基于Cutout-ResNet50的野外环境水稻病害识别系统

针对水稻病害图像在野外环境下存在的光照不均、明暗变化明显、因遮挡导致目标特征缺失和噪声重叠,以及野外环境的水稻数据集少且质量差等问题,提出一种基于改进ResNet50算法的野外环境水稻病害识别方法,并设计识别系统.在传统ResNet50算法的基础上采用迁移学习技术对学习知识跨领域迁移,缓解数据集样本不足和不均衡造成的过拟合现象;利用Cutout增强方法对特征信息随即筛选,模拟复杂的野外环境,加强算法的泛化能力;对学习率采用余弦退火优化策略,提高算法的稳定性.结果表明:改进的ResNet50算法在小型水稻病害数据集上的识别准确率达97.24%,明显高于传统ResNet50算法,且该改进方法亦能提升VGG16、GoogLeNet和MobileNetV3-large等其他卷积神经网络算法的模型识别性能.将该模型部署于系统,可为水稻病害识别在实际应用工程中的发展提供技术参考.

Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plate with Cutouts under Elastic Boundary Conditions in Independent Coordinate Coupling Method

Based on Kirchhoff plate theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz method,the model for free vibration of rectangular plate with rectangular cutouts under arbitrary elastic boundary conditions is established by using the improved Fourier series in combination with the independent coordinate coupling method(ICCM).The effect of the cutout is taken into account by subtracting the energies of the cutouts from the total energies of the whole plate.The vibration displacement function of the hole domain is based on the coordinate system of the hole domain in this method.From the continuity condition of the vibration displacement function at the cutout,the transition matrix between the two coordinate systems is constructed,and the mass and stiffness matrices are completely obtained.As a result,the calculation is simplified and the computational efficiency of the solution is improved.In this paper,numerical examples and modal experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the modeling methods,and parameters related to influencing factors of the rectangular plate are analyzed to study the vibration characteristics.

DYNAMIC STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN AMBARTSUMIAN'S PLATE WITH A CUTOUT

Based on the motion equations of flexural wave in Ambartsumian' s plates including the effects of transverse shear deformations,by using perturbation method of small parameter,the scatter- ing of flexural waves and dynamic stress concentrations in the plate with a cutout have been studied. The asypmtotic solution of the dynamic stress problem is obtained.Numerical results for the dynamic stress concentration factor in Ambartsumian's plates with a circular cutout are graphically presented and discussed.

The Effect of Cutout on Natural Frequencies of Thin Plate

The laws that natural frequencies of rectangular plate with a cutout will change with size and position of cutout are obtained by analytic, numerical and experimental methods.

Free Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates with Multiple Circular and Non-circular Cutouts

Cutouts are inevitable in structures due to practical consideration.In order to investigate the free vibration of functionally graded plates with multiple circular and non-circular cutouts,finite element method is used.The volume fraction of the material constituents is assumed to follow a simple power law distribution.The parameters considered in this paper are as follows：cutout size,cutout location,number of cutouts and different boundary conditions.It should be mentioned that free vibration for FG plates（such as rectangular？skew？trapezoidal？circular plates） with multiple cutouts has not been studied yet and hence the results out coming from this paper may be used as bench marks for future works.

ON THE STRESS CONCENTRATION IN THICK CYLINDRICAL SHELLS WITH AN ARBITRARY CUTOUT

In this paper, based on the theory of thick shells including effects of transverse shear deformations, a complex variables analytic method to solve stress concentrations in circular cylindrical shells with a small cutout is established A general solution and expression satisfying the boundary conditions on the edge of arbitrary cutouts are obtained. The stress problem can be reduced to the solution of an infinite algebraic equation series, and can be normalized by means of this method. Numerical results for stress concentration factors of the shell with a small circular and elliptic cutout are presented.

THE GENERAL SOLUTION FOR THE STRESS PROBLEM OF CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS WITH AN ARBITRARY CUTOUT

In this paper a complex variable analytic method for solving stress concentrations in the circular cylindrical shell is proposed. The problem to be solved can be summarized into the solution of an infinite algebraic equation series. The solution can be normal and effective by means of this method. Numerical results for stress concentrations in the shell with a circular, elliptic cutout are graphically presented.

