Influence of Selected Curing Techniques on Compressive Strength of Concrete From Palm Kernel Shell Ash and Ordinary Portland Cement

This paper discusses the findings of an experimental study on the effect of various curing procedures on the compressive strength of concrete pro­duced by partially substituting portland cement with Palm Kernel Shell Ash(PKSA).Palm kernel shell ash was utilized in a 1:2:4 mix ratio as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement(OPC)at percentage levels of 0%,10%,and 15%.River sand with particles passing a 4.75 mm BS sieve was used,as well as crushed aggregate with a maximum size of 20 mm,and palm kernel shell ash with particles passing a 212μm sieve.The compressive strength of the test cubes(150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm)was determined after 7,28,and 56 days of curing.The results demonstrated that test cubes containing Palm kernel shell ash developed strength over a longer curing period than ordinary Portland cement concrete samples and that the strength changes depending on the amount of PKSA in the cube samples.The findings showed that at 28 days,test cubes with 5%,10%,and 15%PKSA content in all curing procedures utilized obtained a greater compressive strength.Curing by immersion produced the highest compres­sive strength in all replacement level while the concrete cured by sprinkling and spraying gives a lower strength in all replacement level.

Predicting model on ultimate compressive strength of Al_2O_3-ZrO_2 ceramic foam filter based on BP neural network

In present study, BP neural network model was proposed for the prediction of ultimate compressive strength of Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramic foam filter prepared by centrifugal slip casting. The inputs of the BP neural network model were the applied load on the epispastic polystyrene template （F）, centrifugal acceleration （v） and sintering temperature （T）, while the only output was the ultimate compressive strength （（7）. According to the registered BP model, the effects of F, v, T on 0 were analyzed. The predicted results agree with the actual data within reasonable experimental error, indicating that the BP model is practically a very useful tool in property prediction and process parameter design of the Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramic foam filter prepared by centrifugal slip casting.

Study on influence factors of cement-stabilized soil compressive strength

The cement dry jet mixing method has been used to reinforce soft cohesive ground to increase the strength of soft cohesive ground and to decrease its deformation. The study briefly introduces the curing mechanism of cement-soil,presents the factors of influencing on compressive strength,mainly analyses the factors including cement mixing ratio,cement strength grade,curing age,moisture content and soil texture and puts forward some rational proposals at last.

Alkali Tolerance of Concrete Internal Curing Agent Based on Sodium Carboxymethyl Starch

Internal curing agents (ICA) based on super absorbent polymer have poor alkali tolerance and reduce the early strength of concrete.An alkali tolerate internal curing agent (CAA-ICA) was designed and prepared by using sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS) with high hydrophilicity,acrylic acid (AA) containing anionic carboxylic group and acrylamide (AM) containing non-ionic amide group as the main raw materials.The results show that the ratio of CAA-ICA alkali absorption solution is higher than that existing ICA,which solves the low water absorption ratio of the ICA in alkali environment.The water absorption ratio of CAA-ICA in saturated Ca(OH)_(2) solution is 95.8 g·g^(-1),and the alkali tolerance coefficient is 3.4.The application of CAA-ICA in cement-based materials can increase the internal relative humidity and miniaturize the pore structure.The compressive strength of mortar increases up to 12.95%at 28 d,which provids a solution to overcome the reduction of the early strength.

Synthesis of Xonotlite and Effects of Ceramic Fiber Addition on Its Compressive Strength

In order to improve the compressive strength of xonotlite, the pretreated quartz powder, slaked CaO, additive, deionized water(water-solid ratio of 30) were placed in a magnetically stirred autoclave, and the corresponding products were obtained after incubating at 220 ℃ for 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively to explore the synthetic process of xonotlite. In the prepared xonotlite powder, 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%(by mass, the same hereinafter) of pre-treated ceramic staple fibers were added, and two sets of specimen with the specifications of φ50 mm×35 mm were molded by pressed filtration.One set of specimens were not sintered, and the other group was fired at 1 000 ℃ for 2 h to explore the effect of ceramic fiber addition on the compressive strength before and after sintering of xonotlite. The results show that C-S-H gel is first synthesized in the synthesis of xonotlite, and then the C-S-H gel is transformed to form tobermlite, at last tobermlite fully reacts to produce xonotlite. The addition of ceramic fiber enhances the compressive strength of the xonotlite before and after sintering. When the 15% ceramic fiber is added, the compressive strength is the highest. The specimens before and after the high temperature firing contain xonotlite phase and calcium silicate phase, respectively, and the compressive strength of the fired specimens is higher than that of the green ones.

