MHz cut-off frequency and permeability mechanism of iron-based soft magnetic composites

The lack of soft magnetic composites with high power density in MHz frequency range has become an obstacle in the efficient operation of the electrical and electronic equipments.Here,a promising method to increase the cut-off frequency of iron-based soft magnetic composites to hundreds of MHz is reported.The cut-off frequency is increased from 10 MHz to 1 GHz by modulating the height of the ring,the distribution of particles,and the particle size.The mechanism of cut-off frequency and permeability is the coherent rotation of domain modulated by inhomogeneous field due to the eddy current effect.An empirical formula for the cut-off frequency in a magnetic ring composed of iron-based particles is established from experimental data.This work provides an effective approach to fabricate soft magnetic composites with a cut-off frequency in hundreds of MHz.

Shape and Size Optimization of Truss Structures under Frequency Constraints Based on Hybrid Sine Cosine Firefly Algorithm

Shape and size optimization with frequency constraints is a highly nonlinear problem withmixed design variables,non-convex search space,and multiple local optima.Therefore,a hybrid sine cosine firefly algorithm(HSCFA)is proposed to acquire more accurate solutions with less finite element analysis.The full attraction model of firefly algorithm(FA)is analyzed,and the factors that affect its computational efficiency and accuracy are revealed.A modified FA with simplified attraction model and adaptive parameter of sine cosine algorithm(SCA)is proposed to reduce the computational complexity and enhance the convergence rate.Then,the population is classified,and different populations are updated by modified FA and SCA respectively.Besides,the random search strategy based on Lévy flight is adopted to update the stagnant or infeasible solutions to enhance the population diversity.Elitist selection technique is applied to save the promising solutions and further improve the convergence rate.Moreover,the adaptive penalty function is employed to deal with the constraints.Finally,the performance of HSCFA is demonstrated through the numerical examples with nonstructural masses and frequency constraints.The results show that HSCFA is an efficient and competitive tool for shape and size optimization problems with frequency constraints.

Collector optimization for tradeoff between breakdown voltage and cut-off frequency in SiGe HBT

As is well known, there exists a tradeoff between the breakdown voltage BVcEO and the cut-off frequency fT for a standard heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT）. In this paper, this tradeoff is alleviated by collector doping engineering in the SiGe HBT by utilizing a novel composite of P＋ and N- doping layers inside the collector-base （CB） space-charge region （SCR）. Compared with the single N-type collector, the introduction of the thin P＋ layers provides a reverse electric field weakening the electric field near the CB metallurgical junction without changing the field direction, and the thin N layer further effectively lowers the electric field near the CB metallurgical junction. As a result, the electron temperature near the CB metallurgical junction is lowered, consequently suppressing the impact ionization, thus BVcEO is improved with a slight degradation in fT. The results show that the product of fTXBVcEo is improved from 309.51 GHz.V to 326.35 GHz.V.

Virtual Synchronous Generator Adaptive Control of Energy Storage Power Station Based on Physical Constraints

The virtual synchronous generator(VSG)can simulate synchronous machine’s operation mechanism in the control link of an energy storage converter,so that an electrochemical energy storage power station has the ability to actively support the power grid,from passive regulation to active support.Since energy storage is an important physical basis for realizing the inertia and damping characteristics in VSG control,energy storage constraints of the physical characteristics on the system control parameters are analyzed to provide a basis for the system parameter tuning.In a classic VSG control,its virtual inertia and damping coefficient remain unchanged.When the grid load changes greatly,the constant control strategy most likely result in the grid frequency deviation beyond the stable operation standard limitations.To solve this problem,a comprehensive control strategy considering electrified wire netting demand and energy storage unit state of charge(SOC)is proposed,and an adaptive optimization method of VSG parameters under different SOC is given.The energy storage battery can maintain a safe working state at any time and be smoothly disconnected,which can effectively improve the output frequency performance of energy storage system.Simulation results further demonstrated the effectiveness of the VSG control theoretical analysis.

Effect of Cut-Off Frequency of Butterworth Filter on Detectability and Contrast of Hot and Cold Regions in Tc-99m SPECT

