Current optimization-based control of dual three-phase PMSM for low-frequency temperature swing reduction

In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Zero-sequence Current Suppressing Strategy for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Connected with Single Neutral Point

Dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machines(DTP-PMSM)connected with a single neutral point provide a loop for zero-sequence current(ZSC).This paper proposes a novel space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)strategy to suppress the ZSC.Five vectors are selected as basic voltage vectors in one switching period.The fundamental and harmonic planes and the zero-sequence plane are taken into consideration to synthesis the reference voltage vector.To suppress the ZSC,a non-zero zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)is generated to compensate the third harmonic back-EMF.Rather than triangular carrier modulation,the sawtooth carrier modulation strategy is used to generate asymmetric PWM signals.The modulation range is investigated to explore the variation of modulation range caused by considering the zero-sequence plane.With the proposed method,the ZSC can be considerably reduced.The simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy.

Three-Phase Heterojunction NiMo-Based Nano-Needle for Water Splitting at Industrial Alkaline Condition

Constructing heterojunction is an effective strategy to develop high-performance non-preciousmetal-based catalysts for electrochemical water splitting(WS).Herein,we design and prepare an N-doped-carbon-encapsulated Ni/MoO_(2) nano-needle with three-phase heterojunction(Ni/MoO_(2)@CN)for accelerating the WS under industrial alkaline condition.Density functional theory calculations reveal that the electrons are redistributed at the three-phase heterojunction interface,which optimizes the adsorption energy of H-and O-containing intermediates to obtain the best ΔG_(H*) for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and decrease the ΔG value of ratedetermining step for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),thus enhancing the HER/OER catalytic activity.Electrochemical results confirm that Ni/MoO_(2)@CN exhibits good activity for HER(ƞ_(-10)=33 mV,ƞ_(-1000)=267 mV)and OER(ƞ_(10)=250 mV,ƞ_(1000)=420 mV).It shows a low potential of 1.86 V at 1000 mA cm^(−2) for WS in 6.0 M KOH solution at 60℃ and can steadily operate for 330 h.This good HER/OER performance can be attributed to the three-phase heterojunction with high intrinsic activity and the self-supporting nano-needle with more active sites,faster mass diffusion,and bubbles release.This work provides a unique idea for designing high efficiency catalytic materials for WS.

Vector Control of Three-Phase Solar Farm Converters Based on Fictive-Axis Emulation

In this paper,a new method for adjusting the current of three-phase voltage source DC-AC converter in orthogonal(DQ)reference frame is presented.In the DQ reference system,AC variable appears in the constant form of DC,making the controller design the same as the DC-DC converter[1].It provides controllable gain benefits at the steady-state operating point,and finally realizes zero steady-state error[2].In addition,the creative analytical model is dedicated to building up a series of virtual quantities orthogonal to the actual single-phase system.In general,orthogonal imaginary numbers get the reference signal by delaying the real quantity by a quarter period.However,the introduction of such time delay makes the dynamic response of the system worse.In this paper,orthogonal quantities are generated from a virtual axis system parallel to the real axis,which can effectively improve the dynamic performance of traditional methods without increasing the complexity of controller structure.Through PSCAD simulation,the ideal experimental results are obtained.

基于馈线和电流的专用轨回流牵引供电系统接地故障保护

对于专用轨回流牵引供电系统,负极回流轨对地具有良好的绝缘特性,极大地限制了正极接地故障所产生的短路电流。由于负极母线电位下降、接地电阻较大等原因,现有的正极接地保护在实际应用中暴露出选择性差、灵敏度低等问题。本文通过对专用轨回流牵引供电系统短路电流以及负荷电流的潮流分析,提出以供电区间馈线和电流作为正极接地故障判断的特征量,并设计基于该故障特征量的保护方案,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真系统,验证了该保护方案的有效性。

基于小电流电器的滑动窗双边CUSUM事件检测改进算法

事件检测是非侵入式负荷监测中的关键部分,然而事件检测方法对于一些小电流电器存在漏检问题。为此,提出一种基于小电流电器的滑动窗双边CUSUM事件检测改进算法,即在均值计算窗和暂态检测窗的基础上,引入方差计算窗区分运行时电流波动小的电器,通过权重参数δ提高检测过程中投入、切出事件的累计和,解决了滑动窗双边CUSUM事件检测算法的小电流电器漏检问题。采用方差阈值判断电器是否进入稳态,提高了电器进入稳态时检测的准确性,有效记录事件投入点和事件切出点。实测验证表明,所提算法不仅能够准确检测到传统算法易忽略的小电流电器的暂态事件,还能准确记录电器完整的事件投切过程,有利于其暂态过程的分析与处理,保证了特征提取的有效性,为事件检测方法的优化方向提供了借鉴。

Research on Open-circuit Fault Tolerant Control of Six-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Based on Fifth Harmonic Current Injection