Modeling and analysis of porosity and compressive strength of gradient Al_2O_3-ZrO_2 ceramic lter using BP neural network

BP neural network was used in this study to model the porosity and the compressive strength of a gradient Al2Q-ZrO2 ceramic foam filter prepared by centrifugal slip casting. The influences of the load applied on the epispastic polystyrene template （F）, the centrifugal acceleration （V） and sintering temperature （T） on the porosity （P） and compressive strength （a） of the sintered products were studied by using the registered three-layer BP model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the BP model predicted results with the experimental ones. Results show that the model prediction agrees with the experimental data within a reasonable experimental error, indicating that the three-layer BP network based modeling is effective in predicting both the properties and processing parameters in designing the gradient Al203-ZrO2 ceramic foam filter. The prediction results show that the porosity percentage increases and compressive strength decreases with an increase in the applied load on epispastic polystyrene template. As for the influence of sintering temperature, the porosity percentage decreases monotonically with an increase in sintering temperature, yet the compressive strength first increases and then decreases slightly in a given temperature range. Furthermore, the porosity percentage changes little but the compressive strength first increases and then decreases when the centrifugal acceleration increases.

Compressive and Flexural Strength of Recycled Reactive Powder Concrete Containing Finely Dispersed Local Wastes

The main objective of this experimental study is to investigate the behavior of Recycled Reactive Powder Concrete (RRPC) developed from finely dispersed local waste raw materials. In this study, RRPC was developed by utilizing local wastes (finely dispersed waste glass powder, waste fly ash and waste ceramic powder) together with Portland cement, fine sand, admixture, steel fibers and water through full replacement of silica fume as well as quartz powder for sustainable construction practice. In this study, all raw materials for making RRPC were analyzed for X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. For sustainability of local construction works, this study employed standard curing method at ambient temperatures instead of steam curing at higher temperatures. Moreover, hand mixing was used throughout the study. To evaluate the structural performances of the developed RRPC mixes, compressive and flexural strengths of RRPC were investigated experimentally and compared with the control mix. The experimental results indicated that replacing the silica fume fully by finely dispersed local waste glass powder (GP) and fly ash (FA) is a promising approach for local structural construction applications. Accordingly, a mean compressive strength of 62.9 MPa and flexural strength of 8.8 MPa were developed using 50% GP-50% FA at 28thdays standard curing. In this study, 17.56% larger compressive strength and 30.6% flexural strength improvements were observed as compared to the control mix.

Effects of secondary water curing on the long-term strength and durability of concrete after steam-autoclave curing

To study the effects of secondary water( SW) curing of 20 ℃ for 7 d on concrete long-term strength and durability after steam-autoclave curing, concrete specimens were fabricated and subjected to standard,steam-autoclave or steamautoclave + SW curing. The compressive strength,accelerated carbonation depth, and Coulomb electric charges of the specimens were tested at the ages of 28,90,180,and 360 d.Furthermore,mercury intrusion porosimetry experiments on the specimens were conducted at the age of 180 d. Results indicate that compared with standard curing,steam-autoclave curing can enhance the early-age strength of concrete; however, it is detrimental to the development of later-age strength, and reduces chloride and carbonation resistance. Due to the replenishment of water into concrete,SW curing can refine the micro-pore size and decrease the ratio of harmful and more harmful pores in concrete. As a result,SW curing is effective in improving the long-term strength and durability of steamautoclaved concrete,and makes it approach that under standard curing. The improvement amplitudes of SW curing on the concrete compressive strength, chloride and carbonation resistance at 360 d can reach 20. 3%,48. 6%,and 80. 9%,respectively.

