Experimental Study of Current Loss of Stainless Steel Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line with Current Density at MA/cm Level

A magnetically insulated transmission line （MITL） is used to transmit high power electric pulses in large pulse power systems. However, current loss is unavoidable, especially when the current density is up to 1 MA/cm. In the paper, the current loss of an MITL made of stainless steel, which is usually used in large pulse power generators, is experimentally studied, and possible mechanisms to explain the current loss of the MITL are analyzed and discussed. From the experimental results, the relationship between loss current density and input current density follows approximately a power law. The loss is also related to the configuration of the MITL.

The detailed characteristics of positive corona current pulses in the line-to-plane electrodes

The corona current pulses generated by corona discharge are the sources of the radio interference from transmission lines and the detailed characteristics of the corona current pulses from conductor should be investigated in order to reveal their generation mechanism.In this paper,the line-to-plane electrodes are designed to measure and analyze the characteristics of corona current pulses from positive corona discharges.The influences of inter-electrode gap and line diameters on the detail characteristics of corona current pulses,such as pulse amplitude,rise time,duration time and repetition frequency,are carefully analyzed.The obtained results show that the pulse amplitude and the repetition frequency increase with the diameter of line electrode when the electric fields on the surface of line electrodes are same.With the increase of inter-electrode gap,the pulse amplitude and the repetition frequency first decrease and then turn to be stable,while the rise time first increases and finally turns to be stable.The distributions of electric field and space charges under the line electrodes are calculated,and the influences of inter-electrode gap and line electrode diameter on the experimental results are qualitatively explained.

The Change Features of the West Boundary Bifurcation Line of the North Equatorial Current in the Pacific

The equatorial Current in the North Pacific(NEC) is an upper layer westward ocean current, which flows to the west boundary of the ocean, east of the Philippines, and bifurcates into the northerly Kuroshio and the main body of the southerly Mindanao current. Thus, NEC is both the south branch of the Subtropical Circulation and the north branch of the Tropical Circulation. The junction of the two branches extends to the west boundary to connect the bifurcation points forming the bifurcation line. The position of the North Pacific Equatorial Current bifurcation line of the surface determines the exchange between and the distribution of subtropical and tropical circulations, thus affecting the local or global climate. A new identification method to track the line and the bifurcation channel was used in this study, focusing on the climatological characteristics of the western boundary of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation line. The long-term average NEC west boundary bifurcation line shifts northwards with depth. In terms of seasonal variation, the average position of the western boundary of the bifurcation line is southernmost in June and northernmost in December, while in terms of interannual variation, from spring to winter in the years when ENSO is developing, the position of the west boundary bifurcation line of NEC is relatively to the north(south) in EI Ni?o(La Ni?a) years as compared to normal years.

The quantum Kirchhoff equation and quantum current and energy spectrum of a homogeneous mesoscopic dissipation transmission line

On the basis of quantization of charge, the loop equations of quantum circuits are investigated by using the Helsenberg motion equation for a mesoscopic dissipation transmission line. On the supposition that the system has a symmetry under translation in charge space, the quantum current and the quantum energy spectrum in the mesoscopic transmission llne are given by solving their eigenvalue equations. Results show that the quantum current and the quantum energy spectrum are not only related to the parameters of the transmission llne, but also dependent on the quantized character of the charge obviously.

Optimization of Energy Resource Management for Assembly Line Balancing Using Adaptive Current Search

This paper aimed to present the optimization of energy resource management in a car factory by the adaptive current search (ACS)—one of the most efficient metaheuristic optimization search techniques. Assembly lines of a specific car factory considered as a case study are balanced by the ACS to optimize their energy resource management. The workload variance of the line is performed as the objective function to be minimized in order to increase the productivity. In this work, the ACS is used to address the number of tasks assigned for each workstation, while the sequence of tasks is assigned by factory. Three real-world assembly line balancing (ALB) problems from a specific car factory are tested. Results obtained by the ACS are compared with those obtained by the genetic algorithm (GA), tabu search (TS) and current search (CS). As results, the ACS outperforms other algorithms. By using the ACS, the productivity can be increased and the energy consumption of the lines can be decreased significantly.

基于网侧资源协调的自储能柔性互联配电系统日前-日内优化

为优化储能型智能软开关(E-SOP)、传统网侧调控设备的运行策略,提升高渗透率光伏配电网运行水平,提出了基于网侧资源协调的自储能柔性互联配电系统日前-日内优化模型。首先,提出了“源网荷储”下多种网侧资源协调利用的多时间尺度优化控制架构;其次,在日前阶段构建计及有载调压变压器、无功补偿装置、联络开关、E-SOP和柔性负荷的长时间有功-无功联合优化模型,在日内阶段建立多目标滚动优化模型,并采用线性化方法将模型转换为混合整数线性规划模型;然后,基于KL散度构建源荷不确定性模糊集,给出日前两阶段分布鲁棒优化模型转化过程和基于列与约束生成算法的求解方法;最后,算例仿真验证所提方法的有效性。

