Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and...Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology, resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms, and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value. There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns, enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain. This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber agroforestry complex systems from China the potential to enrich the knowledge of rubber agroforestry composite systems, provide practical experience to improve the operating income of smallholders, and even promote the sustainable development of rubber plantations.展开更多
Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) have been commercially cultivated for a century and a half in Asia, particularly in China, and they constitute a common element of plantation ecosystems in tropical re...Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) have been commercially cultivated for a century and a half in Asia, particularly in China, and they constitute a common element of plantation ecosystems in tropical regions. Soil health is fundamental to the sustainable development of rubber plantations. The objective of the study is to explore the influence of different complex ecological cultivation modes on the stability of soil aggregates in rubber based agroforestry systems. In this study, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantations, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantations and monoculture rubber plantations were selected, and the particle size distribution of soil aggregates and their water stability characteristics were analyzed. The soil depth of 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm was collected for four cultivation modes. Soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 20 cm. soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 5 mm, 2 - 5 mm, 1 - 2 mm, 0.5 - 1 mm, 0.25 - 0.5 mm, and 0.053 - 0.25 mm according to the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates were determined by the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates under different ecological cultivation modes were analyzed. The results showed that under different ecological cultivation modes in the shallow soil layer (0 - 20 cm), the rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation promoted the development of dominant soil aggregates towards larger size classes, whereas the situation is the opposite for rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation. In soil layer (20 - 40 cm), the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation developed the dominant radial level of soil aggregates to the diameter level of large aggregates. Rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation, three indicators, including the water-stable aggregate content R<sub>0.25</sub> (>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), were all lower than those in the rubber monoculture mode. However, in the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation, the water-stable aggregate content R<sub>0.25</sub>, mean weight diameter, and geometric mean diameter were higher than in the rubber monoculture mode, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.展开更多
为获取玉米田耕层不同土壤的各项参数,本文将玉米田耕层典型土壤分为未与玉米根茬接触的普通土壤(PT)和与玉米根茬结合形成根土复合体的土壤(GT),采用物理试验与离散元仿真相结合的方法,分别对离散元参数进行标定。基于Hertz-Mindlin(no...为获取玉米田耕层不同土壤的各项参数,本文将玉米田耕层典型土壤分为未与玉米根茬接触的普通土壤(PT)和与玉米根茬结合形成根土复合体的土壤(GT),采用物理试验与离散元仿真相结合的方法,分别对离散元参数进行标定。基于Hertz-Mindlin(no slip)接触模型,采用中心组合试验设计方法,以土壤堆积角为目标值,进行了四因素五水平仿真试验。基于Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触模型,采用Design-Expert软件,应用Plackett-Burman设计敏感性分析试验、最陡爬坡试验、Box-Behnken试验,以土壤硬度为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到PT最优解组合为:粘结键法向刚度4.37×10^(7)N/m^(3)、粘结键切向刚度1.46×10^(7)N/m^(3)、切向极限应力3.24×105Pa;GT最优解组合为:粘结键法向刚度5.19×10^(7)N/m^(3)、粘结键切向刚度4.25×10^(7)N/m^(3)、法向极限应力4.52×105Pa。基于两种土壤标定的参数对其进行了土壤直剪验证试验,结果表明,所标定的两种土壤仿真和实测最大剪应力的相对误差均低于10%,仿真参数可靠。本文提出的土壤颗粒建模方法、标定方法及其所标定的参数值准确可靠,可为玉米田耕层土壤模型构建提供理论依据。展开更多
为进行黄姜花复合体(Hedychium flavum Complex)的种类鉴定,对采自贵州、重庆、四川、云南、广西等地的标本和移栽后的植株进行形态观测和性状分析。结果表明,小花香气、叶舌、苞片、唇瓣、侧生退化雄蕊和果实等的形态特征是黄姜花复合...为进行黄姜花复合体(Hedychium flavum Complex)的种类鉴定,对采自贵州、重庆、四川、云南、广西等地的标本和移栽后的植株进行形态观测和性状分析。结果表明,小花香气、叶舌、苞片、唇瓣、侧生退化雄蕊和果实等的形态特征是黄姜花复合体种类鉴定的重要指标。据此,把H. panzhuum Z. Y. Zhu归入H. flavum Roxb.中;把H. emeiense Z. Y. Zhu归入H. chrysoleucum Hook.中,而不是归入H. flavescens。该复合体包含H. flavum Roxb.、H. chrysoleucum Hook.、H. bipartitum G. Z. Li及待定种Hedychium sp.,共4种。展开更多
文摘Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology, resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms, and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value. There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns, enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain. This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber agroforestry complex systems from China the potential to enrich the knowledge of rubber agroforestry composite systems, provide practical experience to improve the operating income of smallholders, and even promote the sustainable development of rubber plantations.
