;and similar major element compositions with mafic melts derived from metasomatized mantle wedge.The volcano-sedimentary and the OG rocks underwent multiphase deformation events whereas the MGD complexes deformed slightly.Based on the magmatic,sedimentological,and metamorphic evolutions constrained by geochronological data as well as the progressive evolutionary trend from extensional to compressional regimes,a possible gradual decrease in the subducted slab dip angle is the most infl uential in any geodynamic model for arc assemblage in the ED of Egypt.

Jurassic Hornblende Gabbros in Dongga,Eastern Gangdese,Tibet:Partial Melting of Mantle Wedge and Implications for Crustal Growth

The Gangdese batholith, more than 2500 km in length, is composed mainly of JurassicMiocene igneous rocks. This batholith is one of the most important constituents of the Tibetan orogenesis and provides an ideal place for study of Neo-Tethyan ocean geodynamic evolution and plateau uplift. Recent studies on the Gangdese Jurassic felsic magmatism highlight its juvenile source. However, important aspects concerning the genesis of the juvenile magmatism and related deep geodynamic evolution are still unclear. Here, we report detailed petrological, geochronological, geochemical, whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic, and in situ Sr-Hf isotopic data for a recently identified hornblende gabbro in the Dongga area, southern Lhasa sub-block. This hornblende gabbro is dominated by hornblende and plagioclase, dated at Early Jurassic（ca. 180–190 Ma）, and characterized by a narrow compositional range in SiO2（49.38wt%–52.27wt%）, MgO（4.08wt%–7.00wt%）, FeO（10.43wt%–11.77wt%）, Na2O（2.58wt%–3.51wt%）, and K2O（0.48wt%–1.53wt%）. It has depleted isotopic signatures, with whole-rock（87Sr/86Sr）i ratios of 0.7033–0.7043, εNd（t） values of ＋4.90 to ＋6.99, in situ plagioclase（87Sr/86Sr）i ratios of 0.7034–0.7042, and zircon εHf（t） of ＋12.2 to ＋16.8. Our results integrated with published data suggest a model of Gangdese juvenile crustal growth by a subduction-related water-enriched mantle wedge. The hydrous partial melting of the lithosphere mantle was triggered by the dehydration of a Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab. This mafic magmatism emplaced in the middle-lower crust of intraoceanic arcs or active continental margins, leading to Jurassic juvenile crustal growth in southern Tibet.

Crustal growth history of the Korean Peninsula: Constraints from detrital zircon ages in modern river sediments

U-Pb analyses were carried out on detrital zircon grains from major river-mouth sediments draining South Korea to infer provenance characteristics and the crustal growth history of the southern Korean Peninsula, using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer（LA-ICP-MS）. The Korean Peninsula is located in the East Asian continental margin and mainly comprises three Precambrian massifs and two metamorphic belts in between them. We obtained 515 concordant to slightly discordant zircon ages ranging from ca. 3566 to ca. 48 Ma. Regardless of river-mouth location, predominance of Mesozoic（249e79 Ma） and Paleoproterozoic（2491e1691 Ma） ages with subordinate Archean ages indicates that the zircon ages reflect present exposures of plutonic/metamorphic rocks in the drainage basins of the South Korean rivers and the crustal growth of the southern Korean Peninsula was focused in these two periods. Comparison of detrital zircon-age data between the North and South Korean river sediments reveals that the Paleoproterozoic zircon age distributions of both regions are nearly identical,while the Neoproterozoice Paleozoic ages exist and the Mesozoic ages are dominant in southern Korean Peninsula. This result suggests that Precambrian terrains in Korea record the similar pre-Mesozoic magmatic history and that the influence of Mesozoic magmatism was mainly focused in South Korea.

Crustal Growth Rate of the North China Platform:a Method of Estimating Mass Equilibrium between Crust and Mantle

The following equation is proposed in this paper to estimate the crustal growth rate of the North China Platform on the basis of mass equilibrium between the crust and the mantle:The results indicate that the mass fractions of the crust during different geological periods are close to the real mass fractions of the crust in the upper mantle and the whole mantle (2-2.5% and 0.5 -0.6%, respectively, Hofmann, 1986), and the discrepancy of the results is probably related to that the heterogeneous contribution of the mantle to the crust both in space and in element. The results also show that the mass of the Archaean crust is only half that of the Proterozoic crust, and the crustal mass remained unchanged from Proterozoic to Paleozoic. suggesting that the plate movement at least started from the Late Proterozoic.

