Brittle culm 25, which encodes an UDP-xylose synthase, affects cell wall properties in rice

Because plant mechanical strength influences plant growth and development,the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell-wall synthesis deserve investigation.Rice mutants are useful for such research.We have identified a novel brittle culm 25(bc25)mutant with reduced growth and partial sterility.BC25 encodes an UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase involved in cellulose synthesis and belongs to the UXS family.A single-nucleotide mutation in BC25 accounts for its altered cell morphology and cellwall composition.Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the thickness of the secondary cell wall was reduced in bc25.Monosaccharide analysis revealed significant increases in content of rhamnose and arabinose but not of other monosaccharides,indicating that BC25 was involved in xylose synthesis with some level of functional redundancy.Enzymatic assays suggested that BC25 functions with high activity to interconvert UDP-glucuronic acid(UDP-Glc A)and UDP-xylose.GUS staining showed that BC25 was ubiquitously expressed with higher expression in culm,root and sheath,in agreement with that shown by quantitative real-time(q RT)-PCR.RNA-seq further suggested that BC25 is involved in sugar metabolism.We conclude that BC25 strongly influences rice cell wall formation.

Structural Characteristics of Thicker-culms in the High-yield Wheat Cultivars

The culm of the Triticum aestivum L. cv. “Lankao 906_4”, a high_yield cultivar, in comparison with “Jing 411”, a widely_planted cultivar, was studied by means of anatomical technique coupled with mechanical and chemical theory. A anatomical analysis revealed that “Lankao 906_4” possessed thicker mechanical tissue and larger vascular bundle area than those of “Jing 411”. In terms of the resistance to lodging, “Lankao 906_4” had higher culm strength. Furthermore the content of lignin was semiquantitatively analyzed with confocal laser scanning mircoscope (CLSM), and revealed a much higher lignin content in the culm of “Lankao 906_4” than that in the culm of “Jing 411”. All of these indicated that the characteristics of culm were important factors in breeding the super_production wheat cultivar.

英国Culm河河漫滩沉积物中磷素时空变化研究

河漫滩上沉积物的沉积伴随着与沉积物相结合的营养和污染物质的沉积。已有研究表明,河漫滩是与沉积物相结合的磷的沉积地。采用137Cs技术,并结合河漫滩沉积物中全磷(TP)含量的剖面信息,可以调查近年河漫滩沉积物中的TP含量,计算TP储量。本文根据英国Devon郡Culm河8个河漫滩采样环沉积物中的数据,重建了在过去40～50年内TP储量和含量的变化。结果表明,在Culm河河漫滩沉积物中,在1963～2000年间TP平均含量为0.60～1.96gkg-1,该值自河流上游向下游和自过去到现在有逐渐增加的趋势;在相同的河漫滩沉积物中,在相同的时期内TP储量为18.62～435.48gm-2,即0.49～11.46gm-2a-1,最大值出现在河流的中游。

基于制片竹秆软化方法研究

【目的】为了探讨不同软化方式对竹材结构和主要组分的影响,筛选适合不同研究目的的最佳软化方法。【方法】以厚竹(Phyllostachys edulis‘Pachyloen’)竹秆为研究对象,采用常规石蜡制片结合显微技术和紫外光谱分析技术进行研究。【结果】除了三甘醇和氢氟酸软化的材料容易破裂外,水以及其他化学试剂软化均可获得较为完整、清晰的竹秆结构。且乙二胺为竹秆显微切片制备的最适软化介质。【结论】10%乙二胺100℃水浴软化最为方便快捷,适于以结构研究为目的,木质化程度高的竹类植物显微制片。对于竹秆组成成分研究,纯水100℃水浴软化为最佳选择。该文为竹材利用基础研究提供了参考依据。

