Correlation between current and cross-sectional area of parallel fixed-movable dual electrodes in ESC

Electroslag casting with parallel fixed-movable dual electrodes is a new method for achieving better quality of castings in complex mold cavities.In this work,a mathematical model,y=kx^2+(k+1)x,was established to describe the ideal correlation between the current ratio(y)and the cross-sectional area ratio(x)of the dual electrodes,where k is the filling ratio.Investigation was conducted on the electroslag casting process with dual electrodes of various cross-sectional areas,but at a constant k value.The experimental results indicated that the ideal correlation was obtained at the stable casting stage,and the fitting results were consistent with the experimental results at certain k values.The experimental findings show that better castings can be obtained when the current ratio is greater than 1.536 and the cross-sectional area ratio is greater than 0.5.

Relationship between sonographically measured median nerve cross-sectional area and presence of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic subjects

BACKGROUND Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus resulting from direct damage by hyperglycemia to the nerves and/or ischemia by microvascular injury to the endoneurial vessels which supply the nerves. Median nerve is one of the peripheral nerves commonly affected in diabetic neuropathy. The median nerve size has been studied in non-Nigerian diabetic populations. In attempt to contribute to existing literature, a study in a Nigerian population is needed.AIM To evaluate the cross-sectional area(CSA) of the median nerve using B-mode ultrasonography(USS) and the presence of peripheral neuropathy(PN) in a cohort of adult diabetic Nigerians.METHODS Demographic and anthropometric data of 85 adult diabetes mellitus(DM) and 85 age-and sex-matched apparently healthy control(HC) subjects were taken. A complete physical examination was performed on all study subjects to determine the presence of PN and modified Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument(MNSI) was used to grade its severity. Venous blood was taken from the study subjects for fasting lipid profile(FLP), fasting blood glucose(FBG) and glycated haemoglobin(HbA1 c) while their MN CSA was evaluated at a point 5 cm proximal to(5 cmCATL) and at the carpal tunnel(CATL) by high-resolution Bmode USS. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.RESULTS The mean MN CSA was significantly thicker in DM subjects compared to the HC at 5 cmCATL(P < 0.01) and at the CATL(P < 0.01) on both sides. The presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN) further increased the MN CSA at the CATL(P < 0.05) but not at 5 cmCATL(P > 0.05). However, the severity of DPN had no additional effect on MN CSA 5 cm proximal to and at the CATL. There was no significant association between MN CSA and duration of DM and glycemic control.CONCLUSION Thickening of the MN CSA at 5 cmCATL and CATL is seen in DM. Presence of DPN is associated with worse thickening of the MN CSA at the CATL but not at5 cmCATL. Severity of DPN, duration of DM, and glycemic control had no additional effect on the MN CSA.

Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area reference values in a healthy Han population from Guiyang,China

High-resolution ultrasonography was used to analyze the nerve cross-sectional area （CSA） of the median nerve at 7 sites： the wrist crease, pisiform bone, hamate bone, 6 cm proximal to the tip of the wrist crease, proximal forearm （where the nerve enters the pronator teres muscle）, 4 cm proximal to the tip of the medial epicondyle, and mid-humerus （mid-point between elbow crease and axilla） in 200 healthy volunteers from Guiyang, China. Results showed similar CSA values between the left and right sides, but the CSA 6 cm proximal to the tip of the wrist crease, proximal forearm, 4 cm proximal to tip of the medial epicondyle, and mid-humerus in males was greater than that of females. Moreover, CSA values at the wrist crease, pisiform bone, and hamate bone were greater in the middle-aged and old groups when compared to the young group, and correlated with body mass and height. Thus, reference values of median nerve CSA of the upper limbs can facilitate the analysis of abnormal nerve conditions.

Does the ratio of the carpal tunnel inlet and outlet cross-sectional areas in the median nerve reflect carpal tunnel syndrome severity?