文摘Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) have been commercially cultivated for a century and a half in Asia, particularly in China, and they constitute a common element of plantation ecosystems in tropical regions. Soil health is fundamental to the sustainable development of rubber plantations. The objective of the study is to explore the influence of different complex ecological cultivation modes on the stability of soil aggregates in rubber based agroforestry systems. In this study, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantations, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantations and monoculture rubber plantations were selected, and the particle size distribution of soil aggregates and their water stability characteristics were analyzed. The soil depth of 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm was collected for four cultivation modes. Soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 20 cm. soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 5 mm, 2 - 5 mm, 1 - 2 mm, 0.5 - 1 mm, 0.25 - 0.5 mm, and 0.053 - 0.25 mm according to the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates were determined by the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates under different ecological cultivation modes were analyzed. The results showed that under different ecological cultivation modes in the shallow soil layer (0 - 20 cm), the rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation promoted the development of dominant soil aggregates towards larger size classes, whereas the situation is the opposite for rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation. In soil layer (20 - 40 cm), the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation developed the dominant radial level of soil aggregates to the diameter level of large aggregates. Rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation, three indicators, including the water-stable aggregate content R<sub>0.25</sub> (>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), were all lower than those in the rubber monoculture mode. However, in the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation, the water-stable aggregate content R<sub>0.25</sub>, mean weight diameter, and geometric mean diameter were higher than in the rubber monoculture mode, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.
文摘为获取玉米田耕层不同土壤的各项参数,本文将玉米田耕层典型土壤分为未与玉米根茬接触的普通土壤(PT)和与玉米根茬结合形成根土复合体的土壤(GT),采用物理试验与离散元仿真相结合的方法,分别对离散元参数进行标定。基于Hertz-Mindlin(no slip)接触模型,采用中心组合试验设计方法,以土壤堆积角为目标值,进行了四因素五水平仿真试验。基于Hertz-Mindlin with bonding接触模型,采用Design-Expert软件,应用Plackett-Burman设计敏感性分析试验、最陡爬坡试验、Box-Behnken试验,以土壤硬度为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到PT最优解组合为:粘结键法向刚度4.37×10^(7)N/m^(3)、粘结键切向刚度1.46×10^(7)N/m^(3)、切向极限应力3.24×105Pa;GT最优解组合为:粘结键法向刚度5.19×10^(7)N/m^(3)、粘结键切向刚度4.25×10^(7)N/m^(3)、法向极限应力4.52×105Pa。基于两种土壤标定的参数对其进行了土壤直剪验证试验,结果表明,所标定的两种土壤仿真和实测最大剪应力的相对误差均低于10%,仿真参数可靠。本文提出的土壤颗粒建模方法、标定方法及其所标定的参数值准确可靠,可为玉米田耕层土壤模型构建提供理论依据。
文摘为进行黄姜花复合体(Hedychium flavum Complex)的种类鉴定,对采自贵州、重庆、四川、云南、广西等地的标本和移栽后的植株进行形态观测和性状分析。结果表明,小花香气、叶舌、苞片、唇瓣、侧生退化雄蕊和果实等的形态特征是黄姜花复合体种类鉴定的重要指标。据此,把H. panzhuum Z. Y. Zhu归入H. flavum Roxb.中;把H. emeiense Z. Y. Zhu归入H. chrysoleucum Hook.中,而不是归入H. flavescens。该复合体包含H. flavum Roxb.、H. chrysoleucum Hook.、H. bipartitum G. Z. Li及待定种Hedychium sp.,共4种。