毛竹及其2种变异类型叶结构特征研究

【目的】为了揭示毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)及其2种变异类型厚竹(Ph.edulis‘Pachyloen’)、八字竹(Ph.edulis‘Bicanna’)叶的功能差异,及其与竹秆形态特征之间的关系。【方法】采用石蜡制片法结合显微技术观察叶片的解剖结构特性,构建其三维形态结构图,利用蒽酮比色法测定相关生理指标。观测各竹种竹秆的秆形因子变化规律,并进一步分析了叶结构与秆形特征之间的关系。【结果】毛竹叶面积、泡状面积、维管束面积更大,且具有更厚的下表皮、叶片、叶肉,其叶的结构更有利于光合作用;毛竹和厚竹叶的结构和秆形特征密切相关。【结论】毛竹叶片结构特征更有利于光合作用,积累更多物质用于竹秆生长,且毛竹和厚竹可通过改变叶片和秆形特征来权衡资源,从而维持自身正常生长。该文为进一步揭示竹子生长发育机制奠定基础,并为竹子新种质创制提供科学依据。

月月竹竹秆变色后全长转录组分析

为探究月月竹竹秆受到光照由绿色变为紫色的分子机制,本研究采集月月竹同一竹节紫色部分(Z)、渐变部分(M)和绿色部分(L)的竹青,提取RNA,利用PacBio Sequel三代全长转录组测序技术,结合生物信息学方法对不同颜色的竹青进行全长转录组分析。结果表明,经过三代测序和数据质量控制,共获得非冗余转录本66961条,长度为500~3000 bp,平均长度1389.22 bp,序列总长度为93.02 Mbp,N50为1830 bp,G+C碱基含量为49.56%。利用NR、Swiss-Prot、COG、GO、KEGG和Pfam数据库对所有转录本进行功能注释,共有56938条转录本被成功注释,占全部转录本的85.03%;49115条转录本被GO注释,其中催化活性、细胞器、代谢过程分别是GO数据库分子功能、细胞组分和生物过程中含转录本最多的项目;28231个转录本被KEGG数据库注释,其中与碳水化合物代谢和基因翻译相关的转录本最多。结合GO注释和KEGG注释,66961条转录本中有381条转录本与光信号的感受、传递以及光调控相关,包括红光和远红光的受体蛋白PHYA、PHYB及信号通路蛋白PIF3、ELF3,蓝光的受体蛋白CRY、ZTL及信号通路蛋白COP1、SPA1、ELF3、GI、HY5等。类黄酮(包括花青素)代谢、叶绿素合成、类胡萝卜素合成等与植物色素合成相关通路分别含有转录本187条、44条和72条。全长转录本共获得2079个转录因子,其中包括18个由35个转录本编码的与花青素合成相关的R2R3MYB转录因子。CNCI、CPC、Pfam、PLEK等数据库同时注释到的长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)6359个,数量高于孝顺竹等其他竹种。本研究获得了高质量的月月竹竹青全长转录组数据,与竹秆变色相关的红光和蓝光受体及光信号传递蛋白,与花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素合成相关的转录因子及长链非编码RNA(LncRNA),为进一步深入分析月月竹竹秆变色机制提供基础。

微型钢管桩计算方法优化分析及应用研究

微型钢管桩在滑坡、基坑等领域应用越来越广泛。结合贵州习水某滑坡应急治理项目,利用现有设计计算理论按沿滑面的抗剪计算桩的排数、桩身内力以及嵌固深度,选择合适的桩径及壁厚,结合桩水平承载力特征值计算公式进行验算,最终完成该项目支护设计工作。现有计算理论未考虑桩砂浆体抗剪强度,偏于保守,本次设计将砂浆体抗剪考虑在内,优化了设计并减少了工程量,并提出采用由位移控制性的水平承载力特征值进行验算。通过对桩顶位移进行长期监测,证明钢管桩支护设计工作达到了阻滑的目的,滑坡在支护后处于稳定状态。

笋竹两用林培育管理技术研究

为了进一步提高毛竹产量、保证毛竹品质,本文结合研究区实际,从林地选择及复垦,林分构建,科学施肥、水分管理、根部覆盖、钩梢管理、林间道修建和地下竹鞭调控、采伐及留竹等毛竹林的管理,采笋时间及规格、采笋方法,有害生物预防、治理等多个方面,对毛竹的笋竹两用林培育技术进行分析,为毛竹产业的发展提供技术参考。

Effects of culm carbohydrate partitioning on basal stem strength in a high-yielding rice population

Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar(Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan(a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang(a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20 days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9%lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20 days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength.These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.