Although ultrasound measurements have been used in previous studies on carpal tunnel syndrome to visualize injury to the median nerve, whether such ultrasound data can indicate the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome remains controversial. The cross-sectional areas of the median nerve at the tunnel inlet and outlet can show swelling and compression of the nerve at the carpal. We hypothesized that the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet to outlet accurately reflects the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome. To test this, high-resolution ultrasound with a linear array transducer at 5–17 MHz was used to assess 77 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The results showed that the cut-off point for the inlet-to-outlet ratio was 1.14. Significant differences in the inlet-to-outlet ratio were found among patients with mild, moderate, and severe carpal tunnel syndrome. The cut-off point in the ratio of cross-sectional areas of the median nerve was 1.29 between mild and more severe（moderate and severe） carpal tunnel syndrome patients with 64.7% sensitivity and 72.7% specificity. The cut-off point in the ratio of cross-sectional areas of the median nerve was 1.52 between the moderate and severe carpal tunnel syndrome patients with 80.0% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity. These results suggest that the inlet-to-outlet ratio reflected the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Usefulness of the acromioclavicular joint cross-sectional area as a diagnostic image parameter of acromioclavicular osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND Acromioclavicular joint(ACJ)space narrowing has been considered to be an important diagnostic image parameter of ACJ osteoarthritis(ACJO).However,the morphology of the ACJ space is irregular because of osteophyte formation,subchondral irregularity,capsular distention,sclerosis,and erosion.Therefore,we created the ACJ cross-sectional area(ACJCSA)as a new diagnostic image parameter to assess the irregular morphologic changes of the ACJ.AIM To hypothesize that the ACJCSA is a new diagnostic image parameter for ACJO.METHODS ACJ samples were obtained from 35 patients with ACJO and 30 healthy individuals who underwent shoulder magnetic resonance(S-MR)imaging that revealed no evidence of ACJO.Oblique coronal,T2-weighted,fat-suppressed SMR images were acquired at the ACJ level from the two groups.We measured the ACJCSA and the ACJ space width(ACJSW)at the ACJ on the S-MR images using our imaging analysis program.The ACJCSA was measured as the cross-sectional area of the ACJ.The ACJSW was measured as the narrowest point between the acromion and the clavicle.RESULTS The average ACJCSA was 39.88±10.60 mm;in the normal group and 18.80±5.13 mm;in the ACJO group.The mean ACJSW was 3.51±0.58 mm in the normal group and 2.02±0.48 mm in the ACJO group.ACJO individuals had significantly lower ACJCSA and ACJSW than the healthy individuals.Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that the most suitable ACJCSA cutoff score was 26.14 mm^(2),with 91.4%sensitivity and 90.0%specificity.CONCLUSION The optimal ACJSW cutoff score was 2.37 mm,with 88.6%sensitivity and 96.7%specificity.Even though both the ACJCSA and ACJSW were significantly associated with ACJO,the ACJCSA was a more sensitive diagnostic image parameter.

The Current Status of Trilingual Education in Tibetan Areas of China

In China trilingual education, as an important part of Chinese national education, is likely to be not only required, but essential. However, among the tremendous achievements, there still exist some problems, such as different standard in educational management and requirements, insufficiency of trilingual teachers and unreasonableness in teacher structure, shortage both in the number and characteristics of trilingual teaching materials, lateness in the study on TETAC and insufficiency of study result, and backwardness in teaching approaches and methods, etc.

Numerical calculation of hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents for submarine excavation engineering in coastal area

In coastal areas with complicated flow movement, deposition and scour readily occur in submarine excavation projects. In this study, a smallscale model, with a high resolution in the vertical direction, was used to simulate the tidal current around a submarine excavation project. The finite volume method was used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and the Reynolds stress transport equation, and the entire process of the tidal current was simulated with unstructured meshes, generated in the irregular shape area, and structured meshes, generated in other water areas.The meshes near the bottom and free surface were densified with a minimum layer thickness of 0.05 m. The volume of fluid method was used to track the free surface, the volume fraction of cells on the upstream boundary was obtained from the volume fraction of adjacent cells, and that on the downstream boundary was determined by the water level process. The numerical results agree with the observed data, and some conclusions can be drawn: after the foundation trench excavation, the flow velocity decreases quite a bit through the foundation trench, with reverse flow occurring on the lee slope in the foundation trench; the swirling flow impedes inflow, leading to the occurrence of dammed water above the foundation trench; the turbulent motion is stronger during ebbing than in other tidal stages, the range with the maximum value of turbulent viscosity, occurring on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing, is greater than those in other tidal stages in a tidal cycle, and the maximum value of Reynolds shear stress occurs on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing in a tidal cycle. The numerical calculation method shows a strong performance in simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents in the foundation trench, providing a basis for submarine engineering construction in coastal areas.

