Petrology,geochemistry,and crystal size distribution of the basaltic andesite-dacite association at Mt.Sumbing,Central Java,Indonesia:Insights to magma reservoir dynamics and petrogenesis

Ten rock samples consisting of one pyroclastic density current(PDC1)deposit,seven lava flows(LF1–7),and two summit lava domes(LD1,2)were studied to understand the petrogenesis and magma dynamics at Mt.Sumbing.The stratigraphy is arranged as LF1,PDC1,LF2,LF3,LF4,LF5,LF6,LF7,LD1,and LD2;furthermore,these rocks were divided into two types.TypeⅠ,observed in the oldest(LF1)sample,has poor MgO and high Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr.The remaining samples(PDC1–LD2)represent typeⅡ,characterized by high MgO and low Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr values.We suggest that type I is derived from AOC(altered oceanic crust)-rich melts that underwent significant crustal assimilation,while typeⅡoriginates from mantle-rich melts with less significant crustal assimilation.The early stage of typeⅡmagma(PDC1–LF3)was considered a closed system,evolving basaltic andesite into andesite(55.0–60.2 wt%SiO_(2))with a progressively increasing phenocryst(0.30–0.48φ_(PC))and decreasing crystal size distribution(CSD)slope(from-3.9 to-2.9).The evidence of fluctuating silica and phenocryst contents(between 55.9–59.7 wt%and 0.25–0.41φ_(PC),respectively),coupled with the kinked and steep(from-5.0 to-3.3)CSD curves imply the interchanging condition between open(i.e.,magma mixing)and closed magmatic systems during the middle stage(LF4–LF6).Finally,it underwent to closed system again during the final stage(LF7–LD2)because the magma reached dacitic composition(at most 68.9 wt%SiO_(2))with abundant phenocryst(0.38–0.45φ_(PC))and gentle CSD slope(from-4.1 to-1.2).

Real-Time Characterization of Crystal Shape and Size Distribution Based on Moving Window and 3D Imaging in a Stirred Tank

Crystal shape distribution, i.e. the multidimensional size distribution of crystals, is of great importance to their down-stream processing such as in filtration as well as to the end-use properties including the dissolution rate and bioavailability for crystalline pharmaceuticals. Engineering crystal shape and shape distribution requires knowledge about the growth behavior of different crystal facets under varied operational conditions e.g. supersaturations. Measurement of the facet growth rates and growth kinetics of static crystals in a crystallizer without stirring has been reported previously. Here attention is given to study on real-time characterization of the 3D facet growth behavior of crystals in a stirred tank where crystals are constantly moving and rotating. The measurement technique is stereo imaging and the crystal shape reconstruction is based on a stereo imaging camera model. By reference to a case study on potash alum crystallization, it is demonstrated that the crystal size and shape distributions (CSSD) of moving and rotating potash alum crystals in the solution can be reconstructed. The moving window approach was used to correlate 3D face growth kinetics with supersaturation (in the range 0.04 - 0.12) given by an ATR FTIR probe. It revealed that {100} is the fastest growing face, leading to a rapid reduction of its area, while the {111} face has the slowest growth rate, reflected in its area continuously getting larger.

EFFECT OF Ni CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON THE ANTICOKING BEHAVIOR OF La-MODIFIED Ni/α-Al_2O_3 CATALYSTS

The crystal size distribution（CSD）was determined with small angle X-ray scattering technique.Theanticoking property of Ni-catalysts was investigated with the steam reforming of n-heptane in a TG-monitoredflow reactor.The results of this study show that the rate of coking on the supported Ni-catalysts depends main-ly on the percentage content of the large size fraction（25-70nm）of Ni-crystallites,and that the dispersion ofNi-crystallites and the anticoking property of the Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts were promoted obviously by theLa2O3-modification method.The variation of the Ni-CSD and the anticoking property of the catalysts were fur-ther tested through different periods of hydrothermal treatment.It is found that the content of the largeNi-crystal size fraction and the coking rate pass correspondingly through a maximum.