Multistage Formation of Neoarchean Potassic Meta-Granites and Evidence for Crustal Growth on the North Margin of the North China Craton

The North China Craton(NCC)is one of the most complex cratons in the world.It underwent a series of tectonothermal events during the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic.The petrogenesis of potassic granitoids,the timing,and the style of Archean crustal growth are still debated.Systematic field and petrological stdudies on the potassic meta-granites from the Guyang-Chayouzhongqi region were carried out.New U-Pb ages,zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analyses,and whole-rock geochemical data were obtained.Two groups(~2.7 Ga and~2.5 Ga)of potassic meta-granites were recognized.The~2.7 Ga meta-granites are mainly A2-type,with variableεHf(t)values(-8.4 to+3.3)and Archean one stage model ages(T_(DM)=~3.0 Ga),indicating that their source was derived from ancient anatectic TTG-like granite and depleted mantle,which suggests that thin crust had formed in the Guyang-Chayouzhongqi region by~3.0 Ga.Similar to the K-rich granites in the NCC,most of the~2.5 Ga potassic meta-granites are typical of A1-type granite,and are enriched in Sm and Gd and depleted in Nb,Ta,P,and Ti.The ages and isotopic data indicate that the~2.5 Ga meta-granites were generated from juvenile crustal sources with Neoarchean TTGs.The overall zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data furthermore suggested that the~2.7 Ga event is the most important stage of magmatic accretion in the NCC,similar to other cratons.In contrast,reworking or metamorphic alteration was the main crustal process in the NCC at~2.5 Ga.

Zircon Hf Isotope of Yingfeng Rapakivi Granites from the Quanji Massif and ～2.7 Ga Crustal Growth

The Quanji （全吉） Massif is located in the Northwest China, which is interpreted as a micro-continent that is composed of metamorphic basement and stable cover strata. There are some controversies of genetic relationship between the Quanji Massif and the major cratons in China. In this study, we obtained in situ zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of the Yingfeng （鹰峰） rapakivi granites from the northwest Quanji Massif by application of LA-MC-ICP-MS technique. Twenty U-Pb age measurements points are concordant or near concordant, and their weighted mean 207pb/206pb age is 1 793.9±6.4 Ma （MSWD= 1.09）, yields an upper intercept age of 1 800±17 Ma （MSWD=0.41）; 19 Hf isotope measurements yield a two-stage Hf model ages （TDM2） of 2.63 to 2.81 Ga, with a weighted average age of about 2.70±0.02 Ga and till（t）values variate between -8.91 to -5.35. This indicates that magma source of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juvenile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji Massif at that time. The Quanji Massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji Massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies that Tarim Craton might be one of the component parts of North China Craton. of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juve- nile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji Massif at that time. The Quanji Massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji Massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies that Tarim Craton might be one of the component parts of North China Craton.

Zircon Hf Isotopes and Geochemistry of the Early Paleoproterozoic High-Sr Low-Y Quartz-Diorite in the Quanji Massif,NW China:Crustal Growth and Tectonic Implications

The metamorphosed Early Paleoproterozoic granitoids in the Quanji massif, Northwest- ern China provide constraints for relationship between the Tarim Craton and North China Craton. Among granitoids batholiths, rocks of the Mohe quartz-diorite show typically adakitic geochemical characteristics, with medium K2O/Na2O ratios （0.56-1.17） and high Sr （519-619 ppm） low Y （9.37-20.40 ppm） and Yb （0.97-1.77 ppm） concentrations. The rocks have εNd（t） values between ＋2.4 and ＋4.4 and depleted mantle Nd model ages of 2.43-2.59 Ga. The magmatic zircons have positive εHf（t） values ranging from ＋0.40 to ＋7.60 and depleted mantle Hf model ages of 2.43-2.70 Ga, with major peaks at -2.54 and -2.65 Ga. The geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics indicate that the Mohe quartz-dioritic rocks might be formed by partial melting of high-pressure metamorphosed juve- nile crustal rocks in post-orogenic extensional regime in the Early Paleoproterozoic. It suggests that important crustal growth occurred in the Quanji massif and the Tarim Craton at -2.4 and 2.5-2.7 Ga. The Quanji massif and Tarim Craton might share a similar crustal evolution history with the North China Craton in the Neoarchean.

