A Study of Kinship Terms in Thai from the Culture and Cognitive Perspectives

The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.

Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Ecological Cultureloaded Terms——A Comparative Study of Two English Versions of Mencius

Mencius is composed of many long dialogues between Mencius and the kings,and some famous statements to show his viewpoints.There are many culture-loaded terms in this work which could reflect the Chinese traditional culture at that time.This thesis makes a comparative study on the application of domestication and foreignization in the translation of Ecological Culture-loaded Terms of two English versions of Mencius.And through this comparative study,this thesis would make its contribution on how to choose the appropriate translation strategy when dealing with such Culture-loaded Terms.

The Influence of Culture and Customs on International Business Communications

This paper discusses culture. Scholars have not been able to agree on a definition of culture but most include values and norms as components of their definition. Intercultural communication is vital that skill managers must possess in order to effectively do business in foreign countries. Hofstede＇s theory of national cultural dimensions is employed to provide a framework for defining intercultural communication. Subsequently, several countries are examined using Hofstede＇s scoring system for cultural dimensions. This is followed by a discussion of ways to achieve intercultural competence.

The tenacity of culture as represented by the Chinese color term Qing

qing(青)is a very special and controversial color term in Chinese language and culture for the fact that it can refer to green,blue,or black depending on how it is used in collocation or context;it can be used as both a basic color term and mixed color term;in context it can be understood to refer to a certain color,but sometimes nobody can tell for sure what specific color it refers to;it can refer to color,but in more situations the understanding of it just goes beyond the perception of color,bringing about a vague but delightful feeling about the world in general.Basic as well as associative meanings of this term existed at the early stage of its creation,and these meanings can still be perceived in various situations in modern Chinese,used in much more extensive way.To a large extent,it has become a rather peculiar sign of Chinese culture,held so firmly,dearly and lastingly by the Chinese people.The case of qing serves as a typical example that reflects how the Chinese perceive the world.

Exploring into Cultural Obstacles in TCM Terms Translation

TCM terms has a deep root in Chinese culture,which brings about cultural obstacles for TCM terms translation.This paper attempts to analyze the origin of some TCM terms and classify the cultural obstacles in TCM terms translation.In order to effectively transfer culture-loaded information to foreign readers,translators should be fully aware of cultural differences to improve their intercultural communication competence.

English Translation of Basic Chinese Color Terms: A Cultural Perspective

Color words, widely existing in different languages, have the identical visual effects for all nations. They not only denote color, but also convey cultural connotations in different cultural contexts. From the cultural perspective, the thesis analyzes similarities and differences of basic color terms Red and Black in English and Chinese, explores the application of domestication and foreignization in the English translation of these Chinese color terms, and illustrates the employment of mimesis, substitution and decoloration with examples in the translation practices.

Cultural Relevance of Color Terms in Chinese and English

Color terms perform both the aesthetic and informative functions and possess various meanings according to different cultural backgrounds. It seems that people are more likely to label colors in a consistent fashion in each unique culture. Therefore, it is highly essential to investigate the cultural relevance of color terms, especially the color words in Chinese and English. Translation of color terms is also discussed from different aspects to show people's cultural preferences.

On Cultural Connotation and Translation of Color Terms:Comment on the “red” color

It's well-known that there exist a large number of color terms in both Chinese and English.The color terms,as an effective rhetorical device and way of expression,play an important role in both Chinese and English.But owing to the difference in the usual practice of language,historical background and traditional customs,there're many different usages and understandings in the translation of color terms.Thus,knowing the differences existing in the color terms is helpful to the cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries,and also useful to the study of translation practice.The thesis explores the symbolic meaning,cultural connotation and translation of the color red in color terms.A comparative study of the same color in Eastern and Western cultures may help English learners master more about social culture and cross-cultural differences.

Long-term phenotypic characterization of human bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells

We present methods to characterize mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) over long time periods in vitro. The methods entail passaging cells multiple times and performing differentiation studies with the cells at each passage. Using an array of surface markers and flow cytometric quantification, the data can be correlated to traditional measures of differentiation such as PCR and staining. Using these methods to quantify the amount of differentiation, we concluded that many common MSC markers do not specifically define MSCs with true stem cell properties. Additionally, adipose-derived as opposed to bone marrow-derived MSCs show long-term CD34+ labeling. The methods described can be used to help identify stem cell markers and to characterize the state of stem cells in vitro. Compiling these data from multiple laboratories would be helpful to determine source, extraction and culture methods needed to obtain high yields of useful stem cells.

Efficient Technique for Long-Term <i>in Vitro</i>Storage of Transgenic Aspen Genotypes

In vitro culture of isolated cells from tissues and organs is sometimes used to preserve and reproduce unique genotypes of woody plants. The technique, however, requires regular subculturing which raises storage costs and creates risks for contamination and accumulation of somaclonal variations. We examined the effects of sugar composition of culture medium, the length of photoperiod, light intensity, and ambient temperature on the survival of plant material in vitro. The study was performed on 49 genotypes of Populus tremula (46 transgenic genotypes carrying GFP-, Xeg- and Gus-genes, and 3 control (wild-type) genotypes). It was shown that effective storage of plants was achieved through optimization of the combined effects of all storage parameters under study. Based on the experimental data, we developed a protocol for long-term in vitro storage of desirable genotypes without subculture and with a survival rate of up to 98%. The best results were obtained when the plant material was pre-cultured on a WPM medium containing 15 g/L sucrose, 7.5 g/L sorbitol and 7.5 g/L mannitol, and then stored at +4°C under a 24-hour light day cycle with only 8 hours of light per day and maximum light intensity of 2000 lux. Post-storage recovery was done by culturing on a medium containing 1 mg/L gibberellic acid. The developed method can be used for effective in vitro storage of the studied genotypes for up to 24 months without subculture.