Crystal Growth and Crystallization Time Scales of the Panzhihua Layered Intrusion:Constraint from Crystal Size Distribution

The Panzhihua layered intrusions is generated closely related to the Emeishan LIPs.This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of plagioclase and pyroxene.The quantitative texture analysis of 2209 plagioclase shows that the characteristic length of plagioclase is 0.54 to 0.96 mm,the intercept variation range is large,from-0.67 to 0.96,and the slope is-1.85 to-1.04,the Aspect Ratio shows from 1.84 to 2.59 and fractal dimension D is 1.908–1.933.The quantitative texture analysis of 2342 pyroxene shows that the characteristic length of pyroxene is 0.38–0.64 mm,the intercept shows from 0.46 to 2.26,The slope ranges from-2.6 to-1.47,the Aspect Ratio value varies from 1.53 to 1.71,the fractal dimension D is 0.93 to 1.13.All the CSDs results of the Panzhihua intrusions indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene form in an open magma system and undergo four replenishment of magma injection.The plagioclase crystals do not grow as the lathlike shape,and the fractal growth leads to complex crystal surface.The plagioclase undergoes deformation compaction during the crystal process,and then is oriented.The pyroxene crystals grow along an approximately triaxial ratio and undergo texture adjustment and small crystal dissolution reabsorption.When all crystals in magma system grows up to 2 mm,the pyroxene undergoes cumulation in the Panzhihua layered intrusions.The plagioclase crystallization time scale is 171.23–304.41 years,representing that the crystallization is the more uniform in central part of the melt.The nucleation density continuously increases during the crystallization process of the magma system.The time scale to reach the final maximum crystal nucleation density is 15.28–58.98 years.

Transformation of CSD When Crystal Shape Changes with Crystal Size into CLD from FBRM by Using Monte Carlo Analysis

In manufacturing process, it is necessary to measure change in CSD (Crystal Size Distribution) with time accurately because CSD is one of the most important indices that evaluate quality of products. FBRM (Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement) can measure CLD (Chord Length Distribution) in line, but CLD is different from CSD because of principle of FBRM. However, if CSD is determined beforehand, CLD can be calculated from the CSD with statistical method. First, when crystal shape is defined from the characteristic crystal size, the matrix of each crystal shape which transforms CSD into CLD in a uniform manner is calculated with Monte Carlo analysis. Characteristic crystal size is added to the variables defining chord length in order to avoid complex integrals and apply the change in crystal shape with characteristic crystal size to the transforming matrix. Secondly, CSD and CLD are actually measured in suspension of acetaminophen in ethanol and suspension of L-arginine in water to demonstrate the validity of 2 matrices. Lastly, these matrices are multiplied by some simple CSD models to test the properties of these matrices and demonstrate the utility of this transformation.

Preparation of Small Particle Sized ZnAl-Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds by Ultrasonic Crystallization

Ultrasonic technology has been intensively studied recently due to its special features. In this paper, an ultrasonic crystallization method was introduced for the preparation of ZnAl-Hydrotalcite-Like compounds （ZnAl-HTLcs）. Samples with high crystallinity, small particle size and narrow particle size distribution were obtained and fully characterized using conventional techniques of XRD, FT-IR and TGDTA. The results prove that both ultrasonic frequency and ultrasonic power have effects on the sizes of the product particles. By varying the ultrasonic power from 250 W to 88 W, with the ultrasonic frequency fixed at 59 kHz, the median particle size of the samples increased from 0.37 μm to 0.82 μm. By altering the hydrothermal treatment time from 1 h to 5 h at 110 ℃, the median particle size of ZnAl-HTLcs synthesized via ultrasonic crystallization increased from 0.88 μm to 1.11 μm.

Particle size distribution design of limited agglomeration via geometric morphology in erythritol crystallization

Regarding sugar and salt crystallization with large single crystals,the agglomerate thermodynamics and geometric morphologies,not the dynamics,dominate the particle size distribution(PSD).To consider this issue,a PSD design model is proposed for limited large crystal agglomeration.In this model,the agglomeration thermodynamic criticality is determined by estimating the adhesion and dispersion forces between single crystals.The geometric agglomerate morphologies are described by corresponding single crystal units stacking with porosity.By seed well-controlled of population,the key parameters of PSD(D01,D50 and D99)are precisely designed.For erythritol,the model design accuracies are 92%–99%in the 1.2 L and 10 L crystallizers,indicating that it can design PSD at various crystallization scales.Concerning the general research attention to microcrystal agglomeration kinetics(mostly active pharmaceutical ingredients),this model effectively guides the sugar and salt PSD design with limited large crystal agglomeration.