Culm form analysis for bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens

We investigated the culm form for one of the largest bamboo species, Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz. in relation to the me- chanical constraint principles, i.e., elastic, stress and geometric similarity. The fine-resolution analysis of the culm taper indicated that the culm for P. pubescens consisted of three or four segments with various forms, except for the butt swell. This implied that the taper of the whole culm for P. pubescens could be expressed by neither of these principles. The regression slope between culm height and diameter at breast height on the double logarithmic coordinates was 0.629, which was significantly different from the values predicted from these principles. In conclusion, none of these mechanical constraint principles can express the culm taper and height-diameter relationship, and there may be a need for a more complicated model to express the culm form for P. pubescens.

Seasonal effect on rooting behaviour of important bamboo species byculm cuttings

We investigated the influence of season on the rooting be- haviour of eight important bamboo species viz., Bambusa balcooa, B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tuMa, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. hamiltonii and D. strictus. We collected 2-3 node culm cuttings in three growing seasons viz. spring （March）, summer （June） and rainy （August） from superior candidate plus clumps （CPCs） centralized in the germplasm garden. Cuttings were placed horizontally in sand and were provided with intermittent misting at regular intervals. Bamboo species exhibited differential rhizogenesis behavior in different seasons. The study reveals significant variation in sprouting and rooting behaviour in different bamboo species. B. bambos had maximum rooting （78.89%）, followed by B. vulgaris （74.44%）. In general, the potential of different bamboo species for rooting was found to be in the order： B. bambos 〉 B. vulgaris 〉 B. balcooa 〉 D. hamiltonii 〉 B. tulda 〉 D. strictus 〉 D. giganteus 〉B. nutans. The maximum rooting was recorded in spring （56.67%）, which was closely followed by summer （54.58%）. In winter season, minimum rooting （36.67%） was observed. The interaction effect of species x season was also significant on sprouting and rooting pa- rameters. In B. balcooa, B. nutans, B. vulgaris, D. hamiltonii and D. strictus, cuttings collected in summer season showed maximum sprouting and rooting, whereas, B. bambos, B. tulda and D. giganteus had maximum rooting in spring. The maximum number of roots developed per cutting was observed in B. tulda （43.8） during spring season.

Cadmium Accumulation and Its Toxicity in Brittle Culm 1(bc1),a Fragile Rice Mutant

Cadmium （Cd） accumulation and toxicity in rice plants were characterized and identified by using brittle culm 1 （bcl）, a fragile rice mutant and its wild type （Shuangkezao, an indica rice） as materials by hydroponics. The low Cd level didn＇t obviously affect the growth parameters in both rice genotypes, but under high Cd levels （1.0 and 5.0 μmol/L）, the growth of both rice plants were substantially inhibited. Moreover, bcl tended to suffer more seriously from Cd toxicity than Shuangkezao. Cd accumulation in both rice plants increased with the increase of Cd levels. There was a significant difference in Cd accumulation between the two rice genotypes with constantly higher Cd concentration in bcl, which also accumulated more Cd at 0, 0.1, and 1.0 μmol/L Cd levels. The same case was found in the two rice plants grown on Cd-contaminated soil. This suggested that cell wall might play an important role in Cd accumulation in rice plants by the physiological mechanisms. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities in rice plants were affected differently under Cd treatments, and which implied that POD might play the main role in detoxifying active oxygen free radical. A significant difference in antioxidative system between the two rice genotypes was found with constantly higher MDA content, SOD and POD activities in bcl. In summary, bcl accumulated more Cd and appeared to be more sensitive to Cd stress compared with its wild type.