In SPECT, noise is one of the major limitations that degrade image quality. To suppress the noisy signals in an image, digital filters are most commonly applied. However, in SPECT image reconstruction, selection of an appropriate filter and its functions has always remained a difficult task. In this work an attempt was made to investigate the effects of varying cut-off frequencies and in keeping the order of Butterworth filter constant on detectability and contrast of hot and cold re-gions images. A new insert simulating hot and cold regions which provides similar views in a reconstructed image was placed in the phantom’s cylindrical source tank and imaged. Tc-99m radionuclide was distributed uniformly in the phantom. SPECT data were collected in a 20% energy window centered at 140 keV by a Philips ADAC Forte dual head gamma camera mounted with a LEHR collimator. Images were generated by using the filtered backprojection technique. A Butterworth filter of order 5 with cut-off frequencies 0.35 and 0.45 cycles·cm-1 was applied. Images were examined in terms of hot and cold regions, detectability and contrast. Results show that the hot and cold regions’ detectability and contrast vary with the change of cut-off frequency. With a 0.45 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency, a significant enhancement in contrast of cold regions was achieved as compared to a 0.35 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency. Furthermore, the detectability of hot and cold regions improved with the use of a 0.45 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency. In conclusion, image quality of hot and cold regions affected in a different way with a change of cut-off frequency. Thus, care should be taken in selecting the filter cut-off frequency prior to reconstruction of images;particularly, when both types of regions are expected in the reconstructed image.

Optimization of three-loop missile autopilot gain under crossover frequency constraint

The open-loop crossover frequency is pointed as an important parameter for practical autopilot design. Since different gain designs may achieve the same open-loop crossover frequency, it should be neither considered as a performance objective of the optimal autopilot design-schemes nor neglected. Besides, the main assignment of the autopilot is to drive the missile to track the acceleration commands, so the autopilot gain design should be evaluated directly according to the resultant tracking performance. For this purpose, an optimal design methodology of the three-loop missile autopilot is introduced based on constraint optimization technique, where the tracking performance is established analytically as the design objective and the open-loop crossover frequency is formed as inequality constraint function, both are manipulated in terms of stable characteristic parameters of the autopilot closed-loop. The proposed technique is implemented with the assistance of a numerical optimization algorithm which automatically adjusts the design parameters. Finally, numerical simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach compared with that in some references.

Feasibility of applying the lower cut-off frequency for the density radial coverage extension in EAST reflectometry measurement

The extraordinary mode(X-mode)lower cut-off frequency is proposed for use in the reflectometry diagnostic on ITER for the electron density profile measurement,which is a trade-off between extreme plasma parameters and the accessible probing frequency.In contemporary experiments,the lower cutoff frequency can be identified at the probing frequency below the electron cyclotron frequency(f_(ce)) under certain plasma conditions.We provide here,for the first time,the experimental validation of the use of the lower cut-off frequency for the density profiles via the reflectometry measurement on EAST.The corresponding group delay of the lower cut-off frequency evolves continuously with the upper one,revealing a reasonable radial coverage extension of reflectometry measurement toward the plasma core.It is concluded that the lower cut-off frequency can be used as a supplement to the upper one in the density profile inversion process,which is of particular interest in the high magnetic field and/or density discharge to extend the radial coverage of reflectometry measurement.

An Experimental Method to Determine the Cut-Off Frequency of an Acoustical Free Field in a Non-Ideal Environment

The availability of ideal conditions like anechoic chamber to characterize some sound parameters, like sound intensity and sound power necessities the determination of free field and cut off frequency measurements. In this article, full experiment was executed at Wayne State University (Detroit-Michigan), to determine the cut off frequency in all directions;the obtained results showed that the free field can be determined for a specified space. So other tests can take place in this space avoiding regions where reflections and consequently noise can be found. Upon these results tests related to noise abatement in vehicles can be done in such environment.

Projections of summer light rain frequency in typical terrain over eastern China under wind speed constraint

The variation in near-surface wind speed is a key dynamic parameter in the orographic effect of precipitation over eastern China.In this study,we used the latest high-resolution outputs from six GCMs in CMIP6-HighResMIP to evaluate the performance of high-resolution models in simulating the orographic precipitation characteristics of typical mountainous areas in summer over eastern China.The orographic precipitation under warming scenarios was projected and constrained according to observational data.The results indicated that during the contemporary climate reference period(1979-2009),although the relationship between model-simulated near-surface wind speed and orographic light rain frequency was consistently stable,the sensitivity of the orographic light rain frequency to surface wind variability was generally underestimated,with a deviation approximately 24.1% lower than the observational values.The estimated orographic light rain frequency corrected based on the observed near-surface wind speed under a 1.5℃ warming scenario,was 36.1% lower than that of the contemporary period;this reduction was 8.6 times that without the wind speed constraint(4.2%).The MRI-AGCM3-2-S model,with a longer dataset,demonstrated relatively stable reductions in orographic light rain frequency under different warming scenarios(1.5℃,2℃,3℃,and 4℃)after the application of wind speed constraints.In all cases,the reductions exceeded those for the predictions made without the wind speed constraint.

