Microstructure and crystal growth direction of Al-Cu alloy

The microstructures and crystal growth directions of permanent mould casting（PMC） and directionally solidified（DS） Al-Cu alloys with different contents of Cu were investigated. Simultaneously, the effects of pouring temperature on the microstructure and crystal growth direction of permanent mould casting pure Al were also discussed. The results indicate that the α（Al） crystals in the pure Al do not always keep common columnar grains, but change from the columnar grains to columnar dendrites with developed arms as the pouring temperature rises. The growth direction also varies with the change of pouring temperature. Cu element has similar effects on the microstructures of the PMC and DS casting Al-Cu alloys and the α（Al） crystals gradually change from columnar crystals in turn to columnar dendrites and developed equiaxed dendrites as the Cu content increases. The crystal growth direction in the PMC alloys gradually approaches （110） orientation with increasing Cu content. But the resulting crystals with growth direction of （110） do not belong to feathery grains. There are also no feathery grains to form in all of the DS Al-Cu alloys.

Microstructure and crystal growth direction of Al-Mg alloy

The microstructures and crystal growth directions of permanent mould casting and directionally solidified Al-Mg al oys with different Mg contents have been investigated. The results indicate that the effect of Mg content on microstructure is basical y same for the al oys prepared by these two methods. The primary grains change from cel ular crystals to developed columnar dendrites, and then to equiaxed dendrites as the Mg content is increased. Simultaneously, both the cel ular or columnar grain region and the primary trunk spacing decrease. Al of these changes are mainly attributed to the constitutional supercooling resulting from Mg element. Comparatively, the cellular or columnar crystals of the directionally solidified alloys are straighter and more paral el than those of the permanent mould casting al oys. These have straight or wavy grain boundaries, one of the most important microstructure characteristics of feathery grains. However, the transverse microstructure and growth direction reveal that they do not belong to feathery grains. The Mg seemingly can affect the crystal growth direction, but does not result in the formation of feathery grains under the conditions employed in the study.

LYOTROPIC AND THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALL INE TRIALKYL CELLULOSES OBTAINED DIRECTLY FROM CELLULOSE ACETATE IN DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE

Highly substituted n-atkyl celluloses with sidechains 3 to 10 carbon atoms long have been prepared from cellulose acetate, sodium hydroxide and n-alkyl bromides with dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. Synthetic conditions of n-alkyl celluloses were studied with respect to reaction temperature, time and yield. The molecular structure of the n-alkyl celluloses, which were obtained as white powders or as sticky, soft and birefringent solids at room temperature, was investigated by IR and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The highly substituted n-alkyl celluloses all exhibited both therotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline cholesteric phases in some non-polar solvents. The metting behavior and solubility of the n-alkyl celluloses were examined.

定向凝固和单晶高温合金的再结晶

本文系统分析了定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶的特点、危害以及影响再结晶的主要因素,阐述了再结晶的物理本质。再结晶行为受合金元素、变形程度、热处理温度及时间、变形速率、变形工艺等的影响。再结晶的物理本质是由铸态γ′相溶解控制的高能态畸变组织向低能态无畸变组织转变的过程。镍基定向凝固高温合金再结晶开始温度在1050℃左右,钴基定向凝固高温合金在1100℃左右。定向凝固和单晶高温合金的动态再结晶行为主要与高温氧污染和自由表面有关。再结晶对高温持久、疲劳性能影响较大,含再结晶层的断口源区表现为沿晶断裂。目前定向凝固构件上的再结晶检测普遍采用金相方法。

定向凝固和单晶高温合金的再结晶研究

定向凝固和单晶高温合金具有优异的高温力学性能,是制造先进航空发动机涡轮叶片的主要材料。定向凝固和单晶高温合金的优异性能主要来源于消除了与主应力轴垂直的晶界,而再结晶的出现会显著降低合金的高温力学性能。针对近年来国内外对于定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶的研究,系统地介绍了定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶的特点、主要影响因素、再结晶对力学性能的影响以及再结晶的控制和抑制方法。

定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶影响因素

定向凝固和单晶高温合金具有优异的高温力学性能,是制造先进航空发动机涡轮叶片的主要材料。定向凝固和单晶高温合金的优异性能主要来源于消除了与应力轴垂直的晶界,而再结晶的出现会显著降低合金的高温力学性能。本文基于近年来国内外对于定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶行为的研究,系统分析和总结了定向凝固和单晶高温合金再结晶的主要影响因素,包括热处理温度、热处理时间、第二相粒子、变形温度、高温氧化、以及表面处理工艺等因素对再结晶的影响。