Estimation of culm volume reduction factors in five bamboo species(Phyllostachys spp.)

The hollow cylindrical culm is one of the most remarkable morphological characters of most bamboo species.In relation to its hollow structure,there are two different attributes of the culm volume in bamboo:the apparent culm volume(va:the total culm volume including the hollow portion)and the woody culm volume(vw:the volume of the woody walls of the culm).The ratio of vw to va is defined as the reduction factor for culm volume(fv).The quantity fv is useful to quantify the biomass resources of bamboo culms as well as to evaluate the carbon stock of bamboo forests.However,the direct measurement of fv requires destructive sampling,which consumes time and labor.Hence,an alternative method for obtaining fv is desired.In this study,we examined fv in five species of the genus Phyllostachys and proposed alternative methods to estimate fv.Our data showed that fv varied by species,some of which exhibited a dependency of fv on culm sizes.These findings indicate that the intraspecific and interspecific variation in fv should be considered carefully when converting va into vw by fv.Based on our results,we propose here six approaches for predicting fv and we discuss their advantages and disadvantages.Our results are intended to facilitate evaluation of the carbon sequestration capacity of bamboo forests and the commercial utilization of bamboo culms.

Changes in culm surface temperature with maturity of the bamboo species Guadua angustifolia

We used thermal images of bamboo culms of Guadua angustifolia Kunth to analyze the relationship between culm surface temperature and maturity, driven by the hypothesis that young culms may exhibit lower surface temperatures than old ones. The culm surface temperature shows small but constant differences between three age classes of 1, 2, and 3 years. Our findings indicate that surface temperature may be applied as an additional indi- cator to support the determination of maturity of guadua culms besides the visual assessment of the culms.

Changes in foliar nitrogen resorption of Phyllostachys edulis with culm development

Leaf nitrogen resorption is very important to Phyllostachys edulis development because the withdrawn nitrogen can help newly emerging and growing culms.However, few studies have focused on the ontogenetic changes in leaf nitrogen resorption of P. edulis. Here, we examined the variability in mature leaf nitrogen concentrations(Nm), nitrogen resorption efficiency(NRE) and proficiency(NRP or Ns) and leaf-level nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of the current-, 3 rd-and 5 th-year culms in P.edulis stands under extensive management. Analyses of variance and correlation indicated that patterns of Nm,NRP, NRE and NUE were markedly affected by culm age and leaf nitrogen status. Nm, Nsand NRE were significant higher in younger(current-year) culms with 1-year lifespan leaves, while NUE was markedly higher in older(3 rd-or 5 th-year) culms with 2-year lifespan leaves. Significant linear correlations between Nmand NRP, NRE and NUE,Nmand NUE, Nsand NRE were found for each culm age,and Nmwas significantly positively correlated to NRE for all culms pooled. Higher proficiency in older culms led to higher NUE and lower NRE, these relationships can be modulated by Nm, which in turn, is restrained by leaf N availability and acquisition. Our results revealed that at the intraspecific level, P. edulis can adjust its leaf NRE, NRP,and leaf-level NUE in concert with culm development.Understanding nitrogen resorption characteristics and NUE of P. edulis can help decision-makers design appropriate deforestation strategies and achieve precise N fertilization for sustainable bamboo forest management.

