Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Mathematical Model and Simulation of Cutting Layer Geometry in Orthogonal Turn⁃Milling with Zero Eccentricity

Orthogonal turn-milling is a high-efficiency and precision machining method.Its cutting layer directly affects chip formation,cutting forces,and chatter,and further affects tool life,machining quality,etc.We studied The cutting layer geometry(CLG)in orthogonal turn-milling with zero eccentricity(OTMZE)is studied to explore orthogonal turn-milling cutting layer formation process.OTMZE principles of motion and formation processes are analyzed statically without considering kinetic influences.Mathematical models of the entrance and exit angles,cutting thickness,and cutting depth are established.In addition,these models are validated experimentally and some influences of cutting parameters on the tool cutting layer are analyzed.The results show that OTMZE cutting layer formation can be divided into two stages,chip shapes are nearly consistent with the simulated CLGs,and the most influencial parameter in affecting the cutting layer is found to be the tool feed per revolation of workpiece fa,followed by the ratio of the tool and workpiece speedsλand the cutting depth ap.These models and results can provide theoretical guidance to clarify formation processes and quantitatively analyze changes in cutting layer geometry during OTMZE.In addition,they offer theoretical guidelines for cutting forces and chatter.

Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden

The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils.

Analysis of Rockfall and Its Impact on the Cut-and-Cover Tunnel in Dynamics

This paper presents the effect of thickness of Buffer layer on the safety of cut-and-cover tunnel under the given magnitude and height of rockfall, and the limit load of the structure. To establish calculating models of rockfall in different conditions, the dynamics of the fall down to the surface of the slope is taken into account and the exterior characteristics of the rockfall is analyzed. We have derived the formula for calculating velocity of rocks before and after collision, calculated the impact load upon the structures below and the limit load, and compared the impact force and limit load to judge the safety of the structure. Finally, the validity of models is approved by the safety evaluation of cut-and-cover tunnel in the mouth of Heshang Mountain in Nandan County.

Trapped Modes in a Three-Layer Fluid

In this work,trapped mode frequencies are computed for a submerged horizontal circular cylinder with the hydrodynamic set-up involving an infinite depth three-layer incompressible fluid with layer-wise different densities.The impermeable cylinder is fully immersed in either the bottom layer or the upper layer.The effect of surface tension at the surface of separation is neglected.In this set-up,there exist three wave numbers:the lowest one on the free surface and the other two on the internal interfaces.For each wave number,there exist two modes for which trapped waves exist.The existence of these trapped modes is shown by numerical evidence.We investigate the variation of these trapped modes subject to change in the depth of the middle layer as well as the submergence depth.We show numerically that two-layer and single-layer results cannot be recovered in the double and single limiting cases of the density ratios tending to unity.The existence of trapped modes shows that in general,a radiation condition for the waves at infinity is insufficient for the uniqueness of the solution of the scattering problem.

Hardening Effect on Machined Surface for Precise Hard Cutting Process with Consideration of Tool Wear

During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.

突出煤层分层切削钻孔瓦斯释放特征及应用研究

【目的】突出煤层钻进过程中的喷孔瓦斯超限是威胁矿井高效生产的安全隐患,分层切削钻进方法有助于在孔内削弱喷孔瓦斯压力,但分层切削形成的梯形钻孔周围瓦斯释放特征不明,限制了分层切削钻具结构设计和应用效果。【方法】以不同层间距、层厚差的分层切削钻孔为研究对象,建立数学模型分析钻孔周围瓦斯流动规律,并定量描述了分层切削钻孔瓦斯流量与层间距、层厚差之间的关系,在此基础上,通过数值模拟分析了分层切削钻具瓦斯释放调控机制,优化了分层切削钻具结构,并开展了现场钻进工业性试验。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)多次切削成孔方式使钻孔的揭露面积逐渐增大,有效控制了瓦斯释放面积,进而调控了瓦斯释放流量,通过合理设计钻孔层厚差Hj与层间距Li,能够将瓦斯释放流量降低18.3%以上。(2)在一定层间距范围内,双层切削钻具调控效果将优于三层切削钻具,直径为63.5 mm刻槽阻尼钻杆在推力140 kN和扭矩4600 N·m作用下,最小安全系数为3.009,满足强度设计要求。(3)优选双层切削钻具,其揭露直径73 mm,终孔直径113 mm,层间距0.8 m,通过工业性试验,钻遇高压瓦斯富集区时,孔口瓦斯体积分数降低了37.7%,孔口瓦斯体积分数均未超过0.5%。表明分层切削钻具调控钻孔周围煤体瓦斯释放量、削弱瓦斯释放强度的作用显著,为预防钻孔喷孔瓦斯超限问题提供了新的解决思路。

