A Discussion on the Pedagogical Concepts in Confucian Analects from the View of the Pedagogy of Performed Culture Approach

Confucian Analects contains many pedagogical concepts and viewpoints that have a significant influence on China’s culture and history.Many of the concepts can be interpreted and understood from the perspective of the pedagogy of Performed Culture Approach.This paper investigates the meanings of some Confucian pedagogical discussions and thoughts,such as communicating with other social members,the relationship between language and behavior,multiple procedures in learning,and how social contexts affect one’s language and performance in the Analects,which is mainly from the perspective of the relationship between language and Performed Culture Approach.

Shadow Education in Denmark:In the Light of the Danish History of Pedagogy and the Skepticism Toward Competition

Purpose:This article investigates the role of private supplementary tutoring in Denmark in light of the country’s pedagogical traditions in schools and leisure spheres.Design/Approach/Methods:Although tutoring activities are increasing,the phenomenon is not as prevalent in Denmark as in many other countries.In this article,we look into the history of Danish pedagogy for answers as to why this is the case.In the analytical sections of the article,we include research on parental values of child-rearing,as well as findings from a pilot study on Danish families purchasing private supplementary tutoring,the public debate about private tutoring,and contemporary youth research.Findings:With a solid emphasis on democracy and equality in Danish pedagogy,the conditions for increasing private supplementary tutoring in Denmark have been challenged.However,a current focus on global competition,formal competencies,and higher academic performance among children and young people suggests that providers of private tutoring perhaps face a brighter future—also in Denmark.Originality/Value:This article addresses a new field of qualitative research on private supplementary tutoring in Denmark and may be a platform for further reflection and empirical research.

Integrating Culture into Beginner-Level Chinese Language Teaching

Culture is widely regarded as imperative for foreign language (FL) education because culture and language intertwine when people use language for communication. Many teachers and scholars who agree with this argument tend to integrate culture into advanced-level language courses. However, culture is insufficiently integrated into beginner-level FL courses. This insufficiency comes from teachers’ limited cultural literacy regarding the integration of communicative culture into beginner-level language courses. It also reflects inadequacies of the mainstream FL pedagogical frameworks and paradigms. In an increasingly globalized world, highlighting the role of culture in FL curricula can help people understand FL programs’ contributions to educating globalized citizens. Culture is particularly important for U.S. Chinese language education because Chinese is a truly difficult language for English-speaking learners and relies heavily on culture to make communication successful. This article analyzes five approaches to integrating culture into language instruction: (1) culture exists as “add-ons” in Chinese language education;(2) culture provides contexts to understand language behaviors;(3) culture conventionally forms a specific linguistic system;(4) culture and language intertwine and merge into linguistic codes and language behaviors;and (5) culturally- situated speech events work as sequencing units to organize Chinese language curricula. These approaches are discussed and exemplified through beginner-level Chinese language examples. Overall, this article provides Chinese teachers with specific strategies for integrating Chinese culture into beginner-level Chinese language teaching.