Microfluidic preparation of surfactant-free ultrafine DAAF with tunable particle size for insensitive initiator explosives

High purity and ultrafine DAAF(u-DAAF)is an emerging insensitive charge in initiators.Although there are many ways to obtain u-DAAF,developing a preparation method with stable operation,accurate control,good quality consistency,equipment miniaturization,and minimum manpower is an inevitable requirement to adapt to the current social technology development trend.Here reported is the microfluidic preparation of u-DAAF with tunable particle size by a passive swirling microreactor.Under the guidance of recrystallization growth kinetics and mixing behavior of fluids in the swirling microreactor,the key parameters(liquid flow rate,explosive concentration and crystallization temperature)were screened and optimized through screening experiments.Under the condition that no surfactant is added and only experimental parameters are controlled,the particle size of recrystallized DAAF can be adjusted from 98 nm to 785 nm,and the corresponding specific surface area is 8.45 m^(2)·g^(-1)to 1.33 m^(2)·g^(-1).In addition,the preparation method has good batch stability,high yield(90.8%-92.6%)and high purity(99.0%-99.4%),indicating a high practical application potential.Electric explosion derived flyer initiation tests demonstrate that the u-DAAF shows an initiation sensitivity much lower than that of the raw DAAF,and comparable to that of the refined DAAF by conventional spraying crystallization method.This study provides an efficient method to fabricate u-DAAF with narrow particle size distribution and high reproducibility as well as a theoretical reference for fabrication of other ultrafine explosives.

确定岩石中矿物成核速度、成核密度、晶体生长速度和结晶时间的CSD理?

结晶岩类的热力学研究是岩石学研究的主要內容之一?疚慕樯芰私峋а沂锌笪锝峋Ч?包括矿物成核密度,成核速度、晶体生长速度、结晶时间与晶体大小分布的关系即CSD理论以及岩浆冷却、喷发、混合,接触变质、区域变质等过程各自具有的CSD特征;并对CSD理论、方法及其地质应用进行了评价;指出复杂的自然过程对CSD的影响,在定向构造发育较好的岩石中由二维晶体测定转向三维计算的改进方法以及CSD所具有的重要的年代学意义。

Recent Developments in the Crystallization Process： Toward the Pharmaceutical Industry

Crystallization is one of the oldest separation and purification unit operations, and has recently contributed to significant improvements in producing higher-value products with specific properties and in building efficient manufacturing processes. In this paper, we review recent developments in crystal engineering and crystallization process design and control in the pharmaceutical industry. We systematically summarize recent methods for understanding and developing new types of crystals such as co-crystals, polymorphs, and solvates, and include several milestones such as the launch of the first co-crystal drug, Entresto （No- vartis）, and the continuous manufacture of Orkambi （Vertex）. Conventional batch and continuous processes, which are becoming increasingly mature, are being coupled with various control strategies and the recently developed crystallizers are thus adapting to the needs of the pharmaceutical industry. The development of crystallization process design and control has led to the appearance of several new and innovative crystal- lizer geometries for continuous operation and improved performance. This paper also reviews major recent orogress in the area of process analytical technology.

Crystal Growth Models of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in a MSMPR Reactive Crystallizer

The reactive crystallization process of dexamethasone sodium phosphate was investigated in a continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal(MSMPR) crystallizer. Analyzing experimental data, it was found that the growth of product crystal was size-dependent. The Bransom, CR, ASL, M J2 and M J3 size-dependent growth models were discussed in details. Using experimental steady state population density data of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, parameters of five size-dependent growth models were determined by the method of non-linear least-squares. By comparison of experimental population density and linear growth rate data with those obtained from the five size-dependent growth models, it was found that the MJ3 model predicts the growth more accurately than do the other four models. Based on the theory of population balance, the crystal nucleation and growth rate equations of dexamethasone sodium phosphate were determined by non-linear regression method. The effects of different operation parameters such as supersaturation, magma density and temperature on the quality of product crystal were also discussed, and the optimal operation conditions were derived.

