Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden

The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils.

Research on the Influence of Cutting Condition on the Surface Microstruct ure of Ultra-thin Wall Parts in Ultrasonic Vibration Cutting

In many fields of high-tech industry the ultra-t hi n wall parts are employed. In this paper the experiments were carried out to dis cuss the surface microstructure of the camera’s guided drawtube by applying ult rasonic vibration cutting device to the traditional lathe. The influence rule of the cutting condition on the surface roughness was put forward, which was drawn by comparing the ultrasonic cutting with the common cutting by use of the cemen ted carbide tool and the polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool. The test results sh owed that the ultrasonic cutting performs better than the common cutting in the same condition. According to the test results analyzing, the surface characteriz ation is influenced clearly by the rigidity of the acoustic system and the machi ne tool, as well the setting height of the tool tip. Otherwise, the dense regula r low frequency vibration ripples will be scraped on the machined surface. When the tool tip is set higher than the rotating center of the work piece by three t imes of the amplitude of ultrasonic vibration, the vibration ripples behave alig ht; they turn light and shade alternatively when the tool tip is lower than the rotating center of the work piece by three times of the amplitude of ultrasonic vibration. According to the test result analyzing, the following conclusions are put forward: 1) The surface roughness in ultrasonic cutting is better than that in common cutting. Under a one third critical cutting velocity, the value of th e surface roughness in ultrasonic cutting rise slightly along with the cutting v elocity, while in common cutting it decreases contrast to the cutting velocity; the curves of the surface roughness in ultrasonic cutting and common cutting see m to be alike, both increase along with the feed rate and the cutting depth, but the value in ultrasonic cutting is smaller in the same condition.2) The influen ce of the coolant on the surface roughness cannot be ignored. The kerosene can b e employed to improve the surface roughness in ultrasonic machining.3) In ultras onic cutting process of aluminum alloy ultra-thin wall work piece, the PCD tool performs better than the cemented carbide tools.4) The vibration ripples result from the not enough rigidity of the acoustic system and the improper setting he ight of the tool tip. The departure of the tool tip from the rotating center of the work piece to some extent causes the vibration ripples on the machined surfa ce.

Wall Sticking of High Water-Cut, Highly Viscous and High Gel-Point Crude Oil Transported at Low Temperatures

Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.

Application of High-Density Seismic Image in Nondestructive Exploration of Cut-off Cement-Soil Wall in Earth Dam

In order to quickly explore the quality of cut-off wall in dams, a new method of high-density seismic image was adopted and estimated by model and in-situ wall tests.The vibration exciter was employed and several parameters such as hypocentral distance, length of signal record and sampling space in signal collection were determined, which are 8 m, 0.25 ms and 128 ms respectively. Through time and frequency field signal analyses, it is concluded that, the smaller arrival times of reflected longitudinal and surface waves, and the higher their main frequencies, the higher the strength of the wall, vice versa. Accordingly the construction quality of the wall can be evaluated quickly by high-density seismic image.

Flow behavior in microchannel made of different materials with wall slip velocity and electro-viscous effects

In a microfluidic system, flow slip velocity on a solid wall can be the same order of magnitude as the average velocity in a microchannel. The flow-electricity interaction in a complex microfluidic system subjected to joint action of wall slip and electro-viscous effect is an important topic. This paper presents an analytic solution of pressuredriven liquid flow velocity and flow-induced electric field in a two-dimensional microchannel made of different materials with wall slip and electro-viscous effects. The Poisson- Boltzmann equation and the Navier-Stokes equation are solved for the analytic solutions. The analytic solutions agree well with the numerical solutions. It was found that the wall slip amplifies the fow-induced electric field and enhances the electro-viscous effect on flow. Thus the electro-viscous effect can be significant in a relatively wide microchannel with relatively large kh, the ratio of channel width to thickness of electric double layer, in comparison with the channel without wall slip.

