Crystal structure,phase transitions,and thermodynamic properties of magnesium metavanadate(MgV_(2)O_(6))

As a promising anode material for magnesium ion rechargeable batteries,magnesium metavanadate(MgV_(2)O_(6))has attracted considerable research interest in recent years.A MgV_(2)O_(6)sample was synthesized via a facile solid-state reaction by multistep-firing stoichiometric mixtures of MgO and V2O5 powder under an air atmosphere.The solid-state phase transition fromα-MgV_(2)O_(6)toβ-MgV_(2)O_(6)occurred at 841 K and the enthalpy change was 4.37±0.04 kJ/mol.The endothermic effect at 1014 K and the enthalpy change was 26.54±0.26 kJ/mol,which is related to the incongruent melting ofβ-MgV_(2)O_(6).In situ XRD was performed to investigate phase transition of the as-prepared MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures.The cell parameters obtained by Rietveld refinement indicated that it crystallizes in a monoclinic system with the C2/m space group,and the lattice parameters of a=9.280 A°,b=3.501 A°,c=6.731 A°,β=111.76°.The solid-state phase transition fromα-MgV_(2)O_(6)toβ-MgV_(2)O_(6)was further studied by thermal kinetics,indicating that this process is controlled first by a fibril-like mechanism and then by a spherulitic-type mechanism with an increasing heating rate.Additionally,the enthalpy change of MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures was measured utilizing the drop calorimetry,heat capacity was calculated and given as:Cp=208.3+0.03583T-4809000T^(−2)(298-923 K)(J mol^(−1)K^(−1)),the high-temperature heat capacity can be used to calculate Gibbs free energy of MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures.

Sensing the heavy water concentration in an H_(2)O-D_(2)O mixture by solid-solid phononic crystals

A new method based on phononic crystals is presented to detect the concentration of heavy water(D_(2)O)in an H_(2)O-D_(2)O mixture.Results have been obtained and analyzed in the concentration range of 0%-10%and 90%-100%D_(2)O.A proposed structure of tungsten scatterers in an aluminum host is studied.In order to detect the target material,a cavity region is considered as a sound wave resonator in which the target material with different concentrations of D_(2)O is embedded.By changing the concentration of D_(2)O in the H_(2)O-D_(2)O mixture,the resonance frequency undergoes a frequency shift.Each 1%change in D_(2)O concentration in the H_(2)O-D_(2)O mixture causes a frequency change of about 120 Hz.The finite element method is used as the numerical method to calculate and analyze the natural frequencies and transmission spectra of the proposed sensor.The performance evaluation index shows a high Q factor up to 1475758 and a high sensitivity up to 13075,which are acceptable values for sensing purposes.The other figures of merit related to the detection performance also indicate high-quality performance of the designed sensor.

Regulating crystal phase of TiO_(2) to enhance catalytic activity of Ni/TiO_(2) for solar-driven dry reforming of methane

Ni/TiO_(2) catalyst is widely employed for photo-driven DRM reaction while the influence of crystal structure of TiO_(2) remains unclear.In this work,the rutile/anatase ratio in supports was successfully controlled by varying the calcination temperature of anatase-TiO_(2).Structural characterizations revealed that a distinct TiO_(x) coating on the Ni nanoparticles(NPs)was evident for Ni/TiO_(2)-700 catalyst due to strong metal-support interaction.It is observed that the TiOx overlayer gradually disappeared as the ratio of rutile/anatase increased,thereby enhancing the exposure of Ni active sites.The exposed Ni sites enhanced visible light absorption and boosted the dissociation capability of CH4,which led to the much elevated catalytic activity for Ni/TiO_(2)-950 in which rutile dominated.Therefore,the catalytic activity of solar-driven DRM reaction was significantly influenced by the rutile/anatase ratio.Ni/TiO_(2)-950,characterized by a predominant rutile phase,exhibited the highest DRM reactivity,with remarkable H_(2) and CO production rates reaching as high as 87.4 and 220.2 mmol/(g·h),respectively.These rates were approximately 257 and 130 times higher,respectively,compared to those obtained on Ni/TiO_(2)-700 with anatase.This study suggests that the optimization of crystal structure of TiO_(2) support can effectively enhance the performance of photothermal DRM reaction.

