Exploring influence of MgO/CaO on crystallization characteristics to understand fluidity of synthetic coal slags

The crystallization has significant influence on fluidity of slag and slag discharge of entrained-flow-bed(EFB) gasifier. The crystallization characteristics and fluidity of five synthetic slags with different MgO/CaO ratios prepared on the basis of the range of oxide contents of Zhundong coal ash were investigated in this study. The results show that with the MgO/CaO ratio increase, the initial crystallization temperature increases, and the main temperature range of crystallization ratio growth moves to higher temperature range gradually which causes Tp25(Tp25is the temperature corresponding to the viscosity of 25 Pa·s)to increase. Mg-rich crystals are formed preferentially than Ca-rich crystals when adding the same amount of MgO and CaO during cooling. The effective slagging operating temperature range decrease from 217 ℃ for the slag with a 0:4 MgO/CaO ratio to 44 ℃ for the slag with a 4:0 MgO/CaO ratio with the MgO/CaO ratio increase. The slags with 2:2 and 1:3 MgO/CaO ratios show similar effective slagging operating temperature range, Tp25and the temperature corresponding to the viscosity of 2 Pa·s.However, compared with the slag with a 1:3 MgO/CaO ratio, the crystallization ratio and rate of slag with a 2:2 MgO/CaO ratio are lower within lower temperature range(1300–1200 ℃), causing its lower critical viscosity temperature and wider actual operating temperature range. Of the five slags, the widest effective slagging operating temperature range and the lowest Tp25of the slag with a 0:4 MgO/CaO ratio due to its low crystallization ratio, and wider actual operating temperature range of the slag with a 2:2 MgO/CaO ratio make the two slags suitable for slag discharge of EFB gasifier.

Crystallization characteristics of Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by CeO_2 and SiO_2 nano-particles

Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by Ce O2 and Si O2 nano-particles on the surface of common carbon steels, were prepared by double pulse electrodeposition. The crystallization course was characterized by phase structures, crystallinity, grain sizes and microstructures. The results indicate that as-deposited composite coating is amorphous. Whereas it turns into the crystalline structure with 98.25% crystallinity, and Ni3 P, Ni2 P and Ni5P2 alloy phases precipitate from structures at 400 °C. Thereafter, Ni2 P and Ni5P2 metastable alloy phases turn into Ni3 P stable alloy phase at 500 °C. The crystallization course of the composite coating has finished when being heat-treated at 700 °C. The average sizes of Ni grains increase with the rise of heat treatment temperature from400 °C to 700 °C. Ce O2 and Si O2 nano-particles deposited into Ni-W-P alloys can delay the crystallization course and habit the growth of alloy phases.

Transmission Spectral Characteristics of Photonic Crystals Milled in Annealed Proton-Exchange LiNbO_3 Waveguide

Transmission spectra of triangular lattice photonic crystals milled in the top surface of an annealed proton- exchange waveguide are numerically simulated. The effects of the finite depth, conical shape, trapezoidal shape and hybrid shape of holes are theoretically analyzed. Due to the difficulty of milling high aspect-ratio cylindrical holes in lithium niobate （LiNbO3 ）, a compromised solution is proposed to improve the overlap between shallow holes and the waveguide mode, and useful transmission spectra with strong contrast and sharp band edges are achieved.

Research progress of cholesteric liquid crystals with broadband reflection characteristics in application of intelligent optical modulation materials

Cholesteric liquid crystals（CLCs） have recently sparked an enormous amount of interest in the development of soft matter materials due to their unique ability to self-organize into a helical supra-molecular architecture and their excellent selective reflection of light based on the Bragg relationship.Nowadays,by the virtue of building the self-organized nanostructures with pitch gradient or non-uniform pitch distribution,extensive work has already been performed to obtain CLC films with a broad reflection band.Based on authors＇ many years＇ research experience,this critical review systematically summarizes the physical and optical background of the CLCs with broadband reflection characteristics,methods to obtain broadband reflection of CLCs,as well as the application in the field of intelligent optical modulation materials.Combined with the research status and the advantages in the field,the important basic and applied scientific problems in the research direction are also introduced.