Influence of local stiffeners and cutout shapes on the vibration and stability characteristics of quasi-isotropic laminates under hygro-thermo-mechanical loadings

The perforated stiffened panel is generally found as a sub-component of sophisticated structures.The fundamental purpose of this panel is to withstand against buckling under complicated loading and environmental conditions.Hence,an accurate knowledge of critical buckling behaviour of stiffened panels is very much essential for a reliable and lightweight structural design.In this paper,the focus is on quasi-laminated panels with different cutout shapes of various sizes and their responses to hygrothermal environments under nonlinearly varying edge loads and is compared with the locally stiffened panels.Towards this,the modelling of the panel and stiffener is done by adopting nine-noded heterosis plate elements and three noded beam elements respectively.The stiffener formulation is suitably modified in order to take the torsional effect also into consideration along with the effect of shear deformation.Initially,the plate and the stiffener elements are treated separately,and then the displacement compatibility is maintained between them by using the transformation matrix.For a given loading and geometric discontinuity,the stress distribution within the perforated panel is highly non-uniform in nature and hence a dynamic approach has been used to calculate buckling loads by adopting two sets of boundary conditions,one set for pre-buckling stress analysis and the second set for buckling analysis.Four different quasi-isotropic stacking sequences are deliberated in this work by varying different ply-orientation in each scheme.The study also addresses the effect of various parameters such as nonlinear loads,hygro-thermal loads,cutout size and shapes,position of cutout,stiffener parameters,stacking sequences,thickness of plate and boundary conditions.

Thermal stress distribution around a thermally-insulated polygonal cutout in graphite/epoxy composite laminates under heat flux

In this study,the effect of influencing parameters on the stress distribution around a polygonal cutout within a laminated composite under uniform heat flux was analytically examined.The analytical method was developed based on the classical laminated plate theory and two-dimensional thermo-elastic method.A mapping function was employed to extend the solution of a perforated symmetric laminate with a circular cutout to the solution of polygonal cutouts.The effect of significant parameters such as the cutout angular position,bluntness and aspect ratio,the heat flux angle and the laminate stacking sequence in symmetric composite laminate containing triangular,square and pentagonal cutouts was studied.The Neumann boundary condition was used at the edges of the thermally insulated polygonal cutout.The laminate was made of graphite/epoxy(AS/3501) material with two different stacking sequences of [30/45]sand[30/0/-30]_(s).The analytical solutions were well validated against finite element results.

Effects of Boundary Conditions on Postbuckling Strengths of Composite Laminate with Various Shaped Cutouts under In-Plane Shear

Cutouts are often provided in composite structural components for practical reasons. For instance, aircraft components such as wingspar, fuselage and ribs are provided with cutouts for access, inspection, fuel lines and electric lines or to reduce the overall weight. This paper addresses the effect of boundary condition on buckling and postbuckling responses, failure loads, and failure characteristics of composite laminate with various shaped cutouts (i.e., circular, square, diamond, elliptical-vertical and elliptical-horizontal) and having different lay-ups under in-plane shear (positive and negative) load, using finite-element method. The FEM formulation is based on the first order shear deformation theory in conjunction with geometric nonlinearity using von Karman’s assumptions. The 3-D Tsai-Hill criterion is used to predict the failure of a lamina while the onset of delamination is predicted by the interlaminar failure criterion. It is observed that the effect of boundary condition on buckling, first-ply failure and ultimate failure loads of a quasi-isotropic laminate with cutout is more for positive shear load than that for the negative shear load for almost all cutout shapes. It is also noted that under in-plane shear loads postbuckling stiffness of (0/90)4s laminate with circular cutout is maximum, while it is minimum for (45/—45)4s laminate with circular cutout, irrespective of boundary conditions.

Mechanical Buckling Analysis of Composite Panels with/without Cutouts

A simplified analytical solution suitable for simple stacking sequences was developed using the Euler buck- ling theory, the structure＇s equations of equilibrium and laminate panel mathematical formulation. Comparing these results with numerical results reveals the accuracy of the method and even more, allows us to validate the nu- merical analysis. Therefore, two important results are obtained： a simplified analytical solution for the buckling problem and validation of the numerical results. Another important and novel finding is related to the influence of the angle ply orientation and of the cutouts, on the buckling load. Under symmetrical boundary conditions and loading case, rectangular panels with elliptical cutouts, give better results for 90~ oriented plies than for 0 oriented ones. With a compression load applied in the X direction, and with material properties 10 times better in X direction than in Y direction, the best results are obtained when the load is aligned with the Y direction associated to the ma- terial reference frame. Moreover, panels with cutouts seem to behave better than panels without cutouts under cer- tainply orientation angles.