A Pioneering Experimental Study on the Batch Crystallization of the Citric Acid Monohydrate

Citric acid is an important organic substance whose marketing concerns various fields. Nevertheless, until 1997 the scientific literature reported little information about the process of crystallization by cooling through which the commercial product is obtained. In particular, the available studies were aimed to investigate only the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth neglecting some effective aspects of the industrial crystallization in mechanically stirred apparatus. In order to fill that sci-tech gap, the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University ＂La Sapienza＂ of Rome decided to lead a long and meticulous experimental research on the crystallization in discontinuous （batch） of CAM （citric acid monohydrate） in the allotropic form that is stable at room temperature. Due to the number of people involved in that pioneering work, carried out in the historic laboratories of＂La Sapienza＂ （Faculty of Engineering）, and motivated by the publication of related M.Sc. dissertations and research papers, such collective effort was called ＂School of Industrial Crystallization＂. Among the graduate students in Chemical Engineering that 17 years ago participated in that fruitful experience there was also the author who, under the supervision of Prof. Barbara Mazzarotta, had the specific task of assessing the effects on CAM of changing the crystallization operating conditions until their optimization; the achievements are briefly illustrated in this paper.

Effect of Copper (II) Ions on Quality of Struvite Produced in Continuous Reaction Crystallization Process at the Magnesium Ions Excess

The research results concerning continuous removal of phosphate (V) ions from solutions containing 1.0 or 0.20 mass % of phosphate (V) ions and 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg of copper (II) ions using magnesium and ammonium ions addition are presented. Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite MgNH4PO4 × 6H2O ran both under stoichiometric conditions and at 20% excess of magnesium ions (pH 9, t 900 s). It was concluded, that presence of copper (II) ions in a process system influenced product quality moderately advantageously. Mean size of struvite crystals enlarged by ca. 6% only. Lower concentration of phosphate (V) ions and excess of magnesium ions caused, that products of ca. 9% - 13% larger crystal mean size (up to ca.40mm) were removed from the crystallizer. Presence of struvite crystals and copper (II) hydroxide were detected analytically in the products (Cu in a product varied from 6 to 90 mg/kg). Presence of copper (II) ions favored crystallization of struvite in the form of tubular crystals.

层状岩体晶粥中压实作用效率——来自扬子地块北缘望江山岩体中部带矿物晶体粒度分布(CSDs)和空间展布形式(SDPs)的约束

层状岩体冷凝中—晚期有铁钛氧化物结晶时,晶粥中粒间熔体的排出方式常以压实作用为主,但不同层位压实作用的效率往往不同,目前对控制压实作用效率的主要机制尚不清楚。笔者等以扬子北缘出露规模较大、分异程度较高的新元古代望江山层状岩体作为研究对象,利用斜长石、单斜辉石的晶体粒度分布(CSDs)和空间展布形式(SDPs)分析,探讨了岩体中部带下段(MZa)橄榄辉长苏长岩、辉长苏长岩和中部带上段(MZb)氧化物辉长岩粒间熔体的排出机制及其效率。岩体MZa和MZb中斜长石和单斜辉石的CSD曲线均具有相互平行的特征,SDP图解具有负相关趋势,分别与机械压实的特征和趋势一致,表明各岩相带粒间熔体的排出方式均为机械压实。模拟计算得到橄榄辉长苏长岩、辉长苏长岩和氧化物辉长岩中封闭粒间熔体比例(F)分别为:28%~33%,14%~23%和7%~12%,表明从MZa到MZb机械压实逐渐增强。MZa中橄榄辉长苏长岩斜长石CSD截距最大(2.23~3.78),特征长最小(0.29~0.45)且小颗粒斜长石具有较大长宽比(5∶1~11∶1),表明岩浆冷却速率较快,导致压实效率最低,粒间熔体未被有效排出。MZa中辉长苏长岩斜长石CSD截距减小(1.31~2.60),特征长增大(0.43~0.58)且小颗粒斜长石长宽比减小(<5∶1),说明冷却速率变慢,导致压实效率提高,粒间熔体被有效排出。MZb氧化物辉长岩中斜长石CSD截距进一步减小(0.49~1.60),特征长进一步增大(0.53~0.69)且小颗粒斜长石具有低长宽比(<5∶1),说明冷却速率进一步降低,同时相较于橄榄辉长苏长岩和辉长苏长岩堆晶矿物与粒间熔体密度差增大,压实效率进一步提高,粒间熔体排出程度达到最高。因此,层状岩体晶粥中机械压实效率主要受控于堆晶矿物与粒间熔体密度差以及岩浆冷却速率,当冷却速率较低并有大量铁钛氧化物结晶时机械压实作用的效率最高。