Methods for the Determination of Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen Directly in Valine, Proline, Glutamine, and Glutamic Acid

Amino acids are very important compounds for the body and are involved in important functions that keep us healthy. Amino acids are essential components such as valine, proline, glutamine and glutamic acid. They can be synthesized either naturally or artificially. To examine the metabolism and regulate the synthesis process, compounds labeled with nitrogen or carbon isotopes need to be used. These isotopic compounds allow for more extensive research and enable studies that would otherwise be impossible. However, their use is dependent on the availability of simple, efficient methods for isotopic analysis. Currently, the determination of the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes is only possible through their conversion into molecular nitrogen or carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. This leads to the loss of information about isotopic enrichment in specific centers of the molecule. This article explores a new direct approach to determining the atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the isotope-modified or identical centers of these compounds. This method eliminates the transfer process and dilution due to nitrogen and carbon impurities. It is now possible to simultaneously determine the atomic fraction of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in the research substance. This method can be applied to amino acids, making it an effective tool for proposing new research methods. Several articles [1] [2] [3] have proposed similar methods for organic compounds and amino acids.

Measurement and Simulation of Induced Voltage and Current on 110 KV Crossing Transmission Lines under UHV AC Transmission Lines

The induced electricity of 110 kV transmission lines which cross the UHV AC transmission lines may threaten personal safety of the maintenance staff. In this paper, field measurement of the induced voltage and induced current on a 110 kV crossing line inside Jinhua in Zhejiang province is performed. The electrostatic induced voltage on the measured line is 12.24 kV. The power frequency electromagnetic field simulation model is established, and the calculation results are consistent with the measured. Influence factors analysis shows that the electrostatic induced voltage on the 110 kV line is 12.78 kV, the electromagnetic induced voltage is 12.3 V, the induced current through ground wire is less than 1A when the UHV lines operate at full load. The induced voltage and current decrease while the crossing distance increases. Parallel lines induction is much higher than crossing lines. The electromagnetic induced voltage after ground knife-switch shut down would exceed the human safety voltage 36 V while the crossing angle is less than 30?, so the temporary ground wire must be hanged to ensure safety of the maintenance staff.

火箭引雷至架空线路与地面电流对比分析

2018—2019年夏季在广州从化开展了火箭引雷试验,雷击对象分为两种,分别是架空线路和地面。对比了两种引雷情况下各阶段雷电流的电流波形参数的差异,发现引雷至地面情况下初始阶段的最大电流、平均电流、转移电荷、作用积分分别是引雷至架空线路情况下的2.8、2.4、2.0、5.3倍。引雷至地面情况下回击的上升时间几何均值为0.25μs,小于引雷至线路情况下的0.60μs,而对于电流峰值等其他回击波形参数而言,差异不明显。M分量与初始连续电流脉冲类似,引雷至线路情况下的电流峰值、转移电荷、连续电流水平均小于引雷至地面情况下的。基于诺顿电流源等效电路模型分析两种引雷情况下雷电流不同阶段存在差异的原因,可能是雷电在不同电流阶段时其通道等效阻抗不一样所导致的。

渗漏入口大小及形状对拟流场法渗漏探测的影响研究

为深入研究渗漏入口大小及形状对拟流场法渗漏探测的影响规律,通过构建堤坝渗漏数值模型,模拟了拟流场法在实际工程中的探测情况。研究了水库拟流场的基本分布特征,揭示了不同大小及形状的渗漏入口附近的电流密度分布规律,并提出了不同大小及形状的渗漏入口在平行于坝轴线和平行于坝面垂直于坝轴线两个方向上拟流场影响范围及电流密度峰值的经验公式。结果表明:线状渗漏入口的电流密度比相同面积圆形渗漏入口的电流密度小,且线状渗漏入口短边影响范围比相同长度的圆形渗漏入口大,长边影响范围比相同长度的圆形渗漏入口小。研究揭示了渗漏入口大小及形状对测线上电流密度分布的影响规律,可为实际工程探测中利用测线上的电流密度分布情况判断渗漏入口大小与形状提供依据。

基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案

为了解决LCC-MMC型多端混合直流系统线路保护存在的问题,提出一种基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案。首先基于多端混合直流输电线路发生不同位置和类型的故障工况,推导直流线路入射电压行波的解析式并计算其高频段相位。其次结合线路边界行波折反射原理和测量波阻抗特性,提出利用初始电压行波相位的区内外识别判据,并根据雷击和短路故障的入射行波低频相位特性构建雷击干扰判据。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建昆柳龙多端混合直流系统模型进行验证,证明所提方案仅利用单端量信息即可满足故障判断和选线要求,满足速度性的同时具备一定的抗过渡电阻能力(500Ω)。