Responses of Primary Productivity to Current and Climate Changes in the Mud Area to the Southwest of Cheju Island During the Past 800 Years

The biogenic silica (BSi) ,total organic carbon (TOC) ,total nitrogen (TN) and grain size were analyzed with a gravity core (3250-6) collected from the mud area in the north East China Sea.The average deposition rate of the upper core was about 0.078cm yr1based on the results of 210Pbex.The mean grain size increased with depth in general.The frequency distribution of grain size showed that two marked changes of deposition environment occurred at 30 cm and 50 cm depths (about 1550 AD and 1300 AD,respectively) .The variations of BSi and TOC indicated two distinct major periods of primary productivity over the past 800 years:a stage of low primary productivity corresponding to weak upwelling and low nutrient input below 30 cm depth (about 1200-1550 AD) ,and a stage of high primary productivity with strong currents and upwelling above 30 cm depth (about 1550-1950 AD) .The stage with high primary productive appeared to be due to the northward-expanded muddy area caused by strong Asian Winter Monsoon and enhanced Yellow Sea Warm Current in winter.In conclusion,the BSi and TOC in the muddy sediments,the symbols of marine primary productivity,can be then used to investigate the evolution history of currents and relative climate change in the offshore areas.

Electrical Performance Study of a Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer

In this paper, a new technique using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer has been used to study the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell at outdoor conditions. The electrical performance is mainly described by measuring both cell short circuit current and open circuit voltage. The measurements of this cell by using multimeters suffer from some problems because the cell has high current intensity with low output voltage. So, the solar cell short circuit current values are obtained by measuring the voltage developed across a known resistance Current Shunt. Samples of the obtained current values are accurately calibrated by using a Micropotentiometer (μpot) thermal element (TE) to validate this new measuring technique. Moreover, the solar cell open circuit voltage has been measured. Besides, the cell output power has been calculated and can be correlated with the measured incident radiation.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

Numerical study of the influence of Kuroshio Current on the thermocline in the sea area around Taiwan Island

Using P0M97. an oceanic model, we separately do numerical tests to simulate the 3-D struc ture of temperature in the sea area around Taiwan Island with or without effect of Kuroshio (Current). Through contrast analysis. we find that inflow of Kuroshio results in winter mean water temperature of sub-surface layer in the whole sea regions raising 5 - 6℃ more than that without effect of Kuroshio. The existence of Kuroshio does important role on oceanic thermocline of deep water area in the east of Taiwan Island, and has some effect on intensity of seasonal thermocline of Taiwan Strait and its southern shallow water area.

Current Situation of Information Demand of Farmers in Taihang Mountain Area: A Case Study of Pingshan County in Hebei Province

Since the reform and opening-up,economy of mountain areas in China has realized considerable development.However,due to such factors as terrain,traffic,and individual differences,compared with plain and coastal areas,mountain areas still lag far behind.In recent years,informationization construction of China develops rapidly,but it nearly stagnates in mountain rural areas.Information has become an essential factor restricting economic development of rural areas.Based on the survey of current information demand of farmers carried out in Pingshan County in Hebei Province in 2010,this study came up with relevant recommendations,in order to speed up development of rural economic in mountain areas,narrow the regional gap,improve living condition of farmers in mountain areas,and increase income level of farmers in mountain areas.

Current Situation,Problems and Countermeasures of Modern Agricultural Construction in Bijie Experimental Area

Firstly,the current situation and existing problems of modern agricultural construction in Bijie experimental area were analyzed,and then the countermeasures of promoting construction and sustainable development of modern agriculture were proposed according to the reality of agricultural development in the Bijie experimental area.

Current Situation,Problems and Development Strategies of Marine Ecological Civilization Demonstration Areas in China

Based on analysis of current situation of national marine ecological civilization demonstration areas in China, problems were discussed from aspects of shoreline development, marine disaster waming, marine pollution, etc. Afterwards, some development strategies were proposed to provide references for construction of marine ecological civilization demonstration areas in China, thereby promoting overall construction of marine ecological civilization in China.

Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Industry Development in Bijie Experimental Area

The development of rural industries in Bijie City of Guizhou Province leads the comprehensive rural revitalization with industrial revitalization,takes high-quality development as the overall guide,focuses on industrial scale,standardization,branding,and marketization,and strives to extend the industrial chain and enhance the value chain to achieve the prosperity of rural industries.In this study,it investigated the current situation of rural industry development in Bijie City(improving the quality and efficiency of characteristic industries,expanding the quantity and efficiency of agricultural products processing industry,recruiting and cultivating large business entities,expanding and strengthening the brand of agricultural products,and upgrading the rural tourism).Through analysis,it found that there are problems such as small scale of production enterprises,insufficient cultivation of independent brands,short industrial chain,low added value,weak market expansion ability,imperfect interest connection mechanism,and insufficient participation of farmers.Finally,it came up with countermeasures for the development of rural industries in Bijie City,including improving supporting facilities and building an extension base;strengthening leading enterprises and focus on deep processing;highlighting regional characteristics and paying close attention to the docking of production and marketing;enhancing the characteristic brand and strengthening the support of science and technology;promoting collaboration and support,and making innovation in the connection of interests.

