Current situation and trend of marine data buoy and monitoring network technology of China

Marine data buoy can provide a long-term, continuous, real-time, reliable data of ocean observation in a variety of complex marine environment. It is one of the most reliable, most effective and important means of ocean monitoring technology. In this paper, the classification, main theory and technology system of marine data buoy are summarized. The typical technological breakthrough of the development of marine data buoy in recent years is summarized. The composition and application of marine monitoring network in China was introduced, and the gap between the technology of China＇s marine data buoy and the international advanced countries is compared.Combined on the situation and demand of China＇s current situation and needs, the development trend of marine data buoy and buoy monitoring network are expected.

Damage-Monitoring Forward Equivalent-model Construction of Rosette Eddy Current Sensors

结构损伤监测对于保证结构安全是极其重要的。针对金属螺栓连接结构中螺栓孔位置处的裂纹损伤定量监测需求,在Goldfine等人的基础之上,该文提出一种花萼状涡流传感器,构建了传感器损伤监测正向等效模型并通过搭建实验装置验证损伤监测正向等效模型准确性并进行误差分析。相对于传统的多层导电结构谐波涡流场的积分/级数解析模型,构建的损伤监测正向等效模型考虑了在高频激励下导线电流密度分布的集肤效应,并可用于互感式涡流传感器建模。实验结果表明：对测量结果经空气标定后,传感器贴于2A12-T4标准试件表面时的模型计算结果和实验结果较为吻合,第1、2和3感应通道的幅值比量模型计算结果误差随频率变化均在10%以内,第4感应通道的幅值比量模型计算结果误差随频率变化在15%以内。

Current Model Analysis of South China Sea Based on Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) Decomposition and Prototype Monitoring Data

Environmental load is the primary factor in the design of offshore engineering structures and ocean current is the principal environmental load that causes underwater structural failure. In computational analysis, the calculation of current load is mainly based on the current profile. The current profile model, which is based on a structural failure criterion, is conducive to decreasing the uncertainty of the current load. In this study, we used prototype monitoring data and the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) method to investigate the current profile in the South China Sea and its correlation with the design of underwater structural strength and the dynamic design of fatigue. The underwater structural strength design takes into account the size of the structure and the service water depth. We propose profiles for the overall and local designs using the inverse first-order reliability method(IFORM). We extracted the characteristic profile current(CPC) of the monitored sea area to solve dynamic design problems such as vortex-induced vibration(VIV). We used random sampling to verify the feasibility of using the EOF method to calculate the CPC from the current data and identified the main problems associated with using the CPC, which deserve close attention in VIV design. Our research conclusions provide direct references for determining current load in this sea area. This analysis method can also be used in the analysis of other sea areas or field variables.

Monitoring and Assessment of Current Situation of Environmental Quality in Yueqing Bay

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in Yueqing Bay during 2007-2014,the current situation of environmental quality in the bay was analyzed and assessed. The results show that pH,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr)in the seawater of Yueqing Bay did not exceed the second class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the seawater of Yueqing Bay exceeded the second class standard seriously,and the water quality of the bay was in an eutrophic state; the standard index of evaluation factors of sediment quality was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Detecting and monitoring of water inrush in tunnels and coal mines using direct current resistivity method:A review

Detecting, real-time monitoring and early warning of underground water-bearing structures are critically important issues in prevention and mitigation of water inrush hazards in underground engineering. Direct current （DC） resistivity method is a widely used method for routine detection, advanced detection and real-time monitoring of water-bearing structures, due to its high sensitivity to groundwater. In this study, the DC resistivity method applied to underground engineering is reviewed and discussed, including the observation mode, multiple inversions, and real-time monitoring. It is shown that a priori information constrained inversion is desirable to reduce the non-uniqueness of inversion, with which the accuracy of detection can be significantly improved. The focused resistivity method is prospective for advanced detection;with this method, the flanking interference can be reduced and the detection dis-tance is increased subsequently. The time-lapse resistivity inversion method is suitable for the regions with continuous conductivity changes, and it can be used to monitor water inrush in those regions. Based on above-mentioned features of various methods in terms of benefits and limitations, we propose a three-dimensional （3D） induced polarization method characterized with multi-electrode array, and introduce it into tunnels and mines combining with real-time monitoring with time-lapse inversion and cross-hole resistivity method. At last, the prospective applications of DC resistivity method are discussed as follows： （1） available advanced detection technology and instrument in tunnel excavated by tunnel boring machine （TBM）, （2） high-resolution detection method in holes, （3） four-dimensional （4D） monitoring technology for water inrush sources, and （4） estimation of water volume in water-bearing structures.