Influence of the Age of Bamboo Culm and Its Vertical Position on the Technological Properties of Bamboo Fibers: A Case of Bambusa vulgaris Species from Cameroonian Culture

Due to their interesting properties, bamboo fibers are more and more used as reinforcements in polymer matrices as a substitute for synthetic fibers. For their future service life, it is important to understand their physical and mechanical behavior over time in order to control the aging phenomenon within this fiber. The paper analyzed the influence of the age of the bamboo thatch and the vertical position of the Bambusa vulgaris species cultivated in Cameroon on the physicomechanical properties of the fibers extracted from the thatch. Fibers were mechanically extracted from three bamboo culms aged respectively 3 years (BV3), 4 years (BV4) and 5 years (BV5). The culms were thus identified according to their number of ramifications, and were felled no abated for a total of three culms. A section of about one meter on each of the parts (lower part, middle part, upper part) of these three culms was made for the opposite technological studies. Each age was therefore represented by three portions of thatch, one from the upper part, one from the middle part and the last from the lower part of the thatch, all giving a total number of nine samples taken and marked BV3inf, BV3moy, BV3sup, BV4inf, BV4moy, BV4sup, BV5inf, BV5moy, BV5sup before handling in the laboratory. Physical (density, moisture absorption rate) and mechanical (tensile tests according to DIN EN ISO 13934-1, natural durability) characterizations were used to better understand the mechanisms of this influence. In view of all the results obtained, the fiber from the upper part of the 3-year-old thatch (BV3sup) is the one with the best characteristics and is recommended for a better elaboration of bamboo fiber composites: (Density: 0.83;Absorption rate 11.7%;Young’s modulus: 7.4 GPa;Maximal stress: 64.3 MPa;Elongation at rupture: 1.1;Loss of mass natural durability: 7.63%).

Assessing Growth Parameters from Culm Cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris at the University of Dschang Botanic Garden, West Region of Cameroon: Implications for the Bamboo Resource Base and Rural Livelihoods

Dwindling supplies of bamboo resources and the increase in the demand for bamboo have led to the need for better propagation techniques. This is the only way to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods. Thus, this study was carried out to examine the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris in propagation beds with a substrate consisting of dark soil, manure (compost) and sand in a ratio of 1:1:1. Data on different growth parameters was collected on a daily basis over a three week period and analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the different growth parameters (diameter, height, leaves and sheaths) of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris evolved in like manner in three propagation beds. Descriptive statistics for growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris showed little or no differences across three shelter/propagation beds (shelter bed 1, shelter bed 2 and shelter bed 3) with 1.4675 ± 1.6172 cm, 93 ± 112 cm, 22 ± 30 leaves, and 4 ± 6 sheaths being the mean diameter, height, number of leaves and number of sheaths for all three propagation beds, respectively. ANOVA test showed no statistically significant variation (p > 0.05) between growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris across the three propagation beds, implying that the different growth parameters were relatively similar. Pearson correlation showed the existence of direct and inverse relationships between the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of bamboo. The existence of these direct and inverse relationships could be attributed to the rapid growth rate of bamboo, the substrate used, and the species of bamboo used (B. vulgaris). The study recommends more large-scale propagation projects of this bamboo species in order to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods of bamboo dependent rural communities.

Bamboo （Bambusa vulgaris） Regeneration by Cuttings： Comparative Study of Planting Methods of Culm Cuttings at UR-CAVM Busogo Campus Tree Nursery

Bamboo is one of the fastest growing and highest yielding renewable resources with multiple uses in the world. Lack of seedlings in sufficient number has generally been a major constraint in establishing more bamboo plantations. This study investigated the efficiency of regenerating Bambusa vulgaris through cuttings at Busogo sector, Musanze district, using vertical and horizontal methods with and without water treatment. The experiment consisted in a RCBD （Randomized Complete Block Design） with 4 replications. The growth and sprouting of the 64 cuttings were monitored for three months and 18 days （105 days）. In terms of planting method, horizontal planting method showed best sprouting percentage of 68%. In terms of treatment used, horizontal planting method without using water treatment showed slightly better sprouting percentage of 60%. The results further show that about 87% of sprouts had between 0 and 30 cm height and 98% of sprouts had basal diameter ranging from 0 to 20 mm only 105 days after planting. Indeed, the horizontal planting methods provided highest survival rate of sprouts than the vertical planting method （74%） of planted cuttings. Furthermore, the results show that, 105 days after planting, cuttings with horizontal method were more productive in terms of root development. In terms of planting method using water treatment, the horizontal planting method with water treatment showed highest rooting percentage （44%）. Therefore, farmers should be trained and encouraged to use horizontal planting method using water treatment in order to get better results in regenerating bamboo through cuttings.