Cuticle and skin cell walls have common and unique roles in grape berry splitting

The skin protects a fruit from environmental stresses and supports the fruit’s structure.Failure of the skin leads to fruit splitting and may compromise commercial production for fruit growers.The mechanical properties of the cuticle and skin cell walls might influence the splitting susceptibility of fleshy fruits.Thin shell theory and fracture mechanics were utilized in this study to target the potential factors contributing to splitting susceptibility.The study analyzed the structure of the cuticle and epidermis in ripening grape berries and examined the temporal dynamics of berry splitting.Cuticular waxes were partially removed,and skin cell walls were manipulated using wall stiffening and loosening solutions that altered reactions involving hydrogen peroxide.A more than twofold difference in cuticle thickness among grape cultivars did not account for their differences in splitting resistance.However,while removing predominantly epicuticular wax did not alter the berries’splitting resistance,their surface appearance and increasing yield strength following partial wax removal support the notion that cuticular waxes contribute to berry mechanical properties.Immersing berries in H 2 O 2-based cell wall loosening solutions increased the splitting probability and accelerated berry splitting,whereas cell wall stiffening solutions decreased the splitting probability and delayed berry splitting.These results showed that both cuticle and skin cell walls contribute to the mechanical properties of grape berries and to their splitting resistance.The results also suggest that the two current explanations for fruit splitting,the critical turgor model and the zipper model,should be viewed as complementary rather than incompatible.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Optimization of material removal strategy in milling of thin-walled parts

The optimal material removal strategy can improve a geometric accuracy and surface quality of thin-walled parts such as turbine blades and blisks in high-speed ball end milling.The dominant conception in the material removal represents the persistence of the workpiece cutting stiffness in operation to advance the machining accuracy and machining efficiency.On the basis of theoretical models of cutting stiffness and deformation,finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the virtual displacements of the thin-walled part under given virtual loads at the nodes of the discrete surface.With the reference of deformation distribution of the thin-walled part,the milling material removal strategy is optimized to make the best of bracing ability of still uncut material.This material removal method is summarized as the lower stiffness region removed firstly and the higher stiffness region removed next.Analytical and experimental results show the availability,which has been verified by the blade machining test in this work,for thin-walled parts to reduce cutting deformation and meliorate machining quality.

Vibrations in High Speed Milling of Thin-walled Components

Thin-walled structures have been widely used in the aerospace industry.The dynamic interaction between the milling cutter and thin-walled workpiece can easily lead to vibration.This paper investigates the vibration caused during milling the thin-walled workpiece on the NC machining center,presents a theoretical milling vibration model of thin-walled beam.The model was verified by using milling experiments and numerical simulations.Some valuable conclusions are derived,this will be references to scientific research and guides to the vibration-free milling of thin-walled structures at different cutting speeds.

Preliminary Study on Water Demand Law of 1-0 Rooted Cuttings of Populus szechuanica

In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the afforestation and artificial water supply of P.szechuanica in arid areas,the characteristics of water consumption of P.szechuanica were explored,and the law of water demand of P.szechuanica was grasped.In this paper,potted seedlings of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica were taken as research objects,and change situation of water consumption under different water control gradients was measured regularly by using weighing method,further analyzing dynamic change of water consumption of P.szechuanica and revealing water demand law of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica.The results showed that total change of water consumption of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica had"slow-fast-slow-fast"double-peak trend in the growth period of the current year,and corresponded with univariate linear relation(R^(2)=0.7137),with significant difference.In whole growth period,water consumption in August was the highest,which was 2.7 times of that in June and July and 1.5 times of that after September.In different water control treatments,the dynamic changes of daily and monthly water consumption were significantly different.In seven water control treatments,monthly water consumption was between(6315.95±1690.70)and(10105.28±3065.30)g/month,and mean was(8211.07±2308.23)g/month.With intensification of water control treatment,water consumption increased,but there was no seedling death due to water shortage.P.szechuanica has great plasticity in water demand,and can survive in both arid and humid environments.Meanwhile,it is revealed that P.szechuanica is the most widely distributed tree species in the region.

桩-墙叠合全预制装配明挖地铁隧道建造方案及工程应用

明挖法施工的装配式地铁隧道基坑围护桩通常为现场浇注混凝土桩,且只作为基坑开挖阶段的挡土结构,不将其作为侧墙永久结构的一部分,这种结构设计方法偏于保守,导致资源浪费。为此,提出桩-墙叠合全预制装配明挖地铁隧道建造方案,其主要特点是:基坑围护桩和隧道结构均采用预制结构且叠合布置,围护桩既是基坑开挖期间的临时挡土结构,同时也是隧道侧墙永久结构的一部分。以济南市济阳有轨电车明挖区间隧道工程为背景,开展围护桩和隧道侧墙叠合方案的比选。基于不同叠合方案结构受力分析和叠合施工方便性的综合考虑,提出在围护桩和隧道侧墙四角点进行叠合连接的措施;详细讨论了“桩-墙叠合方案、基坑预制围护桩布置、隧道主体结构装配分块、桩-墙叠合连接方法”;最后结合本工程试验段的施工,阐述了桩-墙叠合明挖隧道装配施工的关键工序及解决措施。