Translation of Cultural Terms Under the Functional Equivalence Theory

Different countries and different nationalities have different cultures.There are differences between them as each culture has its characteristics.Therefore,as their different value,aesthetic taste,region and custom,different cultures assign different meanings to words.According to Tytler,the translation of cultural terms should follow the three principles of translation and adopt reasonable translation methods:retention method,transference translation method,transliteration method,hybrid method,approximation method,interpretation method and implication presentation method,to overcome the translation barriers caused by cultural differences and achieve the translation effect of functional equivalence proposed by Nida.

English & Chinese Kinship Terms and Their Cultural Roots

Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.The cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms exist in several aspects.The causes of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms are various,and the major aspects we will consider are history,like different patriarchal clan system;worldview,like different ideas of birth and numbers of birth;different social organization and system changes of social system.

Cultural Transfer of Specific Terms Translation in The Journey to the West(C-E)

Translation study has long been focused on the linguistic difference between the ST and TT, to achieve"faithfulness"of the original. Translation is regarded as a second-hand copy the source text. Since Susan Bassnett puts forward cultural transfer as an approach in translation study, it begins to shift from linguistic study to comparative literary study. The process of translation involved in making another culture comprehensible entails varying degrees of violence, especially when culture being translated is constituted as that of the"other". The Journey to the West, a traditional Chinese classic contains numerous cultural-specific terms. Translators with different cultural identity mainly adopt domestication to provide easy access to the target readers, revealing the subjectivity and ideology of the translators and their cultures.

A Brief Study of Cultural Connotation of English Color Terms

Color can make our life colorful not only by its physical attributions, but also by its extended meanings derived from cultural differences. There is striking richness in the cultural connotations of color terms, which can vivify our language. Since language is a reflection of culture, in order to have a good master of the English culture and overcome misunderstandings in communication, a better understanding of indications and cultural connotations of some typical color terms is a prerequisite for English learners.However, because English-speaking countries have certain geographic environments, customs, ways of thinking, religious beliefs, regimes, literature and arts and ways of living, there is no surprise that colors are described in some specific ways and have some particular meanings in that countries.The thesis will mainly deal with cultural connotations of some typical color terms and their usage in language.

A Contrastive Study on Cultural Connotations of Chinese and English Color Terms

Both Chinese and English are rich in the words denoting different colors. Cultural connotations of these words,however,arouse more interest than their lexical meanings due to the discrepancy between the two languages deriving from the differences of the speakers' cultural background,social customs,and aesthetic interests. Employing contrastive analysis on the two cultures wherein the two languages are nourished,this paper has made a series of contrasts between and explorations on the cultural connotations of color terms in the two languages.

Creation and Long-term Preservation of Digital Multimedia Resources:Some Preliminary Practices

This paper gives a comprehensive introduction of National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project. It discusses the best practices in creation and long-term preservation of multimedia digital resources, and recommends solutions to the key issues in resource selection, standards & specifications and copyright.

Cultural Structure of Solar Terms and Traditional Festivals

Solar terms and festivals differ from and relate to each other in terms of application scope and cultural structure.The cultural association and application of the 24 Solar Terms are studied in the areas including philosophy,farming and society,and are exhibited in the natural convergence of views on space and time,life and customs,as well as the facilitation of agricultural practice.The connotations of traditional Chinese festivals concern basic areas such as beliefs,rites,language,symbols,diets and art,which are exhibited in the co-existent "festival tokens," "festival events," "festival messages," "festival symbols," "festival food" and "festival art forms." Festivals feature fixed and periodic occurrence and multi-channel cultural inheritance.

A Contrast of Cultural Connotations between English and Chinese Color Terms

Color is perception of people to the objective world.In human language,there are great numbers of color terms recording color of the world.These color terms are often used in human language.Gradually,they are endowed with rich emotional elements and cultural connotations.In cross-cultural communication,different nations with different cultural backgrounds or people of the same nations with the same backgrounds but belonging to different social classes have different perceptions of various colors.The different perceptions of colors result in a series of associative meaning of color terms.This thesis intends to discuss color terms from the following five aspects.Firstly,it deals with the relationship between language and culture.Language and culture are connected with each other.So the understanding of a culture requires the understanding of the corresponding language and vice versa.Secondly,it aims at the contrast of cultural connotations of basic color terms in English and Chinese.Thirdly,it is devoted to a discussion of the possible reasons for the diversity of cultural connotations in the two languages.Fourthly,it focuses on the influences on the cross-cultural communication.

Studies of Cultural Differences between English and Chinese Address Terms

English and Chinese address terms have apparent differences,which are caused by their own different social and cultural backgrounds and reflect different cultural implications between the east and the west. To understand the eastern and western culture better,it's necessary to make a comparison between them.