Design of a Methane Monitoring System for Landfill and Duct Emissions

Methane is released from waste disposal areas as a result from anaerobic decay of food. Methane causes more greenhouse effects than carbon dioxide so a methane monitoring system is required to warn its release from gas emitting environments. The low explosive limit of methane is 5% in ambient air, so gas leakage is dangerous and can produce explosions. An entire head monitoring system was built around a MQ-4 methane gas sensor as it is cheap and reliable. The design proves to be flexible enough as it can measure CH4 emissions in ducts, CH4 in landfills at different depths and even in cattle barns. The measuring system head consists of a suction pump, solenoids, and a methane sensor. Measurements are taken 13 seconds after methane gas sucking. A timing of 100 seconds is required for purging the chamber before the second solenoid is turned-on. Devices temperature during operation was sampled with a thermal Flir-One camera and solenoid coil temperature was of 24.9˚C after a continuous operation of 30 seconds. As hoses for emission sampling become larger time for sampling increases as well as energy consumption.

Sensorless Monitoring of a Motor-Drive Machanical System Based on Adaptive Signal Decomposition

A method for estimating current harmonics of an induction motor is introduced which is used for sensorless monitoring of a mechanical system driven by the motor. The method is based on an adaptive signal representation and is proposed to extract weak harmonics from a noisy current signal, especially in the presence of additive interference caused by transient modulation waves. As an application, a rotor unbalance experiment of rotating machinery driven by an induction motor is carried out, The result shows that the eccentricity harmonic magnitude of a current signal obtained by the method represents the rotor unbalance conditions sensitively. Vibration analysis is used to validate the proposed method.

Development of Battery-Less Wireless Current Sensor Node Utilizing Charging Time of Capacitors with Wide Measurement Range

We report a novel battery-less wireless current sensor node without an analog to digital converter (ADC). If a capacitor is charged using a current transformer (CT) and a rectifying circuit, the charging time depends on the current flowing through a power line. In the case that the node transmits data every time when voltage of the capacitor exceeds a threshold voltage, we can indirectly measure the current by measuring the transmission intervals. In this method, the circuit of the node can be simplified and power consumption for the wireless transmission can be decreased because the measured current data does not need to be included in the transmitted packet. However, the measurable range is about single digit because the transmission interval decreases suddenly as the current increases. In this work, we have ex- panded the range using one CT, one wireless transmission module, and two charging circuits that include different load resistors connected in series. The results indicated that the measurable range was from 0.5 A to 50 A.

渗漏入口大小及形状对拟流场法渗漏探测的影响研究

为深入研究渗漏入口大小及形状对拟流场法渗漏探测的影响规律,通过构建堤坝渗漏数值模型,模拟了拟流场法在实际工程中的探测情况。研究了水库拟流场的基本分布特征,揭示了不同大小及形状的渗漏入口附近的电流密度分布规律,并提出了不同大小及形状的渗漏入口在平行于坝轴线和平行于坝面垂直于坝轴线两个方向上拟流场影响范围及电流密度峰值的经验公式。结果表明:线状渗漏入口的电流密度比相同面积圆形渗漏入口的电流密度小,且线状渗漏入口短边影响范围比相同长度的圆形渗漏入口大,长边影响范围比相同长度的圆形渗漏入口小。研究揭示了渗漏入口大小及形状对测线上电流密度分布的影响规律,可为实际工程探测中利用测线上的电流密度分布情况判断渗漏入口大小与形状提供依据。

Auxiliary-Service Smart Monitoring Solutions: A Study in High-Power Substations in Colombia

The present study assesses the possibility of implementing an auxiliary-service smart monitoring solution at power substations. The solution is intended to improve substation indices in terms of accident rates and undesired events that result from initial incidents associated to failure of the Direct Current systems in charge of supporting the operation of protection elements. In recent years in Colombia, substation fires have been reported, and auxiliary services have been identified as a potential initial cause of these unfortunate events. In fact, in Bogotá (Capital city of Colombia), in the last decade, incidents occurred at four high-power substations, and the potential failure cause was associated to the operation of auxiliary services, according to the criteria of experts in the electrical sector. The present study illustrates how a monitoring system substantially improves the lifecycle of battery banks in a three-year period (8% lifecycle improvement together with an increase in reliability of the system by allowing more time for failure identification). The estimated financial benefits reach 2 million US dollars and stem from reducing the frequency of explosions at substations by 11%. The technology in question is assessed and recommended based on the results of various experiments, where various monitoring methods are tested, also considering the operation and maintenance costs that constitute an appropriate lifecycle evaluation.

