Preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent LiCoO_(2)cathodes by medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting

Lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have attracted extensive attention due to the skyrocketing price of lithium.The medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting was proposed to preferential selective extraction of lithium from spent Li-CoO_(2)(LCO)cathodes to overcome the incomplete recovery and loss of lithium during the recycling process.The LCO layered structure was destroyed and lithium was completely converted into water-soluble Li2CO_(3)under a suitable temperature to control the reduced state of the cobalt oxide.The Co metal agglomerates generated during medium-temperature carbon reduction roasting were broken by wet grinding and ultrasonic crushing to release the entrained lithium.The results showed that 99.10%of the whole lithium could be recovered as Li2CO_(3)with a purity of 99.55%.This work provided a new perspective on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium from spent lithium batteries.

Preparation of Thermal Insulation Ceramics Using Felsic Tailings as Main Raw Material and Soda-ash Dregs as Flux

Low-cost thermal insulation porous ceramics with uniform pore diameter and low bulk density were prepared with soda-ash dregs and felsic tailings.We investigated the effect of temperature,foaming agent,fluxing agent,Al_(2)O_(3)and CaO content on the pore structure and crystal phase of porous ceramics.The effect of Ca^(2+)in soda-ash dregs on the preparation of quartz-feldspar based porous ceramics was studied.The results showed that the contribution of Ca^(2+)to the preparation of porous ceramics in this system was mainly to accelerate the Si-O bond fracture and reduce the sintering temperature at the initial stage of sintering,which destroyed the needle-like feldspar in the high temperature melt and reduced the melt viscosity,thus reduced the foaming resistance and promoted the porous products with uniform pore size distribution.The Ca^(2+)content on the high side can participate in the formation of crystals in sintering.The generated needle-like diopside and augite,which have small length-diameter ratio,will negligibly change in the viscosity of melt at high temperatures,and their inhibition effect on pores is not as good as that of feldspar with large length-diameter ratio,resulting in the merger and collapse of pores.But the increase of diopside and augite can improve the compressive strength of porous products to some extent.Porous ceramic products containing needle-like feldspar phase can be prepared by using two kinds of solid waste,which can improve the compressive strength of the products and reduce the raw material cost and energy consumption while comprehensively utilizing the double solid waste.The optimal product has a bulk density of 0.45 g/cm^(3),a compressive strength of 3.17 MPa,and a thermal conductivity of 0.11 W/(m·K).

Molar ratio induced crystal transformation from coordination complex to coordination polymers

Coordination complex of a copper cyanurate(Cu(Ⅱ)-CA) was transformed into coordination polymers upon the stimulus of extra Cu(Ⅱ) through “directed Ostwald ripening”. By increasing the molar ratio of Cu(Ⅱ) to CA, we obtained two coordination polymers with selective coordination sites: Cu(Ⅱ)-κ N(HCA)κ NCu(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ)-κ N(HCA)κ O-Cu(Ⅱ), which display disparate magnetic interactions.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanometer TiO_2 by Hydrolysis Precipitation Method

Nanometer TiO 2 powders were obtained from TiOSO 4 and studied by XRD, TEM and BET. The result indicated that pH and heat treatment temperature have great effects on their grain size and crystal phase structure. Annealed at 500 ℃, nanometer TiO 2 with a specific surface area of 101.39 m 2 ·g -1 and a grain size about 10 nm were obtained(pH=5); and with a specific surface area of 95.48 m 2 ·g -1 and a grain size about 30 nm were obtained(pH=10). The research indicated that crystal phase transformation of rutile at 750 ℃made great promotion in grain size growth.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanometer TiO2 by Hydrolysis Precipitation Method

Nanometer TiO 2 powders were obtained from TiOSO 4 and studied by XRD, TEM and BET. The result indicated that pH and heat treatment temperature have great effects on their grain size and crystal phase structure. Annealed at 500 ℃, nanometer TiO 2 with a specific surface area of 101.39 m 2 ·g -1 and a grain size about 10 nm were obtained(pH=5); and with a specific surface area of 95.48 m 2 ·g -1 and a grain size about 30 nm were obtained(pH=10). The research indicated that crystal phase transformation of rutile at 750 ℃made great promotion in grain size growth.