This paper proposes a novel control approach for fault-tolerant control of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) under one-phase open-circuit fault.A modified six-phase static coordinate transformation matrix and an extended rotating coordinate transformation matrix are investigated considering the influence of the fifth harmonic space on fault-tolerant control. These mathematical models are further analyzed in the fundamental space and the fifth harmonic space after the fault and to eliminate the coupling between the d-q axis voltage equation in the fundamental wave space and the d-q axis voltage equation in the fifth harmonic space, a secondary rotation coordinate transformation matrix is proposed. To achieve the purpose of reducing torque ripple, the fault-tolerant control method proposed in this paper not only takes the minimum copper loss as the constraint condition, but also injects the fifth harmonic current. The experimental result of current and torque is used to verify the accuracy of fault-tolerant control.

Two-Quark Condensate Changes with Quark Current Mass

Using the Schwinger Dyson equation and perturbation theory,we calculate the two-quark condensates forthe light quarks u,d,strange quark s and a heavy quark c with their current masses respectively.The results show thatthe two-quark condensate will decrease when the quark mass increases,which hints the chiral symmetry may be restoredfor the heavy quarks.

一种基于65nm CMOS工艺的33.5~37.5GHz有源矢量合成型移相器

基于65 nm CMOS工艺设计了一款33.5~37.5 GHz的6 bit有源矢量合成型移相器(VSPS)。该移相器采用Lange类型的90°耦合器作为I/Q信号发生器,其中的电感采用8字形电感实现;此外,矢量合成部分采用电流合成结构,使芯片面积更加紧凑。后仿真结果显示,该移相器覆盖360°移相范围,对于64种移相角度状态,其整个工作频带下的相位均方根(RMS)误差约为0.33°~3.20°,移相附加增益幅度约为-8.38~-4.89 dB,其RMS误差小于0.59 dB,噪声系数约为12.55~15.55 dB,输入反射系数小于-15 dB,输出反射系数小于-7.9 dB,在33.5、35.5和37.5 GHz频率下,其1 dB压缩点输入功率分别为-1.38~0.96、-1.13~0.75和-0.30~1.40 dBm。该移相器核心电路面积仅约为0.11 mm^(2),在1.2 V的电源电压下,消耗14.6 mW的直流功率,具有面积紧凑、功耗较低、插入损耗适中且精度较高的优势,有利于相控阵系统大规模集成和应用。

Analysis on Circulating Current and Split Capacitor Voltage Balance for Modular Multilevel Converter Based Three-phase Four-wire Split Capacitor DSTATCOM

We propose a modular multilevel converter(MMC)based three-phase four-wire(3P4W)split capacitor distribution static synchronous compensator(DSTATCOM),aiming at compensating unbalanced and reactive load currents.Due to the zero-sequence current compensation,the circulating current char-acteristics of 3P4W MMC-DSTATCOM are different from conventional MMCs.Moreover,the distinct working principle of IMMC would affect the features of split capacitor voltage.The decoupled positive-,negative-and zero-sequence second-order and DC components of the circulating current are deduced explicitly.Two proportional-integral controllers with dual dq transformation are employed to suppress the positive-and negative-sequence components of second-order circulating current,while quasi proportional-resonance controller is designed to eliminate the zero-sequence component.Besides,the phenomenon of the unbalanced split capacitor voltages is revealed,and fast-tracking balancing method by controlling zero-sequence current flowing through the split capacitors is provided.Digital simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and the feasibility of the suppression methods.

Current Loop Disturbance Suppression for Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators Based on Modified Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

A modified four-dimensional linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)strategy is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator(DTP-PMSG)system to reduce cross-coupling between the d and q axis currents in the d-q subspace and harmonic currents in the x-y subspace.In the d-q subspace,the proposed strategy uses a model-based LADRC to enhance the decoupling effect between the d and q axes and the disturbance rejection ability against parameter variation.In the x-y subspace,the 5th and 7th harmonic current suppression abilities are improved by using quasi-resonant units parallel to the extended state observer of the traditional LADRC.The proposed modified LADRC strategy improved both the steady-state performance and dynamic response of the DTP-PMSG system.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is both feasible and effective.