受载煤体微电流效应及煤岩动力灾害预警应用展望

利用建立的受载煤体微电流测试系统,开展不同加载条件下煤样微电流测试试验,研究揭示煤体受载变形微电流效应,分析煤体受载变形过程微电流响应特征,研究微电流与煤体力学行为间的定量关系,提出微电流法预测煤岩动力灾害的原理,结合现场实践结果,对微电流技术的应用前景进行展望。结果表明,煤体受载变形能够产生微电流,微电流变化与应力变化具有较好的一致性,微电流与煤体力学行为(应力、应变、应变率等)紧密相关,在压密阶段和塑性变形阶段,微电流随应变率增加而增加,在弹性变形阶段随应力和应变线性增加;煤体在扰动载荷下能够产生随应力周期性变化的微电流,即脉动直流电,其变化与应力变化一致。微电流对煤体破坏具有较好的前兆响应,微电流在加速增加过程(塑性变形阶段)中的异常波动可作为煤体渐进性破坏的前兆特征,微电流在衰减过程中的脉冲式波动可作为煤体蠕变破坏的前兆特征。煤体受载微电流效应及现场应力梯度的存在,是矿井微电流测试的重要基础;微电流与煤体力学行为间的紧密相关性,是利用微电流技术观测煤岩体应力的重要前提;微电流对煤体破坏具有明显的前兆响应,是利用微电流技术预测预报煤岩动力灾害的重要保障。微电流技术具有响应灵敏度高、前兆信息明显和抗干扰能力强的优点,在煤岩体应力观测及煤岩动力灾害预警中具有很好的应用前景。未来需进一步开展受载煤岩微电流基础理论及应用技术方面的研究,为发展煤岩动力灾害精准时空监测预警的微电流法提供支撑。

局放在线监测系统在化工企业变电所的应用

国民经济的快速发展,使得电缆的需求量愈加增大,然而电缆存在的制造、安装缺陷等客观原因,导致电缆绝缘击穿短路等问题时有发生。电缆绝缘劣化的重要表现形式即是局放现象,通过捕捉局放高频信号,可提前掌握电缆绝缘劣化程度。阐述电缆存在的缺陷类别、局放监测的原理,通过应用实例描述局放在线监测系统架构、重要部件组成、通信组网方式、现场硬件配置、施工要求、软件界面、功能特点,并给出了实际应用效果,对相关化工企业变电所的电缆绝缘监测技术管理具有很强的指导和借鉴意义。

基于电流监测和动态电阻分析的电容器组SF_(6)断路器电寿命评估系统

电容器组SF_(6)断路器电寿命状态监测工作对保障电网安全可靠运行意义重大。文中融合触头磨损计算方法和动态电阻分析法对SF_(6)断路器电寿命进行评估,提出SF_(6)断路器电寿命评估判据,首先基于断路器电流监测数据计算断路器触头磨损,对断路器电寿命状态进行判断预测,再利用动态电阻分析法印证判断出SF_(6)断路器的真实状态,兼顾触头磨损计算法的实时性和动态电阻法的准确性。基于所提判据,研发了一套融合触头磨损和动态电阻的SF_(6)断路器电寿命评估系统。该系统可基于断路器投切数据和动态电阻准确地评估SF_(6)断路器的电寿命,同时在人机交互界面上直观地呈现结果,为工作人员进行断路器状态检修提供辅助决策。

油气管道事故致因和监测模拟研究现状与展望

随着国家经济与民生工程的高质量发展,石油与天然气成为我国经济、政治、军事安全的重要的战略储备资源,是全面发展和建设现代化的基础和动力。其中以输送石油和天然气为重任的油气管道更是被誉为国家能源发展的大动脉。由于油气产品易燃、易爆,油气管道运营过程中存在风险较高,且基础设施关键零部件较多、系统复杂,国内外油气管道失效事故也屡有发生,我国在油气管道防控方面的研究仍缺乏系统性。因此,笔者系统梳理了国内外事故致因理论、泄漏监测技术和数值模拟研究的发展趋势,在此基础上构建系统事故致因分析模型和全生命周期检测模拟所面临的挑战,为完善我国油气管道运营安全提供参考。