Localization effect in single crystal of RuAs_(2)

We report the magnetotransport and thermal properties of RuAs_(2) single crystal.RuAs_(2) exhibits semiconductor behavior and localization effect.The crossover from normal state to diffusive transport in the weak localization(WL)state and then to variable range hopping(VRH)transport in the strong localization state has been observed.The transitions can be reflected in the measurement of resistivity and Seebeck coefficient.Negative magnetoresistance(NMR)emerges with the appearance of localization effect and is gradually suppressed in high magnetic field.The temperature dependent phase coherence length extracted from the fittings of NMR also indicates the transition from WL to VRH.The measurement of Hall effect reveals an anomaly of temperature dependent carrier concentration caused by localization effect.Our findings show that RuAs_(2) is a suitable platform to study the localized state.

NdF_(3)-LiF-Nd_(2)O_(3)-NdF_(2)熔盐体系结晶行为的研究

氟化物体系稀土氧化物熔盐电解过程中,熔盐的结晶析出行为显著影响电解过程,为此本文针对NdF_(3)-LiF-Nd_(2)O_(3)、NdF_(3)-LiF-NdF_(2)以及NdF_(3)-LiF-Nd_(2)O_(3)-NdF_(2)三种熔盐体系(NdF_(3)和LiF质量比固定为85∶15),采用降温黏度曲线测定熔盐的结晶温度,通过X射线衍射分析结晶物相。结果表明:NdF_(3)-LiF-Nd_(2)O_(3)和NdF_(3)-LiF-NdF_(2)熔盐体系中,随着熔盐中Nd_(2)O_(3)或NdF_(2)含量的增加,熔盐的结晶温度升高,熔盐的结晶物相分别为NdOF和NdF_(2);NdF_(3)-LiF-Nd_(2)O_(3)-NdF_(2)熔盐体系中,当Nd_(2)O_(3)含量为2%~3%、NdF_(2)含量为1%~3%时,熔盐结晶温度在981~988℃范围内,且NdOF与NdF_(2)共结晶。适当提高电解槽底部温度、改善底部熔盐的流动性,是抑制稀土熔盐电解过程熔盐结晶析出的有效方法。

Na_(2)O对锂铝硅微晶玻璃析晶及性能的影响

采用熔融法制备了不同Na_(2)O含量的透明锂铝硅微晶玻璃,通过DSC、XRD、FESEM等测试方法研究了不同Na_(2)O含量对玻璃析晶及性能的影响。结果表明:Na_(2)O的引入能显著降低玻璃的转变温度和析晶温度,抑制LiAlSi_(4)O_(10)晶相的析出。但Na_(2)O的引入促使微晶玻璃中析出Li_(2)Si_(2)O_(5)新相,并且随着Na_(2)O引入量的增加,Li_(2)Si_(2)O_(5)转变为主晶相。由于晶体尺寸均为纳米级,主晶相的转变对透过率影响较小,微晶玻璃的可见光透过率均高于85%。主晶相的转变有效增强了微晶玻璃的机械性能,其弯曲强度由300 MPa提升至331 MPa。Na_(2)O的引入有效增强了Na-K交换,Na_(2)O含量为4%(质量分数)的Li 2O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)微晶玻璃在410℃的KNO_(3)熔盐中交换6 h后,维氏硬度由7.108 GPa提升至7.403 GPa,弯曲强度由331 MPa提升至470 MPa。