45°倾斜应用的多通道干涉截止滤光片研制

光纤通信的发展对通信器件中薄膜滤光片提出了新的要求。根据45°倾斜应用的多通道干涉截止滤光片的设计指标,选择Nb2O5和SiO2为高、低折射率材料设计非规整膜系,以减少偏振效应的影响。结合APS1104型镀膜机的特点,分析了设计膜系的膜层灵敏度和薄膜生长过程中的模拟监控曲线,判断设计薄膜的可镀制性。然后采取直接光学监控方式,选择合适的镀制工艺成功镀制滤光片。测试结果表明:滤光片在45°倾斜应用条件下,1255~1365 nm、1475~1502 nm双通带最大插入损耗为0.199 dB,1547~1565 nm为反射带,通带隔离度为17.3 dB,满足系统应用需求。

短电弧车削蜂窝环重铸层影响实验研究

蜂窝密封结构是当代航空发动机的先进高效密封结构,传统加工难以满足其加工质量要求,且一般电加工效率低,因此选择短电弧车削。针对材料为GH3536的蜂窝密封环进行实验,为研究不同参数对其加工后重铸层的影响,设置单因素试验,以重铸层厚度和微观形貌作为检测指标,分析电流及电压波形图、工件表面扫描电镜图、截面金相图和表面能谱图。结果证明:重铸层厚度随电压和进给速度增加而增加,随工件和电极转速增加而减小,且表面质量有相同的趋势,多槽挡板电极可以得到更好的冲液效果,重铸层更薄且表面质量更好。因此,适当降低电压和进给速度、提高工件和电极转速,以及采用多槽挡板电极,可减少微裂纹、冲蚀凹坑、褶皱和熔滴颗粒等现象,提高工件表面质量,降低重铸层厚度。

掺杂种类对磷化铟晶片切割损伤层及翘曲度的影响

研究了掺杂对磷化铟(InP)单晶切割损伤层及翘曲度的影响。使用化学腐蚀法研究了相同切割工艺条件下不同掺杂晶片的损伤层厚度的差别,得到了切割损伤层厚度以及在相同腐蚀条件下不同掺杂晶片的本征腐蚀速率。4种InP晶片的本征腐蚀速率排序为掺S晶片>掺Fe晶片>非掺杂晶片>掺Zn晶片。研究晶片损伤层对翘曲度的影响时应结合晶体各向异性。利用Stoney公式,结合InP单晶加工应力特性,分析了损伤层厚度与晶圆翘曲度的关系。研究结果表明,由于[001]晶片表面各区域的加工性能呈现出较强的各向异性,造成表面损伤状态也呈现同样的规律,导致切割片呈现“马鞍”状。最后提出了如降低加工应力、优化腐蚀方案等降低InP切割片翘曲度的有效途径。