电流互感器、电压互感器二次参数选择问题研究

电流互感器(TA)、电压互感器(TV)作为电力系统一次和二次设备之间的连接环节,其各项性能指标直接影响着整个电力系统的安全可靠运行,合理选择电流互感器和电压互感器是一个非常重要的问题。在国家电网公司输变电工程通用设计变电站二次系统部分电流互感器、电压互感器二次参数选择章节基础上,就其中一些"宜"、"或"问题加以阐述分析,提出推荐意见,以供参考。

母线保护刀闸位置异常时的自适应校正

简要分析了支路刀闸位置异常对母线保护的选择性和可靠性的影响,评估了刀闸位置异常给保护装置带来的误动或拒动的风险,提出了基于刀闸位置计算的流入流出的电流矢量和(简称IO差流)守恒原理的刀闸位置异常智能校正方案。在大差差流平衡且仅有一段母线小差IO差流不平衡时进入校正逻辑,保护尝试着将无位置支路的电流加入小差IO差流不平衡的母线。若加入后所有母线的小差IO差流均平衡,则将本支路强制置于被校正的母线上;若不平衡,则尝试加入另一条母线上。此外还论述了校正过程中用到的IO差流平衡的判别门槛以及判定校正成功的门槛的选取原则。最后通过仿真分析论述了该方案的可行性。

高精度电流求和型分段曲率补偿的基准电流源

基于电流求和原理和跨导线性结构,设计了一款分段曲率补偿的基准电流源,并对电阻进行了温度特性优化。所设计的电路无需运算放大器,具有功耗低、结构简单、精度高和电源抑制比高等优点。在0.4μm BCD工艺下,经HSPICE仿真验证表明,在40℃～125℃的温度范围内电流仅变化0.06μA,温度系数为27 ppm/℃;在25℃、7～20 V范围内,基准电流变化率0.000 68%/V;在12 V工作电压下,电路的静态电流为128.09μA。该电路可用于高电压、低功耗、高精度的系统设计中。

微网保护分析

对微网特性以及影响保护的因素进行了分析,提出了微网的保护机制并进行了仿真。微网系统内部的保护须考虑逆变式电源的限流作用和微网双向潮流特性,还须综合考虑通信的应用,保护在不同运行方式下的适应性,与控制方式的协调性以及动作时间的合理设置等问题。在对这些因素进行分析的基础上,提出了微网的保护机制:对于线路故障,采用纵联保护;对于负荷故障,采用各相电流矢量和作为故障判据。研究中利用下垂控制原理在PSCAD中搭建了微网的模型,并对微网孤岛运行模式下各种负荷故障情况进行了仿真,仿真结果表明了所提负荷故障保护方法在孤岛运行方式下的有效性。

基于护套电流和的110 kV GIS终端电缆行波故障定位研究

为了在不拆开GIS替换原有电磁型电流互感器的条件下仍能够采用行波法对电缆进行在线故障定位,以110 kV交联聚乙烯绝缘皱纹铝护套电力电缆为原型,研究故障暂态电流行波在护套交叉互联电缆中的传播特性。提出利用三相护套电流和作为行波测距信号,其在护套交叉互联点和护套接地点处大小不发生变化,且主要成分为传播特性稳定的模量。在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立电缆系统模型进行各种故障电阻和故障距离的仿真,采用小波变换模极大值进行波头识别,故障测距结果都表明该方法可行并具有较高的准确性。

一种新颖的PWM开关电源控制技术

提出了一种新颖的脉宽调制(PWM)控制技术,该技术将误差放大器和PWM比较器归结为一个求和比较器来实现对电流模开关稳压器的自适应控制,使系统变得简洁,降低了成本,有利于集成。成功将该求和比较器应用于一款典型输入为5V典型输出为15V的升压型开关稳压器中,且稳压器采用低损耗的电流检测网络对峰值电流进行采样,减小了功耗。采用0.6μm30V Bi CMOS工艺,经Hspice仿真验证,结果表明稳压器的输出电压纹波在±7mV之间摆动,输出电压精度为±1.5%。

新型多电平电压源换流器模块的拓扑机制与调制策略

揭示一种新型多电平电压源换流器(voltage source converter,VSC),即模块化多电平VSC的起源与工作机制;介绍其子模块与VSC拓扑及相应工作原理;针对此新型换流器拓扑,并结合基于VSC的高压直流输电领域(high voltage direct current transmission system based on VSC,VSC-HVDC),提出一种基于幂和理论的改进型多电平基频开关调制策略。与通常策略中所使用的数字迭代技术,如"牛顿-拉夫逊"法相比,该文所提算法可显著简化运算、降低计算量,且能求出开关角的所有解;而通常算法仅能求出单一解,忽略了可能存在的其他解,最后进行了仿真验证。理论分析与仿真结果均说明关于模块化多电平VSC本质揭示的正确性及所提调制策略的优越性。

备自投装置动作引起过负荷的解决方案

分析了备用电源自动投入装置动作后出现过负荷的原因和现有解决方案。从提高电力系统供电可靠性角度比较分析了各种过负荷解决方案的优缺点、适合使用的工况及其使用注意事项,并对其实施方案加以改进,提出了一种适用于智能变电站的备自投动作时智能联切负荷的过负荷解决方案。该方案具有备自投动作可靠性高、避免对系统造成过负荷冲击和负荷量切除精确度高三个方面优点。同时提出了一种用于智能切负荷联切出口矩阵的在线生成方法。