Crystallization Conditions and Mineral Chemistry in the East of Tafresh, Central Iran, with Insights into Magmatic Processes

The Tafresh granitoids are located at the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc(UDMA)in Iran.These rocks,mainly consisting of diorite and granodiorite,were emplaced during the Early Miocene.They are composed of varying proportions of plagioclase+K-feldspar+hornblende±quartz±biotite.Discrimination diagrams and chemical indices of amphibole phases reveal a calc-alkaline affinity and fall clearly in the crust-mantle mixed source field.The estimated pressure,derived from Al in amphibole barometry,is approximately 3 Kb.The granitoids are I-type,metaluminous and belong to the calc-alkaline series.They are all enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements,depleted in high field strength elements and display geochemical features typical of subduction-related calc-alkaline arc magmas.Most crystal size distribution(CSD)line patterns from the granitoids show a non-straight trend which points to the effect of physical processes during petrogenesis.The presence of numerous mafic enclaves,sieve texture and oscillatory zoning along with the CSD results show that magma mixing in the magma chamber had an important role in the petrogenesis of Tafresh granitoids.Moreover,the CSD analysis suggests that the plagioclase crystals were crystallized in a time span of less than 1000 years,which is indicative of shallow depth magma crystallization.

Continuous Reaction Crystallization of Struvite in a DTM Type Crystallizer With Jet Pump of Ascending Suspension Flow in a Mixing Chamber–Kinetic Approach of the Process

Reaction crystallization of struvite in water solutions containing 0.20 mass % of phosphate(V) ions by magnesium and ammonium ions addition was investigated experimentally. Process was carried out in DTM type crystallizer with liquid jet pump device in 298 K assuming stoichiometric conditions. Struvite crystals of mean size Lm 5.2-23.0 μm were produced depending on pH (9-11) and mean residence time of suspension in a crystallizer τ (900-3600 s). Under these conditions linear growth rate of struvite crystals (SIG MSMPR kinetic model) decreased 2-time with the increase in pH and 3-time with the elongation of mean residence time of crystal suspension from 7.11×10-9 m/s (pH 9, τ900 s) to 1.65×10-9 m/s (pH 11, τ3600 s). Nucleation rate varied within the 7.9×108-1.8×1010 1/(sm3) limits. Struvite product of maximal linear size exceeded 100 μm with 10 vol. % of < 3 μm fraction corresponded to pH 9 and τ3600 s.

Precipitation and Crystallization of Struvite from Synthetic Wastewater under Stoichiometric Conditions

Phosphate (V) ions were continuously removed from synthetic wastewater containing inorganic impurities using magnesium and ammonium ions. The product was magnesium ammonium phosphate (V) hexahydrate, struvite, MgNH4PO4 × 6H2O. Research ran in stoichiometric conditions in DT MSMPR type crystallizer with internal circulation of suspension. Increase in process environment pH from 9 to 11 resulted in 3-time decrease of mean struvite crystals size (from 40.1 to12.6mm). Elongation of mean residence time of suspension in a crystallizer up to 3600 s resulted in improvement of the product quality. Mean size of struvite crystals enlarged up to50.2mm. Based on kinetic calculations results (SIG MSMPR model) it was concluded, that linear struvite crystal growth rate varied within 5.04 × 10–9 – 1.69 × 10–8 m/s range, whereas nucleation rate within 1.4 × 107 – 1.7 × 1010 1/(s m3) limits. In solid product, besides struvite, also all impurities present in wastewater were identified analytically as hydroxides, phosphates and other salts.