Investigate the Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Mechanical Properties of Silicone Rubber-Based Anisotropic Magnetorheological Elastomer during Curing Process

In this investigation,a new silicone rubber-based MRE material was prepared to be used as a forming medium in manufacturing thin-walled complexshaped Ni-based tubes through the bulging process.Thus,it is significant to investigate the effect of magnetic field intensity,magnetic field loading time,and angle on the mechanical properties of the prepared MRE material during the curing process.The obtained results showed that increasing the magnetic field intensity during the curing process can improve the orientation of the chain structure in the elastomer matrix effectively.However,its mechanical properties are the best under the corresponding magnetic field intensity of 321 mT.Besides,by extending the magnetic field loading time in the curing process,the orientation of the chain structure was optimized,at the same time,the mechanical properties were also improved,and the best loading time is about 20–25 min.By changing the loading angle of the magnetic field during the curing process,the mechanical properties of the MRE were improved.When the loading angle of the magnetic field is 90°,the elastomer showed the best compression mechanical properties and excellent compression reversibility.Besides,for the anisotropic MRE material,the performance with magnetic compression is always better than that without magnetic compression.

Effect of Curing Environment on the Strength Properties of Cement and Cement Extenders

Curing of cement based products such as concrete and mortar, is very important to achieve good strength and durable products. However the curing environment plays a pivotal role in the overall quality of cement based products in terms of strength development. ASTM C192 allows moist curing either in a fog room or under water. However, these must meet ASTM C511 which controls temperature, and specifically for water curing, the concentration of calcium ions in the curing solution. Unfortunately in many parts of the world, water curing literally means curing in tap water. This is done primarily because there is a lack of knowledge or ignorance regarding the mobility and roll of calcium hydroxide in the curing process. To illustrate the differences, in this study, straight ASTM Type I/II Portland cement and that mixed with powdered waste clay bricks as a cement extender were used to prepare two different batches of mortars. The chemical properties of the powdered waste clay brick met the ASTM C618 standard specifications for Class N pozzolans. Both mortar specimens were cured under two different environment comprising of either water and lime saturated water. Mortar specimens were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of either curing conditions. Test results indicated that mortar specimens cured in lime saturated water obtained higher strength than those cured in fresh water at all ages of curing. Statistical inference drawn from ANOVA testing showed that curing conditions had significant impact on strength development of the blended and unblended cement systems. The study recommends that testing of concrete and mortar samples and other research related works be performed in lime saturated water other than fresh water.

隧道初期支护模袋混凝土抗压强度试验研究

为研究隧道新型支护模袋混凝土的抗压强度,设计了高流态混凝土配合比,对4个不同试验工况的混凝土试件,以3,7,28 d抗压强度为考察指标,分析在相同排水条件下模袋以及在相同模袋条件下有压排水对于混凝土抗压强度的影响。对比分析养护龄期对不同试验工况混凝土抗压强度的影响,揭示了不同试验工况混凝土破坏形态。结果表明:模袋对混凝土抗压强度影响不大,但可以提高其整体变形能力;有压排水可大幅度提升混凝土抗压强度,且提升随养护龄期增长呈现先增加后减少的规律;不排水混凝土抗压强度前期增长较慢后期较快,而有压排水混凝土恰好相反;无模袋混凝土破坏时形成两个对顶的角锥形破坏面,有模袋混凝土破坏时裂缝沿着平行于力的作用方向产生,但两者边缘都有贯穿裂缝。研究成果可为探究模袋混凝土力学性能及强度试验方法提供一定参考。