基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法

交直流混联系统中逆变站的换相失败使交流线路发生频率偏移,导致工频量纵联方向保护的可靠性受到影响。提出了一种基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法,利用线路区内、外故障时,传播到两端保护的电流故障初始行波波头之间极性差异构成纵联保护。该方法仅利用电流初始行波极性差异进行方向判别,消除了电容式电压互感器无法准确传输宽频带电压信息导致保护的低可靠性问题,且利用高频电流进行计算,避免了交直流混联系统频率偏移的影响。仿真结果显示,基于行波电流极性差异的纵联方向保护方法能够准确、快速地识别单相故障和多相故障,适用于交直流混联系统。

基于IGCT抑制换相失败的关键控制策略

针对基于电网换相换流器的高压直流(LCC-HVDC)输电系统因以晶闸管作为换流器件而存在的换相失败问题,以集成门极换流晶闸管(IGCT)在中国某背靠背高压直流工程中的应用为基础,首先介绍了IGCT型高压直流的拓扑及基本运行原理。接着,从兼顾换相失败抵御效果和IGCT阀的关断应力角度,提出了适应IGCT阀的关断策略。在此基础上,研究了不同类型交流故障对故障电流峰值的影响,提出了利用故障扰动系数动态调整电流控制器参数的策略,实现故障电流抑制和故障期间直流功率的稳定输送。最后,通过实时数字仿真(RTDS)验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性。

一种适用于深远海全直流风电汇集网络的保护方法

随着海上风电向深远海发展,全直流型风电场由于不存在过电压问题等优点逐渐受到重视。针对全直流海上风电场的汇集线路继电保护问题,首先分析了直流汇集网络在不同故障类型及不同故障位置下的故障特征,计算对应故障情况下的故障电流,并与仿真值进行对比验证。根据故障特征提出一种利用汇集侧暂态电流变化率的单端量故障选线方案,利用区内外故障的故障暂态电流变化率极性和幅值差异,可在换流器过流闭锁前快速识别故障类型、故障线路及极性。通过在母线处设置附加选线流程,使线路末端高阻接地故障时也能准确选线。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台中搭建了全直流海上风电场模型,进行多种故障场景下的仿真分析,验证了所提故障选线方法的有效性。

基于小波神经网络的特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法

传统特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法直接对故障区段进行识别,未对故障电压信号空间状态模型进行构建,这导致了传统方法测距的精度存在较大误差。针对这一问题,文章提出了基于小波神经网络的特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法。通过构建故障电压信号空间状态模型进行故障区段识别,最后基于小波神经网络实现故障测距。对比实验结果表明,本文研究方法测距精度误差较小,具有重要的实际应用价值。

基于中性线电流离散分析治理三相负荷不平衡

当三相负荷不平衡时,必然会引起中性线电流的产生。针对三种不同三相负荷不平衡条件下中性线电流的变化情况,建立与之对应的三相负荷不平衡度算法模型。采用中性线电流的离散分析建立三相负荷不平衡度算法,作为三相负荷不平衡治理的有效判据,结合试验分析,得到了三相负荷不平衡度与中性线电流的变化规律,并应用于低压供配电系统三相负荷不平衡的治理分析。结果表明:所提三相负荷不平衡度算法对低压供配电系统三相负荷不平衡的治理具有较强的实用性。提出的以三相负荷不平衡度为自适应变量,以中性线电流为过程监测量,采用有功调配与无功补偿相结合策略,能够有效反映三相负荷不平衡的治理情况。

基于柔性调控零序电压的不平衡配电网故障检测方法

在柔性消弧过程中实现故障选线、过渡电阻测量与故障性质判定对现有配电网单相接地故障检测具有重要意义。针对配电网三相对地参数不对称的柔性接地系统,首先分析不平衡零序电压对消弧效果的影响,提出柔性消弧全补偿电流的计算方法。然后分析正常运行状态下和单相接地故障状态下注入电流和母线零序电压之间的约束关系。结果表明:无论系统处于何种状态,均可通过改变注入电流来柔性调控母线零序电压,进而调控各线路零序电流。并根据柔性调控零序电压前后各线路零序电流的变化规律,提出一种可实现故障选线、过渡电阻测量和故障性质判定的故障检测方法。Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。

基于IGCT串联的电流源型融冰装置

针对冬季输电线路覆冰问题,提出一种基于集成门极换流晶闸管(integrated gate-commutated thyristor,IGCT)串联的电流源型直流融冰装置及其控制方法。该融冰装置采用电流源型整流器拓扑,兼有直流侧融冰与交流侧无功补偿的功能。所提控制方法首先采用瞬时功率理论分解交流侧的瞬时有功、无功,根据融冰功率与交流侧无功补偿需求分别进行有功、无功双环解耦控制。为节约装置成本、减少传感器使用,提出一种不依赖电容电压传感器的控制方法,通过网侧电压、电流的差分计算得到LC滤波器的电容电压。为抑制高频谐波对控制系统的不良影响,引入虚拟电阻控制单元对LC滤波器的高频谐波进行前馈抑制。最后,考虑具体应用场景设计1台交流侧电压10 kV、最大融冰电流1000 A的融冰装置样机,通过实验验证了所提技术方案和控制方法的有效性。