基于DEM-MBD的油茶林分层切抛式开沟刀组研制

针对油茶种植林地土壤粘重板结环境下因刀片剧烈冲击导致开沟效果不理想、功率消耗较大和机具振动的问题,该研究设计了一种油茶林分层切抛式开沟刀组。根据油茶开沟施肥的农艺要求,分析土壤与切土刀片间的相互作用、建立土壤颗粒在抛土刀面上的动力学微分方程,得到影响刀组切抛性能的关键因素为偏心系数、最大工作半径r1处滑切角、安装角和刀轴转速。通过EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真,以作业功耗与沟深稳定性系数为评价指标进行单因素及二次正交旋转组合试验,基于NSGA-Ⅲ算法对构建的二阶多项式响应面模型进行循环逼近优化,确定最优参数组合为:偏心系数1.3、最大工作半径r1处滑切角64.7°、安装角55.1°、刀轴转速301 r/min,与对照组单一外层切土刀和正装抛土刀的组合方式相比,最优参数组合下分层切抛式开沟刀组的扭矩波动降低率为21.53%。田间试验结果表明,最优参数刀组下仿真与田间试验的作业功耗、沟深稳定性系数相对误差分别为10.25%和4.55%,验证了耦合仿真模型的准确性;田间试验的作业功耗与沟深稳定性系数分别为25.96 kW和88.31%,比功耗和现有的果园开沟刀组相比降低了8.31%,沟深稳定性系数满足国家相关标准的技术要求,研究结果可为油茶林开沟刀组的设计和优化提供理论支撑与参考。

立铣微晶陶瓷的切削层面积及铣削力研究

针对立铣刀铣削微晶陶瓷的铣削力变化问题,研究了加工参数对切削层面积的影响,建立了铣削加工参数与最大和最小切削层面积的关系,并通过不同加工参数下的立铣微晶陶瓷的试验,分析了铣削力与铣削加工参数的关系及原因。结果表明:铣削力与切削层面积呈正比关系,切削层面积的变化可以反应铣削力的变化;铣削力和最大切削层面积均与主轴转速成反比,与进给速度、径向切深成正比;适当增大主轴转速、进给速度、径向切深在增加材料去除率的同时保持较小的铣削力及铣削力波动,且在a_(p)=h_(c)时的铣削力波动最小。

STUDY ON FORMATION MECHANISM OF ADHERING LAYER FORMED ON TOOL FACE

The appearance of adhenng layer formed on tool face, its composition and distributionare analysed when Ca-S free-cutting stainless steel is machined. Cutting temperature field and itsrelation with formation of the layer is also studied. The result shows that, the layer can be formed under proper temperature condition, the stable cutting temperature field keeps the stable layer, itsthickness and composition distribution along rake face depend on the corresponding cutting tem-perature field. The theoretical model of the layer formation is set up.

岩土成层地基钻孔刚架抗滑桩计算的有限差分法

传统悬臂或锚拉式抗滑桩采用人工挖孔施工,施工效率低、工期长且安全风险问题尤为突出,目前正被严格限制使用并逐步淘汰,因此,在边坡治理工程中使用机械钻孔成桩替代人工挖孔工艺是未来的发展趋势。钻孔刚架式抗滑桩侧向刚度大、施工效率高、结构空间受力更加合理,更加符合城市轨道交通建设“小空间解决大高差”的理念。首先,考虑抗滑桩普遍存在于岩土成层地基的实际情况,以水平弹簧模拟前、后排桩与桩间土的荷载相互作用,根据Euler-Bernoulli梁理论及刚架桩受荷特点,以桩周线性土弹簧刚度反映不同地层的水平抗力差异,建立刚架桩挠曲平衡微分方程;然后,基于有限差分法结合桩顶、桩端共8个边界条件,编制Python有限差分迭代运算程序实现了前/后桩及桩间土的协同作用,以及对刚架桩内力与变形的求解;最后,依托深圳地铁某路堑高边坡钻孔刚架桩现场监测案例,对比发现,二者桩顶最大变形相差在10%以内,验证了所提方法对岩土成层地基中钻孔刚架抗滑桩的适用性,开发的有限差分迭代程序简单便捷,可直接应用于钻孔刚架式抗滑桩工程设计。