Li_(2)O/Na_(2)O对YAS微晶玻璃结构、析晶与力学性能的影响

透明微晶玻璃由于优异的力学性能被广泛应用于电子领域。本文采用熔融法制备了不同质量分数Li_(2)O和Na_(2)O的Y_(2)O_(3)-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)(YAS)微晶玻璃,通过Raman、DSC、XRD、FESEM、UV-VIS-NIR等测试方法研究了其结构特征、析晶与力学性能。结果表明:当碱金属氧化物R_(2)O(R=Li,Na)总量保持不变,随着Li_(2)O取代Na_(2)O含量的增加,YAS微晶玻璃的转变温度、软化温度和结晶峰温度逐渐降低,Q^(4)基团对应的含量逐渐减少,说明Li_(2)O作为网络外体使YAS微晶玻璃结构逐步解聚,玻璃的析晶能力逐渐增强。在同一热处理制度下,随着Li_(2)O取代量的增加,YAS微晶玻璃维氏硬度显著提升,而透过率明显下降。在680℃/10 h+750℃/1 h热处理制度下,可以制备出晶体大小一致且分布均匀的以钇稳定氧化锆为主晶相的透明YAS微晶玻璃,此时2%(质量分数,下同)Na_(2)O+4%Li_(2)O YAS微晶玻璃具有良好的综合性能,如维氏硬度为646 HV,断裂韧性为1.07 MPa·m^(1/2),透过率为85.7%,在诸多领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

Er掺杂PbF_(2)晶体的局域团簇结构与光谱性能研究

本文采用Bridgman法成功生长了一系列Er∶PbF_(2)晶体。利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算详细研究了Er^(3+)在PbF_(2)晶体中的团簇效应。首次获得了Er∶PbF_(2)晶体的上转换发光特性(发光强度、颜色变化)与团簇结构之间的关系。研究发现,随着Er^(3+)浓度增加,团簇从单聚体向高阶构型演化,Er^(3+)离子之间的距离先减小后增大,这使得上转换发光中的红色发射强度先增大后减小,红绿发光比也在Er^(3+)浓度高于6.5%(摩尔分数)后逐渐减小,即发光颜色可以从红色调整为黄绿色。该研究证明了稀土离子团簇的结构演化可以调控Er∶PbF_(2)的光谱特性,为多色发光材料的设计提供一种新方法。

Nb_(2)O_(5)对3Y-TZP陶瓷性能影响的研究

研究了Nb_(2)O_(5)的加入对3Y-TZP陶瓷性能的影响,主要包括对硬度、韧性、冲击性的影响,并且结合显微形貌以及XRD物相图谱分析出的晶轴比进行分析。结果表明,随着Nb_(2)O_(5)添加量的增加,陶瓷的韧性呈现提升趋势,硬度呈现降低趋势,强度呈现先上升后下降趋势。这一现象的产生,一方面归因于Nb_(2)O_(5)的加入让陶瓷生成异相小晶粒,进而提供异相颗粒增韧阻碍裂纹扩展;另一方面,由于Nb^(5+)的引入提高了晶轴比,从而让相变更容易发生。综上所述,Nb_(2)O_(5)的最佳添加质量分数为0.5%。

第一性原理研究压力对Fe_(2)B的结构、机械性质的影响

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,系统研究了0~30 GPa压力下四方相Fe_(2)B的结构,稳定性和力学性质等.随着压力的增加,计算得到的晶格参数逐渐减小,所有结构均满足热力学稳定性,体积模量和剪切模量逐渐增大,韧性得到有效改善.硬度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在18 GPa压力时达到最大值,各向异性先增大后减小.德拜温度变化趋势与杨氏模量的变化趋势相同.同时还研究了相变结构——正交相的相关性质,结果表明其结构满足热力学稳定性但不满足力学稳定性,是否稳定存在还需要进行后续实验研究.