基于断裂力学的横隔板弧形切口CFRP加固参数研究

横隔板弧形切口疲劳开裂为正交异性钢桥面板的主要疲劳病害之一。为研究该部位的疲劳性能,分析碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)参数对加固效果的影响,首先,建立钢梁节段模型,在弧形切口应力幅最大处引入初始裂纹,基于断裂力学理论得到疲劳荷载作用下横隔板弧形切口处的开裂模式及疲劳寿命;然后,建立CFRP板加固模型,改变各加固参数,对比不同初始裂纹条件下裂纹扩展过程中的应力强度因子变化规律,探究CFRP板长度、宽度、厚度、弹性模量以及胶层剪切模量等参数对加固效果的影响;最后,给出推荐加固参数组合。研究结果表明:横隔板弧形切口处疲劳裂纹为I型裂纹,疲劳寿命约为576.42万次;CFRP板加固能有效降低裂纹尖端应力强度因子幅值,但是CFRP板长度与宽度存在加固的临界尺寸,当尺寸大于这一临界值时,其对加固效果影响极小;CFRP板厚度、胶层剪切模量对加固效果的影响随参数增大而逐渐减弱;采用长×宽×厚为45.0 mm×30.0 mm×2.0 mm、弹性模量为460 GPa的CFRP板进行加固后,裂纹将不再扩展,疲劳寿命显著提高。

Fe-SMA主动加固钢桥面横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹实桥应用研究

为确定铁基形状记忆合金(Fe-SMA)主动加固正交异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹的可行性,以某在役钢箱梁斜拉桥为背景进行实桥加固研究。根据现场横隔板弧形切口的开裂特征,在对裂纹钻孔止裂的基础上,提出利用Fe-SMA材料对横隔板弧形切口裂纹进行粘贴加固的方案,并进行加固施工。通过现场测试得到Fe-SMA板条热激活过程的应变和温度变化,分析Fe-SMA板条和钢板之间的相互作用及加固机理。结果表明:粘贴Fe-SMA板利用Fe-SMA热驱动形状记忆效应可有效便捷地为结构施加预压应力,实现对受损部位的主动加固;经过Fe-SMA联合止裂孔修复后,热驱动作用下的Fe-SMA可以产生200~240 MPa的预拉应力,并在钢板止裂孔边缘施加43~90 MPa的压应力,可有效阻止裂纹进一步扩展;加固体系在加热激活过程完好可靠,当控制一侧加热区域中部温度为200℃时,热传导作用下非加热区域中部的温度为60℃以下,而背面总体温度基本在90℃以下。

Special hybrid stress element for stress analyses around circular cutouts in laminated composites

A 3-dimensional hybrid stress element with a traction-free cylindrical surface based on amodified complementary energy principle has been derived for efficient and accurate analysis of stressconcentration around circular cutouts in thin to thick laminated composites. New expressions of sixstress components are developed by using three stress-functions in cylindrical co-ordinates, so that thehomogeneous equilibrium equations, the interlayer surface transverse-stresses and the traction-freeboundary condition on the cylindrical surface are satisfied exactly, while the interelement traction conti-nuity has been relaxed via the Lagrange multiplier method. Transverse-shear deformation effects areincorporated in each layer with displacement continuity enforced along interlayer surface. Selected ex-amples are used to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present special element.

Efficient Video Cutout by Paint Selection

Video cutout refers to extracting moving objects from videos, which is an important step in many video editing tasks. Recent Mgorithms have limitations in terms of efficiency interaction style and robustness. This paper presents a novel method for progressive video cutout with less user interaction and fast feedback. By exploring local and compact features, an optimization is constructed based on a graph model which establishes spatial and temporal relationship of neighboring patches in video frames. This optimization enables an efficient solution for progressive video cutout using graph cuts. Furthermore, a sampling-based method for temporally coherent matting is proposed to further refine video cutout results. Experiments demonstrate that our video cutout by paint selection is more intuitive and efficient for users than previous stroke-based methods, and thus could be put into practical use.

正交异性钢桥面板横梁切口裂纹的Lamb波监测分析

为探究钢桥面板横梁切口裂纹的Lamb波技术监测效果,设计了2个钢桥面板足尺模型,通过循环加载使其横梁切口处发生疲劳开裂,利用Lamb波监测裂纹扩展情况,进而从波信号中提取标准化特征,用于评估裂纹扩展.建立并验证了钢桥面板有限元模型,进行了裂纹长度、传感器位置等各种参数分析,以确定最佳传感器布置.试验结果表明:当裂纹扩展长度与波传播路径垂直时,标准化特征增大;当两者路径平行时,标准化特征减小.参数化分析结果确定了切口处裂纹监测的最佳传感器位置,建议在选定横梁切口区域,预先布置1个激励器和4个接收器,激励器位于距切口50 mm处,接收器位于距离切口50 mm处或距顶板50~100 mm处.