Crustal growth at ～2.5 Ga in the North China Craton:evidence from whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopes in the Huai'an gneiss terrane

Huai'an 片麻岩岩层主要由 TTG 片麻岩和 dioritic 片麻岩组成。在 magmatic 锆石核心标明日期的 situ U-Pb 的激光显示这些片麻岩的 protolith 在 ∼2.5 Ga 被形成。TTG 片麻岩有积极 ε 2.7 ～ 4.3 的 Nd (t) 价值，和大多数 magmatic 锆石有积极 ε 2.0 ～ 8.3 的 Hf (t) 价值。这些积极 ε Nd (t) 和 ε Hf (t) 价值两个都类似于在 2.5 Ga 的同时期的弄空的披风的那些。而且，为 magmatic 锆石的 2.44 ～ 2.73 Ga 的年轻 Hf 模型年龄接近预定锆石生长。整个岩石的 ε Nd (t) 价值由于在它的来源的古老的外壳的参与比在 TTG 片麻岩在 dioritic 片麻岩(0.8 ～ 1.7 ) 是更低的。然而，从 dioritic 片麻岩的许多 magmatic 锆石有类似的 ε Hf (t) 价值(2.0 ～ 7.9 ) 到同时代的弄空的披风的；他们 2.49 ～ 2.75 Ga 的 Hf 模型年龄接近锆石的 U-Pb 年龄。最高的 ε Hf (t) 价值接近弄空的披风，和相对高的 ε Hf (t) 价值对应于相对年轻的 Hf 模型年龄。这些 Nd 和 Hf 同位素特征建议 Huai'an 片麻岩岩层的片麻岩的这二种类型在 ca 从少年外壳发源。2.5 Ga。

Constraints on the age of basement and crustal growth in Tianshan Orogen by Nd isotopic composition

Based on study of Nd isotopic composition for 101 rocks of various types from Tianshan Orogen, the age and character of basement and continental crustal evolution of the Tianshan Orogen were proposed. It is deduced that the continental crustal basement of the Tianshan Orogen was formed 1.8 Ga ago. The protolith of its metamorphic rocks was derived from long term depleted mantle source in the ancient arc tectonic setting probably. The Tianshan Orogen is obviously different from the North Tarim Block in age of basement and post evolution history. It was also shown that Paleozoic continental crustal growth happened extensively in the Tianshan Orogen, which is distinguished from Yangtse Block and Cathaysia Block in eastern China.

Provenance of the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group basal conglomerates and Neoarchean crustal growth in the Wutai Mountains,North China Craton:Evidence from granite and quartzite pebble zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes

Zircon U-Pb ages(SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS) and Lu-Hf isotope data(LA-ICPMS) are presented for two granite and two quartzite pebbles from the basal conglomerates of the Sijizhuang Formation in the Hutuo Group from the Wutai Mountains area in the North China Craton.These two granite pebbles give zircon 207 Pb/206 Pb ages of 2513±8 Ma and 2527±8 Ma respectively,which are consistent with the emplacement ages of the Wangjiahui grey granite and Guangmingsi or Shifo granite in the Wutai Mountains.Detrital zircons from those two quartzite pebbles are mostly 2550-2490 Ma old with lesser number of 2800-2550 Ma grains,which is similar to the ages of detrital zircons from quartzites in the Gaofan Subgroup of the Neoarchean Wutai Group.Thus,the pebbles in the Hutuo Group basal conglomerates were derived locally from Wutai Mountains Neoarchean sources.Zircons from the Sijizhuang Formation conglomerate granite and quartzite pebbles mostly have positive ε Hf(t) values,a minority with ε Hf(t) values like model depleted mantle(DM) of the same age,but with most showing DM model ages 200-100 Ma.This indicates that most of the source materials were derived from the mantle within the previous 200 million years,whereas some are derived from 2550-2510 Ma juvenile crustal additions.This additional evidence suggests that in the North China Craton there was important initial polycyclic crustal formation and cratonization in the late Neoarchaean,prior to superimposed Palaeoproterozoic orogenic cycles.

Isotopic characteristics of the postorogenic granites in orogenic belt of northern China and their implications in crustal growth

The orogenic belt of northern China is characterized by widely developed postorogenic Ⅰ fractionated and A-type granites in the Phanerozoic. The isotopic data display relatively high ε Nd(t) and 206Pb/ 204Pb values and low I Sr ratio. The low T DM model ages (<100 Ma) suggest that the Neo-Proterozoic-Phanerozoic is one of the main stages in the continental growth.