Understand anisotropy dependence of damage evolution and material removal during nanoscratch of MgF_(2) single crystals

To understand the anisotropy dependence of the damage evolution and material removal during the machining process of MgF_(2) single crystals,nanoscratch tests of MgF_(2) single crystals with different crystal planes and directions were systematically performed,and surface morphologies of the scratched grooves under different conditions were analyzed.The experimental results indicated that anisotropy considerably affected the damage evolution in the machining process of MgF_(2) single crystals.A stress field model induced by the scratch was developed by considering the anisotropy,which indicated that during the loading process,median cracks induced by the tensile stress initiated and propagated at the front of the indenter.Lateral cracks induced by tensile stress initiated and propagated on the subsurface during the unloading process.In addition,surface radial cracks induced by the tensile stress were easily generated during the unloading process.The stress change led to the deflection of the propagation direction of lateral cracks.Therefore,the lateral cracks propagated to the workpiece surface,resulting in brittle removal in the form of chunk chips.The plastic deformation parameter indicated that the more the slip systems were activated,the more easily the plastic deformation occurred.The cleavage fracture parameter indicated that the cracks propagated along the activated cleavage planes,and the brittle chunk removal was owing to the subsurface cleavage cracks propagating to the crystal surface.Under the same processing parameters,the scratch of the(001)crystal plane along the[100]crystal-orientation was found to be the most conducive to achieving plastic machining of MgF_(2) single crystals.The theoretical results agreed well with the experimental results,which will not only enhance the understanding of the anisotropy dependence of the damage evolution and removal process during the machining of MgF_(2) crystals,but also provide a theoretical foundation for achieving the high-efficiency and low-damage processing of anisotropic single crystals.

Centimeter-sized Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)single crystals grown by oleic acid assisted inverse temperature crystallization strategy and their films for high-quality X-ray imaging

Low-dimensional halide perovskites have become the most promising candidates for X-ray imaging,yet the issues of the poor chemical stability of hybrid halide perovskite,the high poisonousness of lead halides and the relatively low detectivity of the lead-free halide perovskites which seriously restrain its commercialization.Here,we developed a solution inverse temperature crystal growth(ITCG)method to bring-up high quality Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)crystals with large size of centimeter order,in which the oleic acid(OA)is introduced as an antioxidative ligand to inhibit the oxidation of cuprous ions effieiently,as well as to decelerate the crystallization rate remarkalby.Based on these fine crystals,the vapor deposition technique is empolyed to prepare high quality Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films for efficient X-ray imaging.Smooth surface morphology,high light yields and short decay time endow the Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films with strong radioluminescence,high resolution(12 lp/mm),low detection limits(53 nGyair/s)and desirable stability.Subsequently,the Cs_(3)Cu_(2)I_(5)films have been applied to the practical radiography which exhibit superior X-ray imaging performance.Our work provides a paradigm to fabricate nonpoisonous and chemically stable inorganic halide perovskite for X-ray imaging.

Crystallization thermodynamics of 2,4(5)-dinitroimidazole in binary solvents

2,4(5)-Dinitroimidazole(2,4(5)-DNI)is an important organic intermediate,and itself can also be used for energetic material.In this work,the solubility of 2,4(5)-DNI in(methanol+water,acetonitrile+water,acetone+water)binary solvents were measured by using a dynamic test method from 278.15 K to 323.15 K under 101.1 k Pa.The Jouyban–Acree model,van't Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model,Apelblat–Jouyb an–Acree model,Ma model,and Sun model were used to correlate the experimental data.The values of relative average deviation(RAD)and root-mean-square deviation(RMSD)were very small,indicating that the error between the experimental value and the correlated value was very small.The thermodynamic parameters such as dissolution enthalpy,dissolution entropy and Gibbs energy were calculated based on solubility data.High-purity of 2,4(5)-DNI was efficiently obtained by using cooling and dilution crystallization method.