正交异性钢桥面板横隔板疲劳损伤处治研究

钢箱梁上翼缘的正交异性钢桥面板,在车辆轮载的反复作用下,极易发生损伤和裂纹,且90%以上为疲劳损伤,而横隔板是正交异性钢桥面板主要损伤构件,占比28.8%.为研究钢箱梁正交异性钢桥面板横隔板病害的处治方法,通过病害统计、病害形成过程跟踪、病害成因分析、病害实桥处治,详述钢箱梁正交异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口处母材裂纹、横隔板上过焊孔处母材裂纹、横隔板与U肋焊缝裂纹、横隔板与面板焊缝裂纹四大类横隔板病害的处治方法.通过对例桥1维修三年后病害再生情况统计,所修480处横隔板相关病害中发生再生病害30处,再生病害发生率6.25%;通过对例桥2横隔板CFRP板补强完工三年后的检测,例桥3横隔板与U肋焊缝加强角钢补强完工后的检测,未发现补强部位再生病害.结果表明:所述各类病害维修方法可靠,对同类型病害维修具有参考价值.

Experimental and numerical investigation of buckling in rectangular steel plates with groove-shaped cutouts

Steel plates are widely used in various structures, such as the deck and bodies of ships and bridges, and in the aerospace industry. In many instances, these plates are subjected to axial compression loads that predispose the sheets to instability and buckling. In this study, we investigate the buckling and post-buckling behaviors of steel plates having groove-shaped cutouts of various dimensions and angles using finite element method (FEM) (by ABAQUS software) and experimental tests (by an Instron servohydraulic machine). Boundary conditions were clamped by supports at upper and lower ends and free supports at the other edges. The results of both numerical and experimental analyses are compared, which show a very good agreement between them. Finally, based on the experimental findings, formulas are presented for the determination of the buckling load of such plates.

基于扩展有限元法的钢桥面横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究

为了解正变异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口疲劳开裂的规律,以某跨径350 m的独塔单跨钢箱梁自锚式悬索桥为背景,基于扩展有限元法建立纵肋-横隔板弧形切口多尺度裂纹扩展数值模型,求解弧形切口在轮载作用下的应力强度因子,分析轮载-热残余应力耦合作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展形态和特性。结果表明:当顺桥向车轮作用于弧形切口正上方时,应力强度因子急剧增大,基于该响应曲线可以识别疲劳荷载模型的轴组,但无法识别轴组内的单轴。弧形切口切向热残余拉应力峰值达到341.1 MPa,使得轮载作用下的压应力幅转换为拉应力幅,裂纹扩展方向与实桥疲劳裂纹的扩展形态基本吻合。由于弧形切口处于复杂的三维变形状态,以面内变形为主,因而弧形切口为Ⅰ型断裂主导的Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ型复合裂纹扩展模式,裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子幅均随着裂纹扩展呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。

钢桥面横隔板弧形切口维修加固与寿命评估

正交异性钢桥面板弧形切口在使用中经常发生开裂,不合理的弧形切口设计导致的应力集中是产生疲劳开裂的主要原因。热切割改进弧形切口能有效地降低横隔板所受车载应力,但过程中会产生高水平的残余应力影响疲劳寿命。为此,提出了热维护+冷维护的疲劳维护方案,以热切割优化改进切口,并在纵肋与横隔板连接处粘贴钢板加固。采用ABAQUS软件建立钢箱梁节段模型计算维护前后车载应力,开展热切割残余应力测试试验,并通过数值模拟分析热切割弧形切口切向残余应力分布规律,基于钢材的本构模型对车载应力与热切割残余应力进行耦合,结合实测交通数据、采用线疲劳累计损伤理论计算了考虑热切割残余应力影响的弧形切口疲劳寿命,并对比分析了不同维护方案的效果。结果表明:采用热切割改进弧形切口后可明显改善应力集中问题,车辆荷载作用下的压应力峰值降低50%;但改进弧形切口会产生高水平的残余应力,显著影响其疲劳性能,疲劳寿命仅为67.75年,低于桥梁设计使用寿命;在改进切口上粘贴钢板进行冷维护,可进一步减小弧形切口的车载应力峰值,双面粘贴10mm钢板应力峰值降低79%,并显著增加其疲劳寿命;当采用相同厚度的补强钢板时,单面粘贴的疲劳维护效果优于双面粘贴。本文提出的热维护+冷维护方案可以降低热切割残余应力的影响,获得更优的疲劳维护效果,为钢桥面板弧形切口疲劳维护提供了新的技术选择。