C/C和C/SiC复合材料与定向和单晶高温合金界面反应研究

采用电子显微镜研究了C/C和C/SiC材料与STAL 125C单晶高温合金和DZ125L定向凝固高温合金之间的界面反应。研究发现,经过1 340℃/4h的高温处理后,C/C复合材料没有与STAL 125C和DZ125L合金发生界面反应,而C/SiC复合材料与STAL 125C和DZ125L发生了界面反应,并且呈现了不同的界面反应层特征。

定向结晶及相应单晶材料弹性常数间的关系

使用解析法和有限元数值方法,对定向结晶镍基高温合金以及相应镍基单晶材料工程弹性常数值进行了研究。结果表明二者之间存在相当紧密的联系,其中的3项常数在理想状态下可以认为是对应相等的,并且,在已知其数值的情况下,可以通过解析法和有限元法计算出定向结晶材料的其余常数。根据计算结果,总结出2类材料弹性常数值的规律,提出了相应的建议。

Experience in the Production of Horizontal Ingots of Platinum Metals and Alloys

The quality of semi-products of platinum metals and alloys, produced by way of plastic working, essentially depends on or, in many cases, is completely determined by the quality of ingots. Plastic working does not make it possible to eliminate or localize metallurgical defects. In many cases it promotes the occurence thereof. Low-rate casting with directional crystallization can ensure the production of dense ingots free of non-metallic inclusions, shrinkage and gas weakness, with observance of certain temperature/rate modes. After comparative tests of vertical and horizontal molds, preference has been given to horizontal water-cooled molds, allowing to cast all alloys in the conditions of directional crystallization.

Selectivity of Crystal Growth Direction in Layered Double Hydroxides

Investigation of selectivity of crystal growth direction in layered double hydroxides is helpful to control their particle sizes in different directions. Mg-AI layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized using a coprecipitation method. The influences of aging temperature, aging time, and Mg/AI molar ratio on the crystal structure, the LDHs particle size, and the selectivity of crystal growth in different directions were investigated. The results show that the size of the crystallites in the a direction is larger than that in the c direction for all experimental conditions, indicating faster crystal growth in the a direction than in the c direction. The crystallite sizes in the a and c directions both increase with decreasing Mg/AI molar ratio but with less difference between the sizes in the two directions. Therefore, the crystal growth rate in the c direction increases more than that in the a direction as the Mg/AI molar ratio decreases. The influence of the aging time, aging temperature, and Mg/AI molar ratio on the selectivity of the crystal growth direction can be used to prepare LDHs with selected sizes in the a and c directions.

铝化物涂层对镍基合金疲劳性能的影响

为了制定燃气轮机涡轮叶片内腔腐蚀防护方案,对表面制备Al-Si、Al和Co-Al等铝化物热扩散涂层后的镍基定向铸造合金(DSM11、DZ125)与单晶合金(DD5)的疲劳性能开展试验分析,研究涂层对试验件裂纹萌生过程和疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:铝化物涂层的存在促进了材料表面疲劳裂纹形核,使得带涂层试验件的疲劳寿命比无涂层试验件的低。涂层工艺、厚度和试验温度对疲劳性能存在影响。其中,Al-Si涂层的疲劳性能降低较大。涂层越厚,疲劳寿命降低越显著。

Spontaneous hierarchical surface engineering of minerals through coupled dissolution-precipitation chemistry

Peculiar hierarchical microstructures in creatures inspire modern material design with distinct functionalities.Creatures can effortlessly construct sophisticated yet long-range ordered microstructure across bio-membrane through ion secretion and precipitation.However,microstructure biomimicry in current technology generally requires elaborate,point-by-point fabrication.Herein,a spontaneous yet controllable strategy is developed to achieve surface microstructure engineering through a natural surface phenomenon similar to ion secretion-precipitation,that is,coupled dissolution-precipitation.A series of hierarchical microstructures on mineral surfaces in fluids with tunable morphology,orientation,dimension,and spatial distribution are achieved by simply controlling initial dissolution and fluid chemistry.In seawater,long-range ordered film of vertically aligned brucite flakes forms through interfacial dissolution,nucleation,and confinement-induced orientation of flakes with vertically grown{110}plane,on the edge of which,fusiform aragonite epitaxially precipitates.With negligible initial surface dissolution,prismatic aragonite epitaxially grows on a calcite polyhedron-packed surface.By tuning fluid chemistry,closely packed calcite polyhedron and loosely packed calcite micro-pillars are engineered through rapid and retarded precipitation,respectively.Surprisingly,the spontaneously grown microstructures resemble those deliberately created by human or found in nature,and tremendously modulate surface functionality.These findings open new possibilities for facile and customizable engineering of microstructural surfaces,hierarchical heterostructures,and biomimetic materials.