不同浓度Y^(3+)离子掺杂对CaF_(2)晶体性能的影响

氟化钙(CaF_(2))晶体具有良好的光学性能和化学稳定性,常常在极端边缘的光学窗口场景中用作基底材料。值得关注的是,CaF_(2)晶体的抗辐照损伤性能作为紫外激光器窗口材料的关键性能之一,由于解理效应导致的损伤增长过快,实际损伤阈值远低于理论值,无法满足紫外大功率激光器件的需求,是限制其在高功率紫外激光器中应用的主要因素。本研究运用材料组分设计,通过掺杂惰性稀土Y^(3+)引入F_(i)^(-),利用Y^(3+)与F_(i)^(-)之间的团簇作用增加解理面之间的键合数,以达到增强层间结合力,降低解理效应,提高损伤阈值的目的。采用坩埚下降法的晶体生长工艺,使用多孔坩埚在同一条件下制备了不同Y^(3+)掺杂浓度的CaF_(2)晶体,并对掺杂的CaF_(2)晶体的光学质量、机械性能以及热学性能进行分析表征。实验结果表明,适量Y^(3+)掺杂对CaF_(2)晶体的光学性能和热学性能,如透过率、热膨胀系数和热导率等改变较小,不影响CaF_(2)晶体的使用;而对机械性能,如剪切强度影响相对突出,当掺杂浓度为原子分数0.36%时,其剪切强度提高了68.4%,对应Y:CaF_(2)晶体的激光损伤阈值提高了166%。

掺铈Cs_(2)BaBr_(4)晶体的生长和闪烁性能研究

以高纯度BaBr_(2)、CsBr、CeBr_(3)为原料,采用高温固相反应法合成了Cs_(2)BaBr_(4)∶1%Ce^(3+)多晶料,并通过坩埚下降法生长了Cs_(2)BaBr_(4)∶1%Ce^(3+)晶体。将晶体切割研磨抛光后得到不同厚度的Cs_(2)BaBr_(4)∶1%Ce^(3+)晶片。对晶体进行了物相分析,XRD图谱表明晶体为一致熔融物,且无相变。研究了晶体的闪烁性能,测试了光学透射率、光致发光、X射线激发发光、多通道gamma能谱、衰减时间。与LaBr_(3)晶体对比,分析了晶体的吸湿性。结果表明,晶体的光学透过率接近80%,在一定波段的紫外光及X射线的激发下,晶体在349与372 nm波长有发射峰。^(137)Cs源伽马射线的激发下,能量分辨率为11%,在紫外激发下,晶体衰减时间为21.9 ns。晶体的吸湿性比LaBr_(3)晶体有大幅改善。

基于实验参数的Dy^(3+),Na^(+):PbGa_(2)S_(4)中红外激光理论研究

基于加工出的Dy^(3+),Na^(+):PbGa_(2)S_(4)晶体元件的吸收光谱测试以及Judd-Ofelt理论计算数据,通过互易法计算出各发光能级间的荧光吸收与发射截面.通过测试与计算得到的数据,数值模拟了采用1.3μm和1.7μm泵浦源直接抽运Dy^(3+),Na^(+):PbGa_(2)S_(4)晶体产生4.3μm中红外激光的实验方案.计算分析了激光功率、增益和吸收系数在晶体内的空间分布,分析比较了泵浦光功率、元件长度和输出镜反射率对输出功率的影响.模型中在光路中引入2.9μm级联激光振荡,以此抽运因为4.3μm发光堆积在能级^(6)H_(13/2)上的粒子数,发现其可以有效降低能级^(6)H_(11/2)到^(6)H_(13/2)跃迁的自终止效应,提高激光输出功率.计算结果表明:采用1.3μm和1.7μm泵浦源,当功率都为4 W时,最大的输出功率分别为103 mW和315 mW,斜率效率可达到2.8%和8.0%.数值模拟的结果对下一步晶体元件的改良加工以及光路搭建参数的选取提供了一定的指导意义.