不同夹矸参数下滚筒载荷特性仿真研究

煤岩中夹矸的存在增大了采煤机开采难度,且夹矸的分布具有一定的随机性,为了研究不同夹矸参数下滚筒的载荷特性,利用Pro/E构建螺旋滚筒三维模型,导入EDEM离散元软件中建立滚筒截割煤岩的耦合模型,开展不同夹矸参数下滚筒载荷特性研究。结果表明:在数值模拟研究范围内,滚筒截割阻力均值和峰值均值随着夹矸厚度的增大而增大;滚筒截割阻力均值和峰值均值随着夹矸层数的增加而增大。该研究为复杂煤层工况下的滚筒截割提供参考。

层削法测试金属板材残余应力的计算公式

根据材料力学中矩形截面梁的挠度变形方程,推导了一种新的层削法测试矩形截面长条试样残余应力的计算公式,用此公式计算了厚度为165 mm的7050-T7451铝合金轧制板材的残余应力,将该公式计算的残余应力与现有标准公式计算的残余应力进行了比较。结果表明:当铣削层数不超过9时,采用该公式计算的残余应力与现有标准公式计算结果的相对误差不超过6%,说明该公式准确,可以用于计算金属板材残余应力。

大庆油田致密油水平井压裂关键技术及建议

针对大庆油田致密油储层横向发育不连续、非均质性强、天然裂缝不发育、纵向发育多薄层等特点,以“提产量、降成本、提效率”为目标,采用室内实验、数值模拟及现场试验相结合的方式,攻关形成了以“平面密切割与纵向穿层立体改造提产技术、变黏度滑溜水携砂降本技术、段内暂堵与可溶桥塞及连续油管水力喷射等配套提效工艺”为主的致密油水平井体积压裂关键技术。全面剖析了致密油储层改造技术在Ⅱ类储层效益建产、老井提效、生产制度完善3个方面面临的挑战,提出了3个致密油压裂关键技术攻关建议:①持续攻关Ⅱ类储层水平井压裂提产技术;②攻关完善压裂增能技术;③完善合理返排及生产制度。围绕这些关键技术进行攻关研究,对于大庆致密油经济高效开发具有重要意义。

3D打印融合层叠技法在仿生服装设计中的运用

为研究现代仿生服装设计的表现形式,实现设计手法的多样化和创新,针对目前仿生服装实际设计运用中造型手法单一,制作效率低的问题,从仿生对象形态和工艺手段方面分析总结3种主要的造型技法,聚焦于3D打印技术和激光切割技术融合互补的优越性。在以海洋生物为仿生对象的实践中探索设计方法,证实这一流程的可行性,得出3D打印技术和层叠技法的融合在仿生服装的制作流程中具有仿生结构写实、制作效率较高、质感表现多样的优点,以期突破现有服装设计制作固定范式的限制,拓宽未来服装仿生设计的实践思路,并为此类服装的设计和制作提供参考。

分层供液电火花线切割加工研究

分别采用常规供液和分层供液对缸筒类零件进行电火花线切割加工对比试验。结果表明,分层供液可在火花放电全过程实现电极丝顺向运丝加工,解决了常规供液方式下电极丝逆向运丝导致的缸筒类零件内部供液不足的问题;提高了极间工作液流速与流量,增强了排屑能力,扩大了放电间隙,改善了极间放电条件,从而提高了火花放电效率和稳定性,对工件切割速度的提高和表面加工质量的改善有重要意义。

渤海P油田强水淹层水平井含水规律数值模拟

P油田目前已进入中高含水期,实施的多口水平井用于挖潜主力水淹储层顶部剩余油,但是水平井投产初期含水和含水上升规律差异较大,影响了水平井的挖潜效果。通过分析水平井初期含水和含水上升规律,认为部分水平井的含水受附近已投产定向油井的人工压裂缝影响较大,因此,利用数值模拟软件PetrelRE中的EasyFrac模块,开展人工压裂缝对水淹层含水规律影响的相关机理研究,为油田部署水平井挖潜剩余油提供依据。