元宝毛竹的秆形特征

【目的】为数量化地分析元宝毛竹的秆形特征、为其后继的科学研究和开发利用提供依据。【方法】建立元宝毛竹的节间长度、节间歪斜长度、节间直径、节间凹陷深度、节间扁圆指数等性状特征的测量分析方法,并以栽培于浙江省杭州市富阳区黄公望森林公园的元宝毛竹试验林群体为材料,对其秆形特征进行了测量和分析。【结果】元宝毛竹在节位数1~30的范围内,平均节间长度随着节位数的增加而增大,至第30节达11.06 cm,为同等节位数毛竹节间长的36.87%。相邻的节间交替歪斜,同一节间的长度于不同方向存在变化,以具分枝两侧的节间长度交替最大或最小,而分枝侧垂直方向的节间长度变化幅度较小且均接近平均值。秆基部和上部的节间其歪斜长度较小,秆中部第9~14节的歪斜长度均较大。在节位数1~30的范围内,平均节间直径随着节位数的增加而减小。节间通常双面凹陷,凹陷深度的变化表现为秆基部较小、然后逐渐增大,至秆中部的第10~23节最大,第23~30节又逐步减小;具体表现在秆基部的第1~2节于具分枝的两侧略微凹陷,第2~3节之间有一处不凹陷,随后凹陷方向发生旋转,即第3~30节于具分枝的垂直侧方向上凹陷、且以第10~23节为甚。除基部第1~2节外,第3~30节的节间下部凹陷,故上部粗于下部。秆呈扁圆形,第1~2节近圆形,于具分枝两侧的垂直方向上略微扁圆,且节间上部的扁圆指数略大于节间下部;在第2~3节之间扁圆方向发生一次旋转;第3~30节于具分枝的两侧方向上扁圆,且节间上部的扁圆指数均小于节间下部。秆的扁圆指数在第3~15呈逐渐增大趋势,第15~23节扁圆指数均较大,第23节~30节的扁圆指数又逐渐减小,至第30节接近圆形。拓印图和摄影照片均显示显示元宝毛竹的节呈波状。【结论】本文建立了具有节间歪斜且凹陷、秆扁圆形等特异性状的元宝毛竹秆型测量和分析方法,弥补了已有方法仅适于圆筒形秆型的不足。通过该方法首次获得了元宝毛竹详细准确的秆型特征的数量化信息,为其深入开展科学研究和开发利用提供了依据,也为其他特异秆型竹子的研究提供参考。

施肥对毛竹竹秆含水率及竹秆生物量的影响

于2021—2022年,以福建省建瓯市房道镇的毛竹林为研究对象,开展不同肥料施肥试验,研究不同竹龄(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ度)、不同高度部位(胸径处、离地3.5 m处、末梢处)的毛竹竹秆含水率、秆径、壁厚差异,以及施用不同肥料(商品有机肥、无机复合肥)对毛竹竹秆胸径、胸径处壁厚以及竹秆生物量的影响。结果表明:随着竹秆高度和竹龄的增加,毛竹竹秆含水率降低,且随着秆高的增加,秆径和壁厚显著降低(P<0.05);而不同竹龄毛竹中,仅Ⅰ度毛竹的秆径和壁厚显著高于其它竹龄毛竹(P<0.05)。施肥有利于新竹生长,施肥效果表现为无机肥>有机肥>不施肥,但有机肥与无机肥对新竹生长的影响差异不显著(P<0.05)。