碱激发地聚物固化海相淤泥质软土抗压强度及固化机制研究

海相淤泥质软土富含各类可溶性盐和有机质,使用水泥进行固化时易出现劣化效应。为了解决传统硅酸盐水泥固化常出现加固失效的工程问题,以NaOH为碱激发剂,使用地聚物-水泥联合固化海相淤泥质软土,研究水泥与地聚物掺量比、碱激发剂含量和养护龄期对固化土无侧限抗压强度的影响,并采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射试验分析碱激发地聚物固化海相淤泥质软土的微观形态和水化产物,进一步揭示其固化机制。研究结果表明:单独加入NaOH对水泥土强度的提升并不明显,水泥土强度并不会随着碱激发剂含量的增加而显著提高。同时不同钙系地聚物的固化效果差异显著:矿渣地聚物固化土早期强度增长迅速,后期强度增长缓慢,其无侧限抗压强度随NaOH含量的增加先增加后降低,随矿渣的掺量增加而提高。粉煤灰地聚物固化土强度增长较慢,NaOH含量越高其无侧限抗压强度越大,且强度随粉煤灰的掺量增加而降低。将1/2的水泥以矿渣替代,固化土28 d强度最高可达6.19 MPa,相较于水泥土提升了107.5%。而使用同样比例的粉煤灰替代,其28 d强度最高仅为3.012 MPa。微观试验分析表明碱激发剂和地聚物的加入,可促进可溶盐水化结晶和有机质碱性环境降解,有效增加有效水化产物,增强颗粒间的凝聚力使得土体结构更加紧密,宏观上表现为固化土强度的提升。研究结果可为解决水泥加固海相淤泥软土所引起的实际技术问题提供理论指导。

持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土性能劣化及孔结构发展规律试验研究

通过对比负温养护、标准养护条件下5种不同含气混凝土试块在不同龄期下的抗压强度值及内部孔结构,分析持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土抗压强度的发展规律,针对持续负温(-5℃)养护条件,对少害孔的范围进一步明确;并从混凝土内部孔隙分布状况对引气类混凝土普遍存在的强度缺失进行研究。试验结果表明:持续负温(-5℃)条件养护对含气混凝土抗压强度的增长有明显的抑制作用,相同引气剂掺量下混凝土试块强度均小于标准养护试块的强度;同种养护条件下,受引气剂影响,混凝土的强度与引气剂掺量间均呈现负相关;在负温养护环境条件下,实验中设置的最高掺量(0.2%引气剂掺量组别)含气混凝土结构整体密实性因浆体内部孔隙数量的增加而减弱,对混凝土自身的强度有一定影响,但引气剂的加入对负温环境混凝土的抗冻作用不可忽视。为了分析负温环境与引气剂掺量之间的平衡性,通过对含气混凝土在不同养护条件下孔结构发展规律的研究,在保证含气混凝土抗压强度劣化程度低、孔径结构相对优化的前提下,明确了负温(-5℃)条件下含气混凝土引气剂的最优掺量。

后续养护方式缓解蒸汽养护混凝土性能缺陷的试验研究

为研究后续养护缓解蒸汽养护造成的永久损伤,以蒸汽养护混凝土为例,设计了4种后续养护方式,测试不同后续养护方法对混凝土抗压强度、吸附系数、氯离子扩散系数和透气性等性能参数的影响。结果表明,后续养护方式对混凝土试件28 d强度增长贡献率由大到小为标准养护、饱和石灰水养护、水养护和空气养护;混凝土毛细吸附性、氯离子扩散性和透气性曲线均呈近似“L”形,即随养护时间增加而降低,且前期(龄期3 d前)下降显著,后期趋于平缓;蒸汽养护混凝土预制构件均应及时进行适当加湿养护,但不建议长时间浸泡于水环境中养护。

复合材料层压板冲击后压缩全过程仿真分析

针对复合材料层压板低速冲击数值模拟中将冲击和压缩过程割裂计算的问题,建立了将冲击和压缩两个过程统为一体的数值模拟方法。分别采用显式分析和隐式分析模拟冲击和压缩过程,将层压板冲击后的损伤数据、应力应变数据、位移数据等作为下一步的初始输入进行压缩模拟,并采用三维Hashin失效判据来判断复合材料的初始破坏,并对破坏后的复合材料进行刚度折减,来模拟损伤演化。采用试验标准建立有限元模型对所建立的数值模拟方法进行验证,计算结果与试验对比表明:失效模式一致,剩余强度相对误差满足工程要求。