Determination of <i>α</i>-1,3-Linked Mannose Residue in the Cell Wall Mannan of <i>Candida tropicalis</i>NBRC 1400 Strain

To investigate the chemical structure of cell wall mannan obtained from pathogenic yeast, Candida tropicalis NBRC 1400 (former antigenic standard strain, IFO 1400). As a result of two-dimensional NMR analysis, it was shown that the mannan of this strain is composed of α-1,6-, α-1,3-, α-1,2- and β-1,2-linked mannose residues. In this research, the mannan was subjected to three degradation procedures, acid-treatment, α-mannosidase, and acetolysis under two conditions in order to determine the chemical structure of the antigenic oligomannosyl side chains in this molecule. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of resultant oligosaccharides, pentaose and hexaose, demonstrated the existence of the oligomannosyl side chains corresponding to Manα1-3Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-2Man and Manα1-3Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-2Man, respectively, which have previously also been found in Candida albicans serotype A strain mannans. These findings indicate that C. tropicalis and C. albicans serotype A have no significant difference in the chemical structure of these cell wall mannans. Therefore, it can be interpreted that it is extremely difficult to distinguish both species by targeting the antigenic group in these mannans.

Structural model for the first wall W-based material in ITER project

The preparation, characterization, and test of the first wall materials designed to be used in the fusion reactor have remained challenging problems in the material science. This work uses the firstprinciples method as implemented in the CASTEP package to study the influ ences of the doped titanium carbide on the structural sta bility of the WTiC material. The calculated total energy and enthalpy have been used as criteria to judge the structural models built with consideration of symmetry. Our simulation indicates that the doped TiC tends to form its own domain up to the investigated nanoscale, which implies a possible phase separation. This result reveals the intrinsic reason for the composite nature of the WTiC material and provides an explanation for the experimen tally observed phase separation at the nanoscale. Our approach also sheds a light on explaining the enhancing effects of doped components on the durability, reliability, corrosion resistance, etc., in many special steels.

空腹混凝土坝振动响应试验研究

针对平原地区土层条件较差和地形条件有限的情况,提出一种新型坝——空腹混凝土坝。采用振动台模型试验技术,研究加速度峰值、库水位及防渗墙对该新型坝动力响应的影响。结果表明:(1)在自由场坝基中设置结构可以降低坝基的超孔压响应,削减坝基液化程度。(2)非自由场工况中,加速度峰值的增大加强了坝基的振动幅度,加剧液化程度;坝体上游库水位的存在增加了坝基的有效应力从而降低液化程度;坝基中防渗墙的存在增加了孔压的消散从而降低液化程度。总体来说,加速度峰值对液化程度影响最大,库水位影响次之,防渗墙影响最小。(3)库水位的存在增加了坝体的受力程度导致坝体水平位移响应大于空库工况,防渗墙的存在降低了坝基中的水力梯度导致坝体响应低于无防渗墙工况。但在试验过程中坝体并没出现明显的水平位移变化。

基于有限元分析的走刀策略对铝合金薄壁筋铣削仿真工艺研究

铝合金薄壁筋具有弹载计算机结构件的典型特征,其结构简单但整体刚性差,在加工过程中极易产生加工变形,影响工件的加工精度。为合理选择走刀策略,使用ABAQUS软件对铝合金薄壁筋铣削过程进行有限元仿真建模,分析了不同走刀策略下铣削过程中的铣削力及工件铣削后的变形情况。同时设计对照试验组进行试切验证,通过三坐标测量仪分别测量了薄壁筋在不同走刀策略下的形变,验证了仿真分析结果的正确性。