Modes of Grain Selection in Spiral Selector during Directional Solidification of Nickel-base Superalloys

The modes of grain selection in spiral selector were investigated by both a ProCAST simulation and experimental confirmation.The results show that the efficiency of grain selection in starter block is associated with the geometry shape.At the early stage of grain selection,the optimization of grain orientation is dominated by competitive grain growth,but the optimization of grain orientation in starter block is gradually dominated by geometry shape at the later stage of grain selection.Besides,the spiral part could also optimize the orientation of the selected single crystal when the initial angle is large enough,and the single crystal selection in spiral parts with different pitch lengths and initial angles is dominated by different modes.The simulation results agree well with experimental ones.

Analysis of heat transfer processes for sapphire growth by horizontal directed crystallization method

This research summarizes the analytical and experimental results of heat-transfer processes influence on defects formation during sapphire crystal growth by horizontal directed crystallization method(HDC).The shape of solid-melt interface significantly influences the process of sapphire crystals growth by this method.We receive the Stefan problem solution for sapphire crystals growth.It allows investigating the crystal growth process and the related factors(thermal stresses on different stages of growth process),their influence on defects formation.We investigate the main reasons for the formation of defective structures of the solid phase of sapphire crystals and the influence of thermal unit construction,the crystal geometry on the quality of the resulting sapphire crystal.We study the structure formation process,impurity distribution,and the nature of the defects in the crystal during it growth.

先进镍基高温合金疲劳损伤的微观机制

通过对FGH96粉末高温合金、DZ125定向凝固高温合金、DD6单晶高温合金大量疲劳断口的断裂特征进行统计分析,研究了这3类镍基高温合金疲劳损伤的微观机制。结果表明,这3类合金疲劳断裂的宏观形貌有较大的区别,但由于这几类合金均为镍基面心立方晶体结构,因此其疲劳损伤断裂具有相同的微观演变规律和断裂机制,即:从疲劳裂纹的萌生至裂纹的快速扩展均是以滑移机制进行;疲劳扩展第1阶段均为类解理特征,疲劳扩展第2阶段为疲劳条带,快速扩展区呈现为滑移面、滑移台阶、韧窝特征。由于其组织和成形工艺的区别,其共同的特征表现的具体形貌有所区别。

各向异性多轴近似应力应变分析方法研究及应用

用基于Neuber法则的各向异性多轴近似应力应变分析方法,计算了沿不同方向加载时,定向凝固合金DZ125和单晶DD6材料缺口构件,弹塑性应力应变分布以及应力集中处的弹塑性应力-应变响应.同时,将微分形式的、考虑了时间效应的Neuber法则拓展到各向异性多轴保载情形,给出了拉伸保载时缺口根部的应力-应变响应.计算结果显示,单轴循环模拟结果与试验数据吻合,缺口构件循环加载以及拉伸保载预测结果与物理实际相符.证明了基于Neuber法则的各向异性多轴应力应变分析方法,可用于国产定向凝固合金和单晶材料循环加载以及拉伸保载分析.

定向凝固及单晶高温合金的发展与研究

论述了定向凝固及单晶高温合金的概念及特色，分析了成分、工艺对其组织及性能的影响，介绍了国内外对这类合金的研究成果。

镍基单晶/柱晶高温合金超高周疲劳研究进展

镍基单晶/柱晶高温合金具有高温强度高、抗氧化性强、抗疲劳性能优异等优点,是目前先进航空发动机涡轮叶片的主要材料。超高周疲劳(疲劳寿命>10^(8))是涡轮叶片在服役中后期面临的主要问题。对镍基单晶/柱晶高温合金的超高周疲劳进行综述,分析结果表明,单晶/柱晶高温合金在高温下存在反常屈服现象;对比不同频率下的疲劳研究,未发现明显的频率效应;分析断裂机理,发现裂纹主要从内部孔洞等铸造缺陷处萌生。总结了疲劳寿命预测模型,展望了镍基单晶/柱晶高温合金超高周疲劳的发展方向。

Tunable high-Q SAW resonator loaded on a changing capacitance

A tunable high-Q surface acoustic wave(SAW)resonator in the form of several parallel-connected interdigital transducers loaded on a varying capacitance on lithium niobate substrates was developed and studied.The working frequency range was 90-2450 MHz.A method of calculating such resonators,considering losses in the metal film as well as losses due to the propagation of SAWs and transformations into bulk waves is proposed.Such a design allows one to obtain a quality factor over 5000 in the frequency range 2400-2483 MHz.The resonant frequency shifts by 600 kHz when the capacitance changes by±25%of the value of 21 pF(or 32 ppm/pF)and has an almost linear character.