铜合金海水管路腐蚀防护及检测技术研究现状

介绍了铜及铜合金海水管路腐蚀的研究进展,并指出铜合金海水管路的腐蚀特征,进而分析适用于海水管路的腐蚀防护技术,并介绍海水管路腐蚀检测与评估的方法,为海水管路的腐蚀防护提供参考。

Feasibility and Application Study of Optical Voltage/Current Sensors Using FBG

This paper concludes the case study work on the optical sensor, which is a new method for voltage and current measurement. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have been developed and used for decades in the telecommunication industry. In recent years, FBG sensors have found wide applications in monitoring strain, temperature, voltage and current across all industries. As the process of constructing a robust smart grid, thousands of miles of optical-fibers have been deployed along the power transmission lines for the purpose of power production communication. This paper focuses on using the power optical fiber as voltage/current sensors instead of those copper wired traditional current transformers. By using piezoelectric layers, the optical sensor is able to transform voltage/current magnitude into optical signal, as well as transmit the signal through the optical fiber. The application of using optical fiber will significantly reduce the cost of deploying traditional current transformers all around the power grid. Moreover, the optical sensor is more stable, more accurate and faster, with such characteristics, the smart grid monitoring system could be much better. The application of combining the optical composite low-voltage cable (OPLC) and the optical current sensor in the distribution network for smart distribution monitoring has been analyzed.

基于孔间直流电透视的煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移变化规律与机理

煤层采动过程中,底板应力状态的改变会产生变形与破坏,而不同煤层采动过程中底板破坏具有一定的规律。目前基于直流电阻率法的煤层底板水害监测主要集中于底板变形与破坏的电阻率响应特征上。为了研究工作面回采过程中煤层底板的电性时移变化特征,采用孔间直流电透视观测系统和时移电阻率反射系数法,通过数值模拟和现场试验揭示了煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移规律。首先,针对典型地电模型,对比单独反演和时移电阻率变化率的结果,验证了孔间直流电透视时移方法的可靠性。然后,针对煤层底板采动破坏,分析了采动过程中底板承压水导升与底板破坏带的电性响应规律与特征,并讨论了时移电阻率反射系数确定煤层底板破坏深度的可行性,为野外施工提供理论依据。最后,通过现场监测试验,获得工作面回采过程中煤层底板的电性变化特征,并采用时移电阻率反射系数R确定了工作面底板岩层的破坏深度为15 m。结果表明:利用孔间直流电透视法获得的煤层底板采动破坏电阻率时移特征可在一定程度上消除了监测数据中的地层因素和随机噪声影响,且时移电阻率反射系数可用来确定煤层底板破坏深度。该方法将探测目标从单一的研究地质异常转换到对煤层采动过程中工作面底板破坏的全生命周期动态监测,进而实现了工作面底板结构破坏的精细刻画。

WEE与GA-SVM在反应堆CRDM电流故障分类中的应用

控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)的可靠性决定了反应堆的安全性,对控制棒驱动机构进行有效监测是极为必要的。针对控制棒驱动机构线圈电流变化能有效反应控制棒驱动机构运行状态的特点,在小波能量值的基础上引入滑动窗和熵值理论构建了基于小波能量熵(WEE)的线圈电流特征向量,并设计了基于支持向量机(SVM)的控制棒驱动机构电流故障分类算法,分别使用遗传算法(GA)与粒子群算法(PSO)对支持向量机的惩罚系数c和核函数参数g进行优化,较为准确地实现了对控制棒驱动机构电流故障的分类。仿真与对比结果表明:(1)相比于基于小波能量值,基于小波能量熵的特征向量更能体现线圈电流的局部特征,也更为准确地实现线圈电流故障的分类;(2)相较于粒子群算法,遗传算法作为支持向量机参数优化算法分类准确的同时,参数寻优效率更高。

基于电涡流传感器的水润滑轴承磨损监测系统

为了实时监测轴承磨损状态,保证舰船航行安全,设计一种基于电涡流传感器的水润滑轴承磨损监测系统。将电涡流传感器固定安装在导流罩上,静态获取尾轴停止时的下沉位移测量磨损量,动态测量尾轴转动时输出的正弦信号,通过软件法求解瞬时转速。对系统主要硬件进行设计和选型,确保其满足磨损监测的需要,同时对软件的工作流程和主要功能模块进行设计,完成监测系统的研发。经过试验测试验证,该系统各项功能符合预期目标,能够有效监测水润滑轴承磨损状态。研究成果对水润滑轴承的使用和维修具有指导意义和应用价值。