Li(Sc,M)Si_(2)O_(6)∶Cr^(3+)(M=Ga^(3+)/Lu^(3+)/Y^(3+)/Gd^(3+))的近红外发光性能

荧光转换型近红外发光二极管(NIR pc-LED)具有体积小、谱带宽、峰位易调谐等优点,是新一代NIR光源发展的前沿,其关键在于研发可被蓝光有效激发的高效率宽带近红外荧光粉。LiScSi_(2)O_(6)∶Cr^(3+)荧光材料的激发波长为460 nm,发射峰位在845 nm,光谱带宽为156 nm,内量子效率为64.4%。基于该体系,本文通过M离子(M=Ga^(3+),Lu^(3+),Y^(3+),Gd^(3+))取代Sc^(3+)的方式对其性能进行调控。结果表明,引入M离子易生成杂相或发生相变,降低了材料的发光性能。本文从晶体结构出发对其调控过程进行了分析。

SO_(2)对馆藏银质文物材料腐蚀的影响

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)反应性监测方法,结合扫描电镜、能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和拉曼光谱表面分析技术,研究了暴露于不同SO_(2)含量、相对湿度和温度环境中的银质文物材料的腐蚀行为及其表面特征。结果表明:随着时间延长,暴露于不同环境中的镀银石英晶振片频率均有所下降,最终趋于稳定;SO_(2)气体会促进银的腐蚀,且腐蚀速率随其含量的增加而加快;环境温度和相对湿度的升高也会加剧SO_(2)对银的腐蚀作用;在含SO_(2)环境中,银表面生成了Ag_(2)O、Ag_(2)SO_(3)以及Ag_(2)SO_(4)等腐蚀产物。

高光产额SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)晶体制备及其闪烁性能研究

SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)晶体因其极高的光产额和优良的能量分辨率,在伽马射线高分辨测量中呈现出良好的应用前景。采用改进的坩埚下降法制备出掺杂浓度为5.0%的SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)晶体,加工制成了直径为25 mm,厚度分别为3,6,9,12 mm的单透光防潮封装SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)闪烁体。研究了4种不同尺寸闪烁体对^(241)Am,^(137)Cs,^(60)Co放射源伽马射线的响应,测试了SrI_(2):Eu^(2+)晶体的荧光光谱、能量分辨率、发光产额及衰减时间等闪烁性能。实验结果表明:SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)晶体的发光光谱峰值位于436 nm,SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)晶体闪烁性能随晶体厚度减薄或伽马射线能量的提高而提升。3 mm厚度SrI_(2)Eu^(2+)闪烁体对1.173 MeV^(60)Co伽马射线的能量分辨率达到了2.74%,在^(137)Cs源伽马射线激发下,光产额达到1.23×10^(5)MeV^(-1),是传统NaI:Tl闪烁体光产额的3倍以上,与当前国际上报道的最好的实验结果相当。

CO_(2)间接矿化工业固废制备多晶型碳酸钙研究进展

CO_(2)和工业固体废弃物的排放量逐年上升,威胁人类的生存和发展,世界各国迫切寻求降碳减排的解决路径。研究人员基于钙、镁元素与CO_(2)反应生成稳定的碳酸盐反应,开发出一系列CO_(2)矿化工艺,实现CO_(2)的永久封存。为实现CO_(2)的大规模封存和含钙固废的高值化利用,降低矿化成本,选取廉价易得的含钙工业固体废弃物为矿化原料,从多晶型微纳米碳酸钙的制备入手,总结了含钙工业固废浸取和CO_(2)间接矿化的最新研究进展,介绍了含钙工业固废间接矿化常用的浸取剂,并着重分析了间接矿化制备微纳米碳酸钙时反应条件和晶型控制剂对碳酸钙晶型和形貌产生的影响,对其控制原理进行了解释说明,总结了CO_(2)间接矿化含钙固废当前存在的技术难点,展望了未来的研究重点。国内外结果表明,调变温度、pH、搅拌速率以及CO_(2)通气速率等矿化反应条件或添加晶型控制剂能有效控制碳酸钙的晶型、形貌和尺寸。利用含钙工业固体废弃物间接矿化CO_(2)制备微纳米碳酸钙能够满足不同领域对碳酸钙的使用要求,能带来经济效益和环境效益,具有广阔的发展前景。