Rates of generation and growth of the continental crust

Models for when and how the continental crust was formed are constrained by estimates in the rates o crustal growth. The record of events preserved in the continental crust is heterogeneous in time with distinctive peaks and troughs of ages for igneous crystallisation, metamorphism, continental margin and mineralisation. For the most part these are global signatures, and the peaks of ages tend to b associated with periods of increased reworking of pre-existing crust, reflected in the Hf isotope ratios o zircons and their elevated oxygen isotope ratios. Increased crustal reworking is attributed to periods o crustal thickening associated with compressional tectonics and the development of supercontinents Magma types similar to those from recent within-plate and subduction related settings appear to hav been generated in different areas at broadly similar times before ~3.0 Ga. It can be difficult to put th results of such detailed case studies into a more global context, but one approach is to consider when plate tectonics became the dominant mechanism involved in the generation of juvenile continental crust The development of crustal growth models for the continental crust are discussed, and a number o models based on different data sets indicate that 65%-70% of the present volume of the continental crus was generated by 3 Ga. Such estimates may represent minimum values, but since ~3 Ga there has been reduction in the rates of growth of the continental crust. This reduction is linked to an increase in th rates at which continental crust is recycled back into the mantle, and not to a reduction in the rates a which continental crust was generated. Plate tectonics results in both the generation of new crust and it destruction along destructive plate margins. Thus, the reduction in the rate of continental crustal growth at ~3 Ga is taken to reflect the period in which plate tectonics became the dominant mechanism b which new continental crust was generated.

大别山碰撞造山带俯冲盘陆壳基底组成:白垩纪脉岩捕获/继承锆石的证据

蕴藏在年轻造山带中的古老陆壳基底是揭示陆块早期构造事件和演化的良好载体。碰撞造山带中俯冲盘大陆基底一般位于多层次地壳结构的下部而难以在地表广泛出露,而浅表火成岩中的捕获/继承锆石可以用来示踪大陆地壳深部古老物质的组成和演化。本文报道了在大别山南缘8件中生代脉岩(140~127 Ma)中新发现捕获/继承锆石的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成特征,用以探讨鲜有关注的大别山碰撞造山带俯冲盘陆壳基底的组成和演化等关键问题。捕获/继承锆石U-Pb年龄显示出显著的前寒武纪峰值年龄,记录了丰富的3.44~3.23 Ga、2.99~2.82 Ga、2.79~2.60 Ga、2.47 Ga、2.00 Ga、1.82 Ga、0.89 Ga、0.82~0.78 Ga和0.71~0.59 Ga等多阶段岩浆事件,以及3.28 Ga、2.87 Ga、2.73 Ga、2.51 Ga、1.98 Ga和0.80 Ga等六期变质事件。捕获/继承锆石的Hf同位素显示大别山南缘在太古宙发生过显著的陆壳生长,主要集中在古太古代(3.6~3.3 Ga)和新太古代(2.7~2.6 Ga),并经历了多期次的陆壳再造(3.4~3.2 Ga、3.0~2.8 Ga、2.7~2.5 Ga、2.0~1.8 Ga、0.9~0.6 Ga和0.1 Ga)。综合分析认为大别山南缘应代表了未卷入深俯冲的俯冲盘早前寒武纪陆壳基底,并至少经历了古元古代、新元古代等多期次岩浆构造热事件的叠加改造,其形成分别与Columbia超大陆和Rodinia超大陆的聚合与裂解有关。

扬子地块中太古宙地壳增生:来自黄陵背斜南部地区花岗闪长质片麻岩的证据

扬子地块黄陵背斜南部出露的花岗闪长质片麻岩是太古宙TTG片麻岩的重要组成单元,具有高Al2O3、Na2O、Sr以及低Rb、Nb等特征,属于高铝TTG系列,且具埃达克质岩石属性。结合片麻岩微量元素蛛网图显示的Nb、Ta和Hf等高场强元素富集以及Th、Pb和U等大离子亲石元素亏损的特征,本文认为该岩石形成于俯冲环境下玄武质洋壳的部分熔融作用。黄陵背斜北部出露的2.9~3.0 Ga TTG片麻岩和弧性质角闪岩,反映该时期是扬子地块陆壳生长的一次重要阶段,且以洋壳俯冲产生岛弧或安第斯型岩浆作用的陆壳水平增生为主,通过微陆块拼贴或规模较小的板块构造模式而形成。