Thermal Characteristics of Gel Grown Lanthanum Heptamolybdate crystals

Thermal characteristics of Ianthanum heptamolybdate crystals grown by gel technique, employing thermoanalytical techniques, viz. TG, DTA and DSC, are reported. It is established that the rare-earth lanthanum heptamolybdate crystals are associated with thirty water molecules;the composition being La2Mo7O24.3OH2O. It is shown that all the thirty water molecules associated with lanthanum heptamolybdate crystal are lost during its decomposition, leading to its anhydrous form. Results obtained on application of TG based models, viz. Horowitz-Metzger,Coats-Redfern and Piloyan-Novikova and of DSC based methods viz. Roger-Morris-Smith and Barret, regarding solid state reaction kinetics are also reported. The random nucleation model is shown to be the one that is relevant to the decomposition of lanthanum heptamolybdate. The kinetic parameters, viz.the order of reaction. frquency factor, energy of activation and entropy using above mentioned models are computed and shown to bear reasonably good agreement

Numerical Simulation of the Scavenging Rates of Ice Crystals of Various Microphysical Characteristics

Numerical models of trajectories of small aerosol spheres relative to oblate spheroids were used to determine ice crystal scavenging efficiencies. The models included the effects of aerodynamic flow about the ice particle, gravity, aerosol particle inertia and drag and electrostatic effects. Two electric configurations of the ice particle were investigated in detail. The first applied a net charge to the ice particle, of magnitude equal to the mean thunderstorm charge distribution, while the second applied a charge distribution, with no net charge, to the ice particle to model the electric multipole charge distribution. The results show that growing ice crystals with electric multipoles are better scavengers than single ice crystals with net thunderstorm charges, especially in the Greenfield gap (0.1 to 1.0 um), and that larger single crystals are better scavengers than smaller single crystals. The results also show that the low density ice crystals are more effective scavengers with net charges than they are with charge distribution.

Relationship between Colored Microstructure under Polarized Light and Shape Recovery Characteristics on the Thermomechanical Cycled CuAlNi Single Crystals

The paper studied the relationship between microstructure and shape recovery characteristics by using colored microstructure analysis under polarized light on the thermomechanical cycled CuAlNi single crystals. The two-way shape memory effect in quenched thin bar resulted from the preferential formation/extinction of martensite variant due to the internal quench stress, and the variant was formed at an angle of about 45 deg. with the tension direction ([001] of the βphase). Initial thermomechanical cycling under relatively low stress single variant stress-induced martensite was formed at an angle of 45 deg. with the tension and its morphology was a lath of parallel twins. More than one group of variants were formed after several training cycles and such variants also caused tilting of some thermally formed accommodated martensite. By overheating the trained sample containing stabilized multi-variants of stress-induced martensite, very coarse martensite structure with a strong asymmetry was produced, which caused the reverse two-way shape memory effect.

Growth and spectral characteristics of a new promising stoichiometric laser crystal: Ca_9Yb(VO_4)_7

A Ca9Yb（VO4）7 crystal with dimensions of Φ23 mm×35 mm was grown successfully by Czochralski method. Its thermal conductivity was 1.06 W/（m？K） at room temperature. The absorption cross-sections at 980 nm were 1.80×10–20 cm2 and 1.28×10–20 cm2 for π- and σ- polarizations, respectively, with a full-width at half-maximum of 34 nm. The crystal had a broad emission at around 1025 nm with a full-width at half-maximum of 67 nm for π- polarization and 70 nm for σ- polarization. The emission cross-sections of the crystal were calculated by using reciprocity method and Füchtbauer-Ladenburg formula. The emission cross-sections at 1025 nm were 3.57×10–20 cm–2 and 1.91×10–20 cm–2 for π- and σ- polarization, respectively. The fluorescence lifetime was 332 μs. The results indicated that the crystal is a promising femtosecond and tunable laser material.

Phase stability of Ta-W alloys

The characteristic crystal model is applied to the study of phase stability and thermodynamics in substitutional bcc-based Ta-W alloys.The basic principle and method of alloy thermodynamics which is described by the characteristic crystal model is introduced in detail.The Gibbs energy of various phases including both disordered and ordered phases of the Ta-W system are evaluated.The phase diagram of Ta-W alloys is assessed and predicted.The results are in good agreement with experiments and better than that of first principle.