Experimental Study on Material Surface Modification of Tool Steel

This paper presents the surface temperature behavior of M42 high-speed tool steel samples during N+ implantation in an industrialized GLZ-100 metal-ion implantation machine. A detail study has been made on the parameters of N+ implantation. Optimized technical parameters have been presented. The microhardness of the sample surface implanted under these parameters has been increased by a factor of 2.3, and the wear-resistance has been improved by about 5.4 times. The research on the mechanism of surface modification of M42 steel by nitrogen ion implantation has also been made.

INFLUENCE OF COLD NITROGEN GAS AND OIL MIST IN MACHINING NICKEL-BASE K424 ALLOY WITH CERAMIC CUTTING TOOLS

The role of cold nitrogen gas and oil mist on tool wear and surface roughness is investigated in turning the K424 nickel-base super alloy with Sialon and SiC whisker-reinforced alumina ceramic tools. A new cooling system is developed and used to lower the temperature of the compressed nitrogen gas. Experiments are performed in three different cooling/lubrication modes, i.e. the dry cutting, the cold nitrogen gas （CNG）, and the cold nitrogen gas and oil mist （CNGOM）. Experimental results show that the depth-of-cut notching severely limits the tool life in all the cooling/lubrication modes. Compared with the dry cutting, the use of CNG and CNGOMcan yield higher wear rate of depth-of-cut notching and worse surface finish.

Approach for Polishing Diamond Coated Complicated Cutting Tool: Abrasive Flow Machining(AFM)

Lower surface roughness and sharper cutting edge are beneficial for improving the machining quality of the cut?ting tool, while coatings often deteriorate them. Focusing on the diamond coated WC?Co milling cutter, the abrasive flow machining(AFM) is selected for reducing the surface roughness and sharpening the cutting edge. Comparative cutting tests are conducted on di erent types of coated cutters before and after AFM, as well as uncoated WC?Co one, demonstrating that the boron?doped microcrystalline and undoped fine?grained composite diamond coated cutter after the AFM(AFM?BDM?UFGCD) is a good choice for the finish milling of the 6063 Al alloy in the present case, because it shows favorable machining quality close to the uncoated one, but much prolonged tool lifetime. Besides, compared with the micro?sized diamond films, it is much more convenient and e cient to finish the BDM?UFGCD coated cutter covered by nano?sized diamond grains, and resharpen its cutting edge by the AFM, owing to the lower initial surface roughness and hardness. Moreover, the boron incorporation and micro?sized grains in the underly?ing layer can enhance the film?substrate adhesion, avoid the rapid film removal in the machining process, and thus maximize the tool life(1040 m, four times more than the uncoated one). In general, the AFM is firstly proposed and discussed for post?processing the diamond coated complicated cutting tools, which is proved to be feasible for improving the cutting performance

Advances in micro cutting tool design and fabrication

Microcutting is a precision technology that offers flexible fabrication of microfeatures or complex three-dimensional components with high machining accuracy and superior surface quality.This technology may offer great potential as well as advantageous process capabilities for the machining of hard-to-cut materials,such as tungsten carbide.The geometrical design and dimension of the tool cutting edge is a key factor that determines the size and form accuracy possible in the machined workpiece.Currently,the majority of commercial microtools are scaled-down versions of conventional macrotool designs.This approach does not impart optimal performance due to size effects and associated phenomena.Consequently,in-depth analysis and implementation of microcutting mechanics and fundamentals are required to enable successful industrial adaptation in microtool design and fabrication methods.This paper serves as a review of recent microtool designs,materials,and fabrication methods.Analysis of tool performance is discussed,and new approaches and techniques are examined.Of particular focus is tool wear suppression in the machining of hard materials and associated process parameters,including internal cooling and surface patterning techniques.The review concludes with suggestions for an integrated design and fabrication process chain which can aid industrial microtool manufacture.

Machinability of Hastelloy C-276 Using Hot-pressed Sintered Ti(C_7N_3)-based Cermet Cutting Tools