从中亚正ε_(Nd)值花岗岩看超大陆演化和大陆地壳生长的关系

超大陆演化着重研究超大陆的聚合和裂解、离散,大陆地壳生长着重探索大陆地壳的生长和消亡。长期以来,人们都是如此将两者割裂开来研究的。本文从中亚造山带显生宙花岗岩同劳亚大陆的关系出发,进一步探讨超大陆演化、大陆地壳生长和地幔中俯冲板片雪崩事件(slab avalanche events)三者之间的关系,强调在超大陆形成时伴随大陆地壳急剧生长,在超大陆裂解、离散时大陆地壳的生长和消亡大体上保持平衡。无论超大陆演化或是大陆地壳生长都同地幔对流形式的变化有着密切的联系。

新疆准噶尔晚古生代陆壳垂向生长(Ⅰ)——后碰撞深成岩浆活动的时限

准噶尔是新疆北部古生代造山带的重要组成部分,以广泛发育晚古生代后碰撞花岗岩为特征,是中亚造山带中显生宙陆壳生长作用非常显著的地区之一。根据新近获得的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,并参考已经发表的锆石U-Pb年龄,本文重新厘定了准噶尔晚古生代后碰撞深成岩浆活动的时限。按照最新的国际地质年表中石炭纪和二叠纪划分方案(Gradstein et al．,2004),准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动是从早石炭世中-晚维宪期开始、于早二叠世末期结束的。东准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动发生在330～265Ma之间,而西准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动的时限在340～275Ma之间,持续时间分别约65Ma。但是,在东准噶尔,后碰撞深成岩浆活动集中在330～310Ma和305～280Ma两个时段发生,而在西准噶尔,后碰撞深成岩浆活动的高峰发生在310～295Ma之间。准噶尔晚古生代后碰撞深成岩浆活动在空间上没有受到重要地质界线(如蛇绿岩带)的分隔控制,在有的地方花岗岩还可以侵位在蛇绿岩带之中。而晚古生代后碰撞深成岩浆活动不但在准噶尔分布广泛,而且在准噶尔北邻的阿尔泰造山带和南邻的天山造山带中均有出现,具有广泛的区域性。

西藏冈底斯带花岗岩的时空分布特征及地壳生长演化信息

花岗岩是大陆特有的重要组成部分,同时与矿产资源有密切的关系。西藏花岗岩约占西藏自治区面积的12%,其中,80%分布在冈底斯岩浆岩带。在空间上,冈底斯花岗岩带大致可以分为3个亚带:北带、中带和南带;在时间上,以印度—亚洲大陆碰撞事件为标尺,可将青藏高原构造-岩浆事件划分为碰撞前(>65Ma)、碰撞期(65~45Ma)、后碰撞(<45Ma)3大阶段。在这3个阶段中,冈底斯带都产生了具有各自特点的花岗岩构造-岩浆类型。冈底斯花岗岩类的形成演化与新特提斯班公湖-怒江洋及雅鲁藏布洋的形成演化,有密切的关系。因此,其岩石的Nd,Sr同位素资料,对地壳生长与演化有重要的指示意义。冈底斯南带的大部分地区的花岗岩,均具有εNd(t)(+)值(+1.64^+5.21),模式年龄tDM也很年青(<500Ma),具有初生(juvenile)地壳的特征。在花岗岩成因中地幔物质有重要的贡献。而冈底斯中带、北带及南带西段的花岗岩类以εNd(t)(-)值为特征(-5.3^-17.3),模式年龄tDM有两组值1.2Ga及2.0~2.5Ga,暗示这些地区的地壳具有古元古代—中元古代基底在花岗岩成因中,地壳组分具有主要贡献。