测控一体式分水农门试验与水力特性探索

【目的】设计一种一体式量控建筑物—测控一体式分水农门,探究其在梯形渠道上的量水性能。【方法】利用农门控制碟阀和圆管组合而成测控一体式分水农门(以下简称分水农门),研究不同流量Q、不同农门控制碟阀开度θ下的分水农门各项水力特性以及流量公式。【结果】(1)通过拟合设计分水农门流量公式计算出的流量与实测流量平均误差为4.34%,流量量测误差小于±5%,满足灌区量水精度要求。(2)分水农门中输水管道部分“最优测点”位于管道整体长度0.475~0.575处。(3)分水农门主要是在水流经过碟阀时产生局部水头损失和沿程水头损失,水头损失介于29.54%~38.89%。【结论】当流量在30~65m^(3)/h时,不同流量工况和碟阀开度下分水农门满足灌区量水精度要求,可在灌区末级渠道进行水量计量。

基于直流电流瞬时微分的特高压直流分层接入系统非故障层换相失败预防控制策略

在特高压直流分层接入系统中,由于层间耦合作用,某一层交流系统发生故障可能导致非故障层换流器发生换相失败。为此,考虑到故障过程直流电流的变化,提出一种基于直流电流瞬时微分的换相失败预防控制策略。该策略基于故障后直流电流的变化特性,得到换相电流时间面积控制中触发角修正量,代替原有换相失败预防控制,提高非故障层换相失败预防控制的启动精度;同时基于电流预测量和等效直流输入电阻动态调整低压限流控制器的指令值,提高其响应速度。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建仿真模型对不同工况下所提控制策略进行验证。结果表明,该策略可降低高低端换流器同时发生换相失败的风险,改善故障后系统的运行性能。

40CrNiMo钢棱角位交流电场辅助粉末渗硼层的组织与性能

以Al_(2)O_(3)为填充剂和活性炭为添加剂的改性粉末为渗硼剂,采用40CrNiMo钢为基体,在75 V/100 Hz交流电场作用下于630、650、700、750和850℃进行电场增强辅助固体渗硼。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和硬度计对渗硼后的样品进行显微分析及性能测试。结果表明:交流电场对渗硼过程有明显的促进作用,即便在较低的渗硼温度(750、700和650℃)下也可以在40CrNiMo钢试样的平面及棱角区域形成单一的Fe_(2)B相渗硼层;850℃时,渗硼层的棱角部位出现了少量的FeB相。温度过高(如850℃)及过高的电场辅助渗硼电流(如700℃渗硼时的2.38 A电流),会使渗硼层表面形成疏松表层,不利于致密渗硼层的形成;750℃渗硼4 h后的渗硼层具有最高的致密性和渗层硬度,其渗层厚度和表层区域硬度分别为120μm和1700 HV0.05。

砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程现状调查及管理对策研究

砒砂岩区沙棘生态减沙工程是我国晋陕蒙区防风治沙、强化水土保持的重要举措,该工程的发展现状及管理对策值得引起特别关注。本文以十大孔兑上游砒砂岩丘陵沟壑区沙棘林为研究对象,通过实地调研与问卷调查等研究方法,明确砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程发展现状、实施现状、沙棘林生长状况、抚育措施及其经济效益等情况,提出了统一筹划构建沙棘林长效管理机制、多举并措健全沙棘林抚育措施实施方案、因地制宜完善沙棘资源产业化开发方案等管理对策,为晋陕蒙区砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程的实施与管理提供科学支撑。

基于拐点密集区凹凸波动特性的直流配网故障检测方法

基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的柔性直流配电网具有不存在换相失败等优点。但换流器存在低惯性、弱阻尼等特性,导致故障电流上升速度快且峰值高,对系统危害极大。针对直流配电网发生单极接地故障难以准确选择故障馈线的问题,提出了一种基于拐点密集区凹凸波动特性的直流配网故障检测方法。首先,利用变分模态分解算法对各馈线零模电流进行分解,选取特征分量。然后,计算特征分量的二阶导数,选择拐点密集区并进行归一化处理,得到各馈线的凹凸波动性。最后,判定凹凸波动性与其他馈线相异的线路为故障线路。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够快速识别故障馈线,且受过渡电阻、采样频率、数据窗和噪声等因素影响小。