C-276 nickel-based alloy is a difficult-to-cut material. In high-speed machining of Hastelloy C-276, notching is a prominent failure mode due to high mechanical properties of work piece, which results in the short tool life and low productivity. In this paper, a newly developed Ti（C7N3）-based cermet insert manufactured by a hot-pressing method is used to machine the C-276 nickel-based alloy, and its cutting performances are studied. Based on orthogonal experiment method, the influence of cutting parameters on tool life, material removal rates and surface roughness are investigated. Experimental research results indicate that the optimal cutting condition is a cutting speed of 50 m/min, depth of cut of 0.4 mm and feed rate of 0.15 mm/r if the tool life and material removal rates are considered comprehensively. In this case, the tool life is 32 min and material removal rates are 3000 mm^3/min, which is appropriate to the rough machining. If the tool life and surface roughness are considered, the better cutting condition is a cutting speed of 75 m/min, depth of cut of 0.6 mm and feed rate of 0.1 mm/r. In this case, the surface roughness is 0.59μm. Notch wear, flank wear, chipping at the tool nose, built-up edge（BUE） and micro-cracks are found when Ti（C7N3）-based cermet insert turned Hastelloy C-276. Oxidation, adhesive, abrasive and diffusion are the wear mechanisms, which can be investigated by the observations of scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. This research will help to guide studies on the evaluation of machining parameters to further advance the productivity of nickel based alloy Hastelloy C-276 machining.

Tool Wear and Its Effect on Surface Roughness in Diamond Cutting of Glass Soda-lime

For the technology of diamond cutting of optical glass, the high tool wear rate is a main reason for hindering the practical application of this technology. Many researches on diamond tool wear in glass cutting rest on wear phenomenon describing simply without analyzing the genesis of wear phenomenon and interpreting the formation process of tool wear in mechanics. For in depth understanding of the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, experiments of diamond turning with cutting distance increasing gradually are carried out on soda-lime glass. The wear morphology of rake face and flank face, the corresponding surface features of workpiece and the surface roughness, and the material compositions of flank wear area are detected. Experimental results indicate that the flank wear is predominant in diamond cutting glass and the flank wear land is characterized by micro-grooves, some smooth crater on the rake face is also seen. The surface roughness begins to increase rapidly, when the cutting mode changes from ductile to brittle for the aggravation of tool wear with the cutting distance over 150 m. The main mechanisms of inducing tool wear in diamond cutting of glass are diffusion, mechanical friction, thermo-chemical action and abrasive wear. The proposed research makes analysis and research from wear mechanism on the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, and provides theoretical basis for minimizing the tool wear in diamond cutting brittle materials, such as optical glass.

Hardening Effect on Machined Surface for Precise Hard Cutting Process with Consideration of Tool Wear

During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.

Performance evaluation of minimum quantity lubrication by vege-table oil in terms of cutting force,cutting zone temperature,tool wear,job dimension and surface finish in turning AISI-1060 steel

In all machining processes, tool wear is a natural phenomenon and it leads to tool failure. The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Metal cutting fluid changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling and chip flushing functions, but the use of cutting fluid has become more problematic in terms of both employee health and environmental pollution. The minimization of cutting fluid also leads to economical benefits by way of saving lubricant costs and workpiece/tool/machine cleaning cycle time. The concept of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been suggested since a decade ago as a means of addressing the issues of environmental intru- siveness and occupational hazards associated with the airborne cutting fluid particles on factory shop floors. This paper deals with experimental investigation on the role of MQL by vegetable oil on cutting temperature, tool wear, surface roughness and dimen- sional deviation in turning AISI-1060 steel at industrial speed-feed combinations by uncoated carbide insert. The encouraging results include significant reduction in tool wear rate, dimensional inaccuracy and surface roughness by MQL mainly through reduction in the cutting zone temperature and favorable change in the chip-tool and work-tool interaction.

Experimentation on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in AISI D2 Steel Turning with WC Insert

The Taguchi method, based on an orthogonal arrangement (L9, 33), the vari-ance analysis, the signal-to-noise ratios and the response surface methodol-ogy have been used to optimize maximum flank wear (VBmax) and surface roughness (Ra) of the cutting tool when turning a hardened steel AISI D2 (65 HRC) with PVD—TiAlN coated WC insert upon dry environment. By em-ploying regression models;cutting speed, cutting depth and feed rate, which optimize maximum flank wear and surface roughness were validated. Results of relation signal-to-noise ratios, showed that with cutting speed of 200 m/min, cutting depth of 0.2 mm and feed rate of 0.20 mm/rev, Ra is opti-mized. With cutting speed of 150 m/min, cutting depth of 0.4 mm and feed rate of 0.3 mm/rev, VBmax is optimized. Through the variance analysis it was concluded that the depth of cut was the main parameter that affected on the surface roughness;whereas, the feed rate was the most influential parameter on the flank wear. Confirmation test results showed that the Taguchi method was very successful in the optimization of machining parameters for mini-mum surface roughness and flank wear in the turning of the D2 steel.