豫西宜阳地区TTG质片麻岩锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素地质学

本文报道对华北地块南缘、豫西宜阳穆册TTG质片麻岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素研究。宜阳穆册TTG质片麻岩SiO_2含量为59～73%,Al_2O_3>15%、CaO、MgO、Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Na_2O/K_2O与SiO_2的含量呈负相关,表明在岩浆演化中有镁铁矿物和斜长石的分离,岩浆成分随着分异而富钾。P_2O_5与SiO_2含量呈正相关,反映出磷灰石的分离。轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=9～23);重稀土相对于轻稀土轻度分异;无明显的Eu异常(Eu*=0.95～1.07)。岩石富Rb、Sr、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。低Y(13.25～25.27μg/g)和Yb(1.27～1.98μg/g);高Sr(507.14～606.85μg/g)及Sr/Y(34.15～39.97),上述地球化学特征一致表明,研究区片麻岩为一套高铝的TTG质岩石。这套片麻岩可能是在角闪岩相条件下部分熔融的产物。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得TTG质片麻岩的年龄为2.3Ga。片麻岩中的锆石大部分具负ε_(Hf)(t)值(最高达-4.95),揭示其源区可能主要为古老陆壳物质;部分锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)为正值,说明在其形成过程中有一定比例的亏损地幔物质的加入。宜阳TTG质片麻岩的Hf同位素数据表明,其两阶段模式年龄主要2.57～3.01Ga之间,平均值为2.82Ga,所以说穆册灰色片麻的源区可能存在年龄为2.8Ga左右(或更老)的地壳物质,说明代表该区基底的太华杂岩形成时代可能为2.8Ga(或更老)。虽然华北地块陆壳最主要的增生时代被认为发生在2500Ma,但宜阳TTG质片麻岩的研究结果和其他研究者的研究成果都说明华北地块大陆地壳在古元古代早期仍然存在相当规模的陆壳增生。

东昆仑造山带花岗岩及地壳生长

东昆仑造山带是青藏高原内可与冈底斯相媲美的又一条巨型构造岩浆岩带。该带内的花岗岩形成可以划分为4个时段,分别与4个造山旋回相对应:前寒武纪(元古宙);早古生代;晚古生代—早中生代;晚中生代—新生代。其中,以晚古生代—早中生代(或称华力西—印支旋回)、特别是三叠纪的花岗岩最为发育。东昆仑造山带基底主要形成于古元古代晚期。其早古生代构造-岩浆事件序列与北祁连造山带可以对比,属祁连—东昆仑加里东造山系统的一部分。到晚古生代—早中生代时东昆仑卷入古特提斯构造体制,属于古特提斯造山系统的北缘。华力西—印支是一个完整的造山旋回,与西南"三江"古特提斯的演化历史相似。昆南缝合带是当时中国南北大陆的主要构造分界线。新生代印度—欧亚大陆的碰撞,使东昆仑造山带又卷入了青藏大陆碰撞造山系统,但对东昆仑的影响是一种远程效应。东昆仑造山带大陆地壳主要形成于古元古代晚期,但在显生宙还有新生地壳(juvenilecrust)产生,与兴蒙、冈底斯、安第斯等造山带相似。东昆仑花岗岩带中丰富的幔源岩浆底侵作用与壳-幔源岩浆混合作用的证据,以及花岗岩类的Nd、Sr同位素成份(87Sr/Sr初始值多数小于0.710;εNd(t)值变化于-9.2和+3.6之间),说明86地幔物质的注入及其与地壳物质的混合,对显生宙地壳的形成演化起着重要作用,是显生宙东昆仑地壳生长的重要方式。根据花岗质寄主岩、镁铁质暗色微粒包体(MME)及底侵辉长岩的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年,东昆仑造山带在显生宙发生过两次大规模的底侵作用与岩浆混合作用,一次在早-中泥盆世(394～403Ma),另一次在中三叠世(239～242Ma),分别相当于加里东旋回、华力西-印支旋回的俯冲结束/碰撞开始阶段。

新疆北部后碰撞幔源岩浆活动与陆壳纵向生长

新疆北部后碰撞幔源岩浆活动强烈。Nd、Sr和Pb同位素资料表明,在330～250Ma的后碰撞期间,有大量的幔源花岗岩类和少量的镁铁—超镁铁杂岩在上地壳侵位。与加里东、海西和喜马拉雅等造山带起源于再循环陆壳的花岗岩类不同,新疆北部后碰撞岩浆岩一般表现出ε_(Nd)(t)值高、(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)值相对较低、Nd和Pb模式年龄年轻等特点。阿尔泰山和天山的一些后碰撞花岗岩类可能具有陆壳源区的特点或表现出地壳物质对幔源岩浆及其分异产物有不同程度的混染,东、西准噶尔花岗岩类很少甚至没有受到陆壳物质混染。新疆北部后碰撞花岗岩类和镁铁—超镁铁杂岩主要是幔源岩浆及其分异产物在上地壳侵位的结果。这些幔源花岗岩类代表了新生的初始地壳,其时代可代表地壳形成时代。在后碰撞阶段,新疆北部的陆壳以纵向生长为特征。