Neural-Network-Based Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Frequency Stabilization of Renewable Power Systems

This paper addresses a terminal sliding mode control(T-SMC) method for load frequency control(LFC) in renewable power systems with generation rate constraints(GRC).A two-area interconnected power system with wind turbines is taken into account for simulation studies. The terminal sliding mode controllers are assigned in each area to achieve the LFC goal. The increasing complexity of the nonlinear power system aggravates the effects of system uncertainties. Radial basis function neural networks(RBF NNs) are designed to approximate the entire uncertainties. The terminal sliding mode controllers and the RBF NNs work in parallel to solve the LFC problem for the renewable power system. Some simulation results illustrate the feasibility and validity of the presented scheme.

Sampled-Data Asynchronous Fuzzy Output Feedback Control for Active Suspension Systems in Restricted Frequency Domain

This paper proposes a novel sampled-data asynchronous fuzzy output feedback control approach for active suspension systems in restricted frequency domain.In order to better investigate uncertain suspension dynamics,the sampleddata Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy half-car active suspension(HCAS)system is considered,which is further modelled as a continuous system with an input delay.Firstly,considering that the fuzzy system and the fuzzy controller cannot share the identical premises due to the existence of input delay,a reconstructed method is employed to synchronize the time scales of membership functions between the fuzzy controller and the fuzzy system.Secondly,since external disturbances often belong to a restricted frequency range,a finite frequency control criterion is presented for control synthesis to reduce conservatism.Thirdly,given a full information of state variables is hardly available in practical suspension systems,a two-stage method is proposed to calculate the static output feedback control gains.Moreover,an iterative algorithm is proposed to compute the optimum solution.Finally,numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.

Analysis and compensation of low frequency characteristics of sensors for vibration testing

In view of the influence and harm of low frequency vibration environment on the structure of spaceflight products,a low frequency dynamic study method for piezoelectric sensor based on the dynamic system of sinusoidal pressure is proposed.This method uses a sinusoidal pressure dynamic system with two-way dual channel import and export synchronization technology to study the low frequency characteristics of a piezoelectric sensor of PCB company,and its lower cut-off frequency is 0.26 Hz.It is also studied that when the frequency of the measured vibration or shock signal is 1-200 kHz,the error range of signal positive pressure action time is 4.87%-0.03%.The dynamic compensation for the low frequency of the vibration sensor is carried out,and the compensation effect is good.

Radio-frequency transistors from millimeter-scale graphene domains

Graphene is a new promising candidate for application in radio-frequency （RF） electronics due to its excellent elec- tronic properties such as ultrahigh carrier mobility, large threshold current density, and high saturation velocity. Recently, much progress has been made in the graphene-based RF field-effect transistors （RF-FETs）. Here we present for the first time the high-performance top-gated RF transistors using millimeter-scale single graphene domain on a SiO2/Si substrate through a conventional microfabrication process. A maximum cut-off frequency of 178 GHz and a peak maximum os- cillation frequency of 35 GHz are achieved in the graphene-domain-based FET with a gate length of 50 nm and 150 nm, respectively. This work shows that the millimeter-scale single graphene domain has great potential applications in RF devices and circuits.

Lagrangian Relaxation-Based Unit Commitment Considering Fast Response Reserve Constraints

Unit commitment (UC) is to determine the optimal unit status and generation level during each time interval of the scheduled period. The purpose of UC is to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying system demand, reserve requirements, and unit constraints. Among the UC constraints, an adequate provision of reserve is important to ensure the security of power system and the fast-response reserve is essential to bring system frequency back to acceptable level following the loss of an online unit within a few seconds. In this paper, the authors present and solve a UC problem including the frequency-based reserve constraints to determine the optimal FRR requirements and unit MW schedules. The UC problem is solved by using Lagrangian Relaxation-based approach and compared with the actual system schedules. It is observed that favorable reserve and unit MW schedules are obtained by the proposed method while the system security is maintained.

Production Decision Based on Discounted Price and Delivery Frequency for Garment Original Equipment Manufacturer with Constrained Capacity

Original equipment manufacturers(OEM) have never been so important and powerful as it is today in garment manufacturing industry.The OEMsupplier's production decisions always have a great impact on the market performance and the profits of a garment brand manufacturer.With constrained capacity and multiply buyers,howto make reasonable production decisions is an urgent problem for OEMsuppliers.A price discount model with a single OEMsupplier and two buyers is proposed to deal with the problem.Based on this model,the OEMsupplier could satisfy buyers' demands and guarantee their profits as well through adjusting price and delivery frequency.A numerical example validates the validity of the model.