MICROSTRUCTURE OF LASER MELTED-RESOLIDIFIED LAYER ON HIGH SPEED TOOL STEEL

The laser melted-resolidified processing on W18Cr4V high speed tool steel has been made us- ing a 1 kW CO_2 continuous wave laser device.The microstructure of the laser melted- resolidified layer has been examined by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).It was characteristic of extremely fine dendrite in the laser melted- resolidified layer and δ-ferrite in bulk form in the center of dendrite.The predominant twin martensite and a little dislocation martensite existed in the dendrite.The thin plate-like M_(213)C_6 carbide precipitated coherently on the twin martensites along their twin plane.There were both austenite rich in W,V and Cr and M_6C carbide in the interdendritic regions.

Investigation of a dynamics-oriented engineering approach to ultraprecision machining of freeform surfaces and its implementation perspectives

In current precision and ultraprecision machining practice,the positioning and control of actuation systems,such as slideways and spindles,are heavily dependent on the use of linear or rotary encoders.However,positioning control is passive because of the lack of direct monitoring and control of the tool and workpiece positions in the dynamic machining process and also because it is assumed that the machining system is rigid and the cutting dynamics are stable.In ultraprecision machining of freeform surfaces using slow tool servo mode in particular,however,account must be taken of the machining dynamics and dynamic synchronization of the cutting tool and workpiece positioning.The important question also arises as to how ultraprecision machining systems can be designed and developed to work better in this application scenario.In this paper,an innovative dynamics-oriented engineering approach is presented for ultraprecision machining of freeform surfaces using slow tool servo mode.The approach is focused on seamless integration of multibody dynamics,cutting forces,and machining dynamics,while targeting the positioning and control of the tool–workpiece loop in the machining system.The positioning and motion control between the cutting tool and workpiece surface are further studied in the presence of interfacial interactions at the tool tip and workpiece surface.The interfacial cutting physics and dynamics are likely to be at the core of in-process monitoring applicable to ultraprecision machining systems.The approach is illustrated using a virtual machining system developed and supported with simulations and experimental trials.Furthermore,the paper provides further explorations and discussion on implementation perspectives of the approach,in combination with case studies,as well as discussing its fundamental and industrial implications.

Influence of tool deflection on micro channel pattern of 6:4 brass with rectangular tool

Machining experiment of micro channel structure with 6:4 brass was carried out by shaping process using a single crystal diamond tool. FEM simulation using solid cantilever beam model was analyzed. In result of experiment, tool deflection is observed as machining characteristics through result of experiments such as surface roughness, cutting force and burr formations. And the influence of tool deflection is experimentally proved.

Influence of transversal vibration on cutting performance and surface integrity during ultrasonic peening drilling of Al-Li alloys

Advanced hole-making process is of great importance to enhance the fatigue performance of Al-Li alloy part in aviation industry.Ultrasonic peening drilling(UPD),in which an ultrasonic transversal vibration is applied to the cutting tools,is a recently proposed hole-making method that integrates precision-machining and surface strengthening by single-shot operation.In the study,kinematics,material removal mechanism and strengthening mechanism for UPD of Al-Li alloy by helical fluted reamers are analyzed.The effect of transversal vibration on the cutting performance and surface integrity is studied through comparative experiments between UPD and conventional drilling(CD)of Al-Li alloy holes.The experimental results show that UPD exhibits superior cutting performance with a maximum reduction of 52.6%in thrust force and 52.3%in torque,respectively,compared to CD.Moreover,narrower dimensional tolerance is obtained in UPD due to the reduced transversal force and improved machining stability.Additionally,deeper plastic deformation,higher surface microhardness and residual compressive stress of machined holes are obtained by UPD.The electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis confirms that deeper machined affect area and grain refinement are realized in UPD.Therefore,the results indicate that UPD is a feasible method for achieving high-precision and strengthened holes for Al-Li alloy.

PCD刀具精密车削TC4钛合金的实验研究

采用PCD刀具对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行湿式外圆车削实验,并计算不同进给量下的理论粗糙度,基于单因素实验方法研究了切削用量对切削力和工件已加工表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果表明:在实验参数范围内,主切削力随切削深度的增大而显著增加,进给量次之;轴向力和径向力随切削深度的增大而增大,但增加幅度不大;主切削力随进给量的增大而有较大增加,但进给量对径向力和轴向力的影响较小;整体上各切削分力随切削速度的增大而有所增加,但增幅较小。进给量对工件表面粗糙度影响最大,而且进给量越大,实际切削工件粗糙度与理论计算值越接近。