盐酸萘甲唑啉在甲醇-乙酸乙酯体系中的动力学及结晶工艺

盐酸萘甲唑啉(NPZ)是一种作用于循环系统的血管收缩类药物。针对原料药平均粒径偏小及粒度分布不均的问题,本文提出运用间歇动态法对NPZ在甲醇-乙酸乙酯体系中的结晶动力学进行研究,并系统考察了不同结晶工艺条件对晶体析出率、粒径以及变异系数的影响规律。结果表明:随着溶液过饱和度的增大,NPZ晶体成核机制由非均相成核转为均相成核,晶体表面生长符合连续生长模式;NPZ生长动力学模型、成核速率与生长速率方程分别为B_(0)=9.591×10^(4)G^(2.10)、B=2.031×10^(20)exp(-4.796×10^(5)/RT)M^(0.309)_(T)ΔC^(1.40)ω^(1.37)_(r)和G=4.094×10^(7)exp(-8.358×10^(5)/RT)ΔC^(1.36)。优化的结晶工艺参数为:晶种加入量1.5%(质量分数)、结晶温度313.15K、搅拌速率200r/min、溶液过饱和度1.04、乙酸乙酯滴加速率7.037×10^(-4)L/min、乙酸乙酯与甲醇质量比4∶1、陈化时间2h。该条件下制得的NPZ晶体较原料药平均粒径增大30.49%、变异系数降低32.30%、堆密度提高14.65%、休止角改善7.62%、卡尔指数提升30.76%、豪斯那比优化26.99%,晶体粒径、粒度分布及流动性均得到明显改善。

扬子地块北缘毕机沟岩体下部带堆晶岩结构定量化分析:对层状岩体冷却早期粒间熔体排出机制的约束

层状岩体冷却中—晚期晶粥中粒间熔体的排出被认为与铁钛氧化物的大量结晶关系密切,但在岩体冷却早期铁钛氧化物尚未大量结晶时,粒间熔体能否被有效排出、以及如何排出还需要深入探究。扬子地块北缘毕机沟岩体是我国目前发现的规模最大、分异程度较高且赋存有钒钛磁铁矿矿床的层状岩体。岩体下部带、中部带和上部带分别由斜长橄榄岩、辉长岩和闪长岩组成。本研究以下部斜长橄榄岩相带为对象,通过对斜长石和单斜辉石进行晶体粒度分布(CSDs)和空间展布形式(SDPs)分析,探讨层状岩体冷却早期粒间熔体的排出方式及其控制因素。模拟计算结果表明,样品中封闭粒间熔体比例(FTL)为9%~13%,暗示岩体冷却早期粒间熔体被有效排出。单斜辉石和斜长石的CSD曲线斜率主要为3.36~2.45和2.99~1.87,截距分别为0.45~3.35和1.06~2.83,均具有斜率一致而截距变化较大的特征,与机械压实的CSD曲线一致。单斜辉石和斜长石在SDP图解上均显示负相关关系,也与机械压实趋势一致。因此,毕机沟岩体冷却早期粒间熔体的排出机制为机械压实。在此基础上,我们将毕机沟与全球其他典型层状岩体从岩体规模、粒间熔体和堆晶矿物密度差、晶体堆积速率与压实速率以及晶粥层厚度等方面进行系统对比后发现,在层状岩体冷却早期没有岩浆补给和对流的情况下,当岩体规模相近时,压实受控于堆晶矿物与粒间熔体密度差,密度差越大压实越容易发生;而当岩体规模不同时,规模越大压实越容易发生。

基于CFD-PBE耦合的连续结晶过程数值模拟

通过CFD(计算流体力学)与PBE(粒数衡算方程)耦合对连续结晶过程进行数值模拟。采用QMOM(积分矩方法)求解PBE。在考虑成核、生长、聚并和破碎的情况下,通过网格独立性验证确定计算网格数量。在此基础上研究挡板设置、停留时间、搅拌转速以及搅拌桨类型等因素对CSD(晶体粒径分布)演变的影响,结果表明:挡板的设置增强了结晶器内湍流程度;高转速和低停留时间会获得平均粒径较小的颗粒。对比3种搅拌桨对CSD演变的影响,轴流式的螺旋桨功耗小,适用于大颗粒晶体结晶过程,而径流式的圆盘涡轮桨适用于微粒结晶过程。