基于井震结合–层序界面逐级约束的小层划分与对比:以杭锦旗十里加汗太原组—下石盒子组为例

为了实现鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗十里加汗太原组—下石盒子组小层精细对比,通过详细的岩心观察,岩心–测井–地震紧密结合,利用岩心标定测井曲线,总结不同级次标志层序界面特征,利用逐级标志层序约束,井震结合进行高频层序划分,结合开发实际,进行小层划分对比。结果表明,研究区太原组—下石盒子组地层厚度在230 m左右,自下而上,由海陆过渡环境的潮坪相—三角洲相沉积,逐渐演变为山西组的辫状河三角洲相沉积,至下石盒子组则主要发育辫状河沉积。依据层序界面类型,将目的层识别出Ⅱ级界面1个,Ⅲ级界面3个,Ⅳ级界面4个。将Ⅱ-Ⅳ级层序界面按照岩心–测井曲线–地震响应特征的难易识别程度,划分了4个级次,进一步通过岩心–测井详细标定,识别V级界面25个。在地震剖面约束和沉积认识指导下,开展不同级别标志界面井间对比,进而逐级约束,实现高频层序对比,结合现场开发实际,将目的层划分为13个小层,各小层厚度较为稳定,主要反映了平原三角洲—辫状河沉积特征。高频层序一定程度上控制着沉积储层的发育与分布。通过井震结合、逐级约束的方法,可提高小层划分对比的准确度和精细度,为该区进一步的气藏地质研究与评价提供基础。

储能虚拟惯量主动支撑与调频状态转移控制

释放储能装置的频率支撑潜力,将是提升风、光高占比系统并网稳定性的关键。该文首先对比分析常规发电机组的固有惯量、风电机组的虚拟惯量及储能的惯性支撑特性。其次,根据系统中的储能容量配置,约束量化储能的虚拟惯量,为系统惯量需求提供评估依据,以保障频率安全。在此基础上,利用储能独特的功率支撑特性,提出恒频控制与调频状态转移控制结合的储能并网频率主动支撑控制策略,突破虚拟惯量及一次调频的传统控制模式。最后,搭建风电高渗透电网仿真系统,验证储能装置在所提控制策略下能够显著提升系统的频率稳定性,改善其对电网的主动支撑性能。

考虑时空特性与多指标约束的电力系统惯量需求评估

针对传统惯量需求评估方法难以准确刻画高随机性新能源接入下电力系统运行方式多变导致惯量需求时空动态变化特点的问题,提出一种考虑时空特性与多指标约束的电力系统惯量需求评估方法。首先通过分析系统惯量需求影响因素,建立考虑新能源渗透率以及虚拟惯量的电力系统频率响应模型;其次,在传统频率响应指标的基础上,引入一次调频恢复频差约束,建立惯量需求评估模型;然后,在时间和空间两方面分别考虑系统参数和节点位置对惯量需求的影响,在不同场景下采用优化方法评估系统惯量需求;最后,分别针对传统电力系统和基于虚拟惯量的新能源发电系统开展算例分析,验证了所提方法的有效性和准确性。

一种基于高频噪声定量约束函数的地震高分辨率处理方法

系统分析了现有地震数据高分辨率处理方法的适用性及不足,探索了一种基于高频噪声定量约束函数的高分辨率处理方法,有效且保真地提高地震资料信噪比与分辨率。通过分析叠后地震数据有效信号带宽,设计了压制高频噪声的最大概率准则和定量约束函数,通过多次迭代压制噪声,提高全频带信号的信噪比,逐步分级拓宽地震有效频带宽度,循环迭代求取反射系数,将提取的地震子波与反射系数褶积得到高分辨率地震数据体。测试校验对比其它高分辨率地震处理结果,处理后的数据体具有垂向分辨率高、主频高且频带宽的特点,有效视主频由50 Hz提高至100 Hz左右,地质目标视分辨率相应提高近1倍。基于该提频数据与波阻抗反演实现了2~5 m地质目标的定性与定量预测,钻井验证符合率90%以上,有效指导井位部署。该方法弥补了在传统“有效带宽”内提高地震高频信号的不足,实现了全频带内重构高、低频有效信号的目的。

基于双人零和博弈的孤岛微电网有界L2增益负荷频率控制

针对含不确定建模误差和新能源接入的孤岛微电网,提出了一种结合有界L2增益基线控制和扰动补偿的综合负荷频率控制(LFC)方法。首先,推导了微电网的全驱模型,将建模误差和新能源的影响总结成一个综合扰动。为提高系统的鲁棒性,该综合扰动被定义成控制信号的对手玩家。进一步,关于扰动抑制的有界L2增益问题被等价成求解综合扰动和控制信号的零和博弈Nash均衡,由此推导出有界L2增益基线控制器。为改善频率的二次控制,设计了基于五阶广义积分观测器的扰动补偿控制,并在此基础上引入了一种针对发电速率约束(GRC)的新型抗发电速率约束(anti-GRC)措施。最后,搭建了16 MW的新能源-柴油混合微电网仿真模型,并在多种工况下对所提出的综合LFC方法进行测试,验证了其有效性。