急倾斜薄矿体采场围岩及假底应力分布规律研究

急倾斜极薄矿脉是有色、黄金矿山常见的矿体形态,多采用人工假底的留矿法或削壁充填法回采,研究采动过程中围岩和人工假底的受力分布对于设计假底参数和安全开采具有重要意义。以某金矿削壁充填采场为工程背景,模拟研究了人工假底及围岩采动过程中应力变化规律。上、下盘围岩采动后最大主应力和最小主应力减小,回采区域顶板应力集中。假底中心处垂直压力最小,越靠近上、下盘边壁垂直压力增加,随着采高增加,假底各部位的垂直压力增加,最后呈收敛趋势。人工假底主要是剪应力破坏,假底破坏主要是上、下盘高水平应力未作用在同一轴线而产生的剪应力造成的。根据散体侧压力和采动应力变化规律,提出在采场内每隔10m利用混凝土铺底,增加人工假底中混凝土强度及垂直方向的配筋,提高假底抗剪强度,从而提高深部采场回采的安全性和人工假底的稳固性。

渠式切割水泥土连续墙的应用和发展

作为超深、等厚、连续、可靠的截水挡土帷幕,渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内有广泛应用。本文概括了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在国内的引进、应用和发展历程。结合对国内200多个既有应用案例的统计分析,研究了渠式切割水泥土连续墙的施工设备保有情况、成墙深度范围、常用墙体厚度和主要应用场景;罗列了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在复杂地层施工的辅助措施以及典型案例;指出了渠式切割水泥土连续墙在敏感环境微扰动施工的控制要点;介绍了渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙的设计要求和用途,尤其是内插预制板材的截面设计和制造工艺;最后用工程实例表明渠式切割预制装配式混凝土连续墙同时继承了渠式切割微扰动和地下连续墙支护刚度好的特点,无论是切割成墙期间还是土方开挖期间,施工对周边环境的影响都较小。

薄壁零件数控加工质量的提升策略

薄壁零件在机械制造中的应用越来越广泛,但其加工难度较大。提升薄壁零件的数控加工精度,可以改善零件质量,提高生产率,降低费用,进而推动先进设备制造业的发展。文章分析影响薄壁零件数控加工质量的因素,包括加工工艺、外部荷载、温度系数及刀具等,并提出提高加工质量的措施,如合理选用刀具、选择合理的切削用量和技术方案、保证尺寸的精度以及适当延长切削时间等。

考虑应力状态的悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基管涌临界坡降试验研究

悬挂式防渗墙-强透水地基所处的应力状态,对其管涌等渗透变形发展过程影响明显。利用自行研制的新型土与结构物接触剪切渗透仪,开展不同应力状态下悬挂式防渗墙——缺乏中间级配的管涌型砂砾石地基的渗流-应力耦合管涌试验研究。结果表明,应力状态对悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基的管涌临界渗透坡降影响巨大,围压越大,管涌临界渗透坡降越大,基于试验结果,建立了由围压表示的管涌临界渗透坡降线性经验公式。研究成果体现了渗流-应力耦合效应对防渗墙-砂砾石地基渗透稳定性的影响,可为确定深厚覆盖层中悬挂式防渗墙的合理贯入深度提供重要的理论依据。

土工膜-防渗墙-弱透水层联合防渗的有效性分析

深厚覆盖层坝基往往都是强弱互层结构,坝基中存在弱透水层。弱透水层既是隔水层又是软弱夹层,是否利用其作为控渗依托层关系到工程难度、进度及成本。绝大多数工程都将全封闭式防渗体作为控渗首选方案,保守的设计理念导致采用半封闭式防渗体控渗的工程少之又少。西藏多布水电站采用土工膜-防渗墙-弱透水层三位一体半封闭式联合防渗体,在国内外少见,具有一定代表性,其防渗效果具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。本文基于详细的地质构造资料,以非饱和土体渗流、比奥固结理论和土体的非线性流变理论为基础,考虑土体水力学及土力学参数随双场耦合的动态变化关系,借助ADINA建立流固耦合模型,全方位分析多布水电站的渗流场、应力场,以及弱透水层的承载力和液化性。研究表明:土工膜-防渗墙-弱透水层三位一体半封闭式防渗体能有效降低渗透速度、渗流量和抑制渗透坡降,各渗流参量满足控渗要求;大坝及防渗墙的水平位移、沉降和应力相对悬挂式防渗体有一定增大,需提高防渗墙的强度。弱透水层是防渗体系中最重要的部分,经分析弱透水层承载力满足要求,且不会发生液化。对比分析三种防渗体系,多布水电站现采取的土工膜-防渗墙-弱透水层三位一体半封闭式联合防渗体是最佳方案,可减小防渗墙深度近193m。该研究成果对类似工程具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。