复合型固化剂固化黏土强度试验研究

为研究固化剂-黏土的强度特性,养护7 d后,对不同水泥含量的固化土采用单轴无侧限压缩试验。试件处于干燥和泡水两种状态,测得黏土、固化剂掺入黏土、固化剂与水玻璃掺入黏土三种情况下试件单轴无侧限抗压强度。分析黏土名义黏聚力c′的演化特征。试验结果表明:其他条件不变,随着水泥含量的增大,试件强度先减小后增大,当水泥含量(质量分数)为7%时,试件强度最低;加入固化剂后的泡水试件强度随着水泥含量的增大而增大;加入固化剂能显著提高试件的抗压强度;加入固化剂和水玻璃,试件强度与单独加入固化剂相差不大;名义黏聚力c′与无侧限单轴抗压强度变化规律一致。

高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土力学性能时变特性与模型研究

为研究高温蒸汽养护下粉煤灰-矿粉机制砂混凝土(简称复掺混凝土)力学性能时变特性与模型,本文结合某高速公路高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土预制梁项目,设计了蒸汽-标准养护、蒸汽-自然养护和标准养护三种养护方式,测试了不同阶段复掺混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量,探究了抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量的关系。结果表明:合适的蒸汽养护方式能促进复掺混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量更快增长,其中对抗压强度形成作用最显著,后期的力学性能不倒缩;蒸汽养护恒温阶段复掺混凝土的力学性能具有最大的增长率,其次是升温阶段,降温阶段力学性能增长率最小;蒸汽-标准养护方式下复掺混凝土的抗压强度时变模型可取对数或对数与幂函数复合函数,劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量时变模型可取幂函数。

养护方式对碱激发矿渣/粉煤灰胶凝材料抗压强度影响研究

本工作主要研究了不同粉煤灰掺量的碱激发矿渣/粉煤灰复合胶凝材料(AASF)分别在标准养护、烘箱养护及微波养护下强度发展规律,并通过水化产物和微结构的演化就强度发展进行机理分析。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差示扫描热分析(TG-DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术手段对水化产物微观结构进行了系统研究。结果表明:热养护能显著提高胶凝材料的前期水化反应,促进C(N)-S(A)-H凝胶的生成。对比标准养护1 d强度,经烘箱养护和微波养护后的AASF试样强度分别提升了144%~531%、184.4%~385.5%。相较于烘箱养护,绝大多数情况下微波养护具有更大的优势。随着粉煤灰掺量提高,标养试样各龄期强度均持续降低。而20%、40%的粉煤灰掺量分别对微波养护及烘箱养护试样抗压强度发展有积极的影响。

增硅与养护温度对底灰碱激发材料性能影响的研究

为了探索效益更高的城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰碱激发材料的制备方式,对底灰碱激发材料开展了配合比设计、强度试验及微观分析,分析了养护温度及不同配合比底灰碱激发试件抗压强度发展的影响,并结合XRD、SEM-EDS、FT-IR等微观检测技术分析了聚合反应机理。结果表明:当底灰粒径不大于1.25 mm时,使用体积比为2∶1的水玻璃溶液与氢氧化钠溶液,底灰碱激发试件的抗压强度达到最优;密封条件下复合养护温度更有利于聚合反应的进行与聚合产物的生成。

尾泥微粉-粉煤灰-水泥复合胶凝体系性能研究

为了探究尾泥微粉在水泥基材料中应用的可行性,提高提锂尾渣资源利用率,利用提锂过程中产生的尾泥微粉与粉煤灰复掺后部分替代水泥,对尾泥微粉-粉煤灰-水泥复合胶凝体系的性能进行研究。结果表明:复掺适量提锂尾泥微粉与粉煤灰对复合胶凝体系流动性能有一定改善作用;复掺提锂尾泥微粉与适量粉煤灰部分替代水泥使得复合胶凝体系早期抗压强度略有降低,后期强度有明显增长。复掺5%(质量分数)提锂尾泥微粉与10%(质量分数)粉煤灰试验组的90 d抗压强度达到55.15 MPa,相比对照组提高了9.75%;复掺提锂尾泥微粉与粉煤灰在水化后期能够有效发挥复合活性效应与填充效应,促进水化产物生成并使其填充到大孔中,增加水泥浆体中毛细微孔(<10 nm)的比例,从而细化水泥浆体孔隙结构,提高体系致密度,宏观上表现为抗压强度增大。