干式高速高效车削D6AC高强钢的试验研究

研究了TiCN+Al_(2)O_(3)涂层硬质合金刀具在高速高效车削未淬火处理的D6AC高强钢时,刀具磨损的特点及加工过程中切削力、切削温度和工件表面粗糙度的变化规律。结果表明:刀具磨损形态主要为后刀面磨损,在切削后期刀具前刀面发生局部破损,后刀面发生剧烈磨损;刀具正常磨损阶段,各切削分力增长缓慢,主切削力>轴向力>径向力,当刀具破损发生剧烈磨损时,轴向力和径向力均波动较大,其平均值下降;刀具切出位置最高温度远高于工件已加工表面最高温度,在刀具正常磨损阶段,温度增长较平缓;加工表面粗糙度变化,刀具破损后工件表面沟痕明显加深。

高速切削GH2132涂层刀具表面及次表面性能演变研究

高速切削过程中,涂层刀具表面性能及次表面残余应力的变化会直接影响刀具的切削性能。采用PVD-TiAlN硬质合金涂层刀具进行高速车削GH2132高温合金试验,研究刀具表面性能在切削过程中的变化规律,并用拉曼光谱法测量了刀具不同磨损阶段的涂层次表面残余应力分布。结果表明,刀具在完整寿命期间内,表面残余压应力和表面显微硬度均呈先增大后减小的趋势。刀具从未磨损到稳定磨损阶段中期,涂层截面残余应力均为残余压应力占主体且沿深度方向逐渐增大,但切削至稳定磨损阶段后期时,涂层在靠近基体位置出现残余压应力减小的现象。在稳定磨损阶段前期,刀具有最佳的表面性能及最大的次表面压应力,此时刀具切削性能最佳,刀具磨损缓慢。

基于刃磨工艺的超硬刀具复合倒棱仿真与实验分析

为了改善圆弧刃倒棱聚晶金刚石(poly crystalline diamond,PCD)车刀加工有色金属的光亮程度,特在圆弧刃倒棱车刀基础上进行二次倒棱处理,使其形成复合倒棱结构。在CATIA软件中根据COBORN RG9磨床实际刃磨PCD倒棱刀具的工艺,建立圆柱形后刀面复合倒棱车刀三维模型,使用Deform V11.0软件进行PCD复合倒棱车刀的三维切削仿真分析,并根据仿真分析结果进行PCD复合倒棱车刀与PCD一阶倒棱车刀的切削实验对比。结果表明:复合倒棱结构只在较大的切削深度时才有提升工件光亮度的作用;在相同切削深度下,PCD复合倒棱车刀的切削温度小于PCD一阶倒棱车刀的;在切削深度为0.14 mm时,随着切削时间增加,PCD复合倒棱车刀加工零件的表面粗糙度要小于PCD一阶倒棱车刀的。结合PCD刀具的最终磨损状态发现,PCD复合倒棱车刀对切削后工件的捋平效果更佳,工件的光亮度更高,其抗磨损性能更好。

中断时效对7075铝合金切削表面质量及刀具磨损影响研究

目的探究中断时效工艺对7075铝合金切削加工性能的影响,为中断时效工艺对材料切削加工性能的改善提供理论依据。方法选取仅进行T6时效处理的试样作为对照组,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对已加工表面质量、切削力及刀具磨损进行分析。结果经不同时效处理后,7075铝合金的主要析出相为η(MgZn_(2))相,且相较于T6热处理工艺的7075铝合金,7075-T6I4铝合金表现出更高的衍射峰强度及更大的半高宽。在不同的时效处理条件下,表面粗糙度Ra均与切削速度呈负相关关系,而与切削深度、进给量呈正相关关系,仅T6时效处理时,表面粗糙度Ra随切削深度的增大呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势,在不同切削速度下,与T6时效处理相比,T6I4中断时效处理的表面粗糙度Ra最大降低了5.8%,而在不同切削深度和进给量下最大降低了1.9%和17.1%,且工件表面主要存在切屑黏附、微裂纹以及微孔洞等缺陷;切削力在切削速度为500~750m/min时呈增大趋势,随后又逐渐减小,然而与切削深度、进给量之间则呈正相关关系,仅经T6I4中断时效处理后的y向切削力在进给量为0.06~0.08 mm/z时逐渐减小,随后呈增大的变化趋势。增大切削速度以及减小进给量均可有效改善刀具磨损程度,且在切削过程中刀具磨损形式主要表现为崩刃和黏结磨损。结论与T6时效处理相比,T6I4中断时效处理表现出更好的表面质量、更小的切削力及更轻的刀具磨损,较大的切削速度和较小的进给量、切削深度有助于提高7075铝合金的切削加工性。