Novel process for facile preparation of mesoporous silica-based materials with controllable pore structure from coal fly ash Author links open overlay panel

Extraction of silica from fly ash to produce mesoporous silica materials is one of the most important utilization approaches.Mesoporous silica could not be synthesized on a large-scale by conventional sol-gel method.In this paper,facile preparation of mesoporous silica with controllable pore structure from fly ash by the template-free process via two steps of mineral phase transformation and selective acid etching was proposed.The influence of crystalline structure and acid etching degree on structure of as-synthesized mesoporous silica materials was revealed,as well as mechanism of crystalline structure transformation and pore structure formation.The results show that mullite and quartz could be transformed into acid-soluble kaliophilite when fly ash reacted with K_(2)CO_(3)at temperature of 800-1100℃.The hexagonal kaliophilite would be transformed into orthorhombic KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase when the temperature is controlled at 1100℃.Mesoporous silica with specific surface area of 475.93 m^(2)/g and 642.57 m^(2)/g could be synthesized from activated fly ash with kaliophilite and KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase crystalline structure.By controlling the degree of acid etching,mesoporous silica materials with different pore structures can be obtained.This paper provides a cost-effective and large-scale process for the preparation of mesoporous silica materials with controllable pore structure from solid waste fly ash.

Growth and in situ transformation of TiO2 and HTiOF3 crystals on chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol co-polymer substrates under vapor phase hydrothermal conditions

A chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol （CS/PVA） co-polymer substrate possessing a large number of amino and hydroxyl groups is used as a substrate to induce the direct growth and in situ sequential transformation of fitanate crystals under HF vapor phase hydrothermal conditions. The process involves four distinct formation/ transformation stages. HTiOF3 crystals with well-defined hexagonal shapes are formed during stage I, and are subsequently transformed into {001} faceted anatase TiO2 crystal nanosheets during stage II. Interestingly, the formed anatase TiO2 crystals are further transformed into cross-shaped and hollow square- shaped HTiOF3 crystals during stages III and IV, respectively. Although TiO2 crystal phases and facet transformations under hydrothermal conditions have been previously reported, in situ crystal transformations between different titanate compounds have not been widely reported. Such crystal formation/ transformations are likely due to the presence of large numbers of amino groups in the CS/PVA substrate. When celluloses possessing only hydroxyl groups are used as a substrate, the direct formation of {001} faceted TiO2 nanocrystal sheets is observed （rather than any sequential crystal transformations）. This substrate organic functional group-induced crystal formation/transformation approach could be applicable to other material systems.

Polymorphism and crystal transformation of penicillin sulfoxide

Penicillin sulfoxide is the intermediate for the synthesis of 7-amino-3-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid which is one of the most important nucleuses of cephalosporin antibiotic.In this contribution,two crystal structures of penicillin sulfoxide(forms I and II)were determined by X-ray diffraction,and their thermotropic properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).Furthermore,the transformation of form II to form I was studied quantitatively by Raman spectroscopy,and its rates at different temperatures were determined.The results indicate that penicillin sulfoxide is more stable as form I,and the temperature plays an important role in the crystal transformation.

Polycaprolactone Grafting of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Ionic Liquid[BMIM]CI

A polycaprolactone-graffed cellulose nanocrystal （PCL-g-CN） was prepared in ionic liquid and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. A peak assigned to the carbonyl group appears at 1 730 cm-1 in the FT-IR of PCL-g-CN, which confirms that the grafting reaction is suc- cessfully completed. The morphologies of PCL-g-CNs still main- tain rod-like structure according to the TEM images. XRD results show that the crystal type of the PCL-g-CNs changed from cellu- lose I to cellulose II. The reasons for crystal transition of CNs turn out to be combined effects of anion and cation in ionic liquid with CNs.

Postsynthetic Crystalline Transformation in Two-Dimensional Perovskites via Organothiol-Based Chemistry

The first postsynthetic solution-based crystal transformation of two-dimensional metal halide perovskites(2D MHPs)through organothiol-based reactions is reported.It is well-established that the crystal formation from a solution containing predesigned metal ion and organic cation precursors produces well-defined 2D MHPs with various intercalating organic cations.However,few reports outlining the postsynthetic crystal transformation of 2D MHPs have appeared.Here,we report that,upon organothiol-based redox or condensation reactions,large organic cations in three types of 2D MHPs can interconvert under ambient conditions without damage to the layered inorganic framework.The swift and complete crystal interconversion has been confirmed using combined techniques including X-ray diffraction and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(^(13)C NMR)spectroscopy.Electronic structures of the MHPs were investigated using computational chemistry.

Solvent Vapor Annealing Induced Polymorphic Transformation of Polybutene-1

Solvent annealing is a facile method for changing the aggregated microstructure and physical properties of polymer materials. In this paper, we addressed the effects of solvent vapor annealing, including chloroform and water vapor, on the polymorphic transformation in both hot-pressed film and electrospun nonwoven of isotactic polybutene-1 （PB-1） by means of in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. The pretty rapid transition rate caused by the increased motion of molecular chains under chloroform vapor is associated with a lowest crystallinity. Also, a decreased crystallinity with the crystal transition occurred in electrospun nonwovens resulting from the relaxation of the stretched molecular chains into amorphous state rather than realignment into crystal form I predominating the crystal transition process.