Interaction mechanism of cyanide with pyrite during the cyanidation of pyrite and the decyanation of pyrite cyanide residues by chemical oxidation

The toxic cyanides in cyanide residues produced from cyanidation process for gold extraction are harmful to the environment.Pyrite is one of the main minerals existing in cyanide residues.In this work,the interaction of cyanide with pyrite and the decyanation of pyrite cyanide residue were analyzed.Results revealed that high pH value,high cyanide concentration,and high pyrite dosage promoted the interaction of cyanide with pyrite.The cyanidation of pyrite was pseudo-second-order with respect to cyanide.The decyanation of pyrite cyanide residue by Na_(2)SO_(3)/air oxidation was performed.The cyanide removal efficiency was 83.9% after 1 h of reaction time under the optimal conditions of pH value of 11.2,SO_(3)^(2-) dosage of 22 mg·g^(-1),and air flow rate of 1.46 L·min^(-1).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the pyrite samples showed the formation of Fe(Ⅲ)and FeSO_(4) during the cyanidation process.The cyanide that adsorbed on the pyrite surface after cyanidation mainly existed in the forms of free cyanide(CN^(-))and ferrocyanide(Fe(CN)_(6)^(4-)),which were effectively removed by Na_(2)SO_(3)/air oxidation.During the decyanation process,air intake promoted pyrite oxidation and weakened cyanide adsorption on the pyrite surface.This study has practical significance for gold enterprises aiming to mitigate the environmental impact related to cyanide residues.

High-performance and robust high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes with moderate microphase separation by implementation of terphenyl-based polymers

Acid loss and plasticization of phosphoric acid(PA)-doped high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes(HT-PEMs)are critical limitations to their practical application in fuel cells.To overcome these barriers,poly(terphenyl piperidinium)s constructed from the m-and p-isomers of terphenyl were synthesized to regulate the microstructure of the membrane.Highly rigid p-terphenyl units prompt the formation of moderate PA aggregates,where the ion-pair interaction between piperidinium and biphosphate is reinforced,leading to a reduction in the plasticizing effect.As a result,there are trade-offs between the proton conductivity,mechanical strength,and PA retention of the membranes with varied m/p-isomer ratios.The designed PA-doped PTP-20m membrane exhibits superior ionic conductivity,good mechanical strength,and excellent PA retention over a wide range of temperature(80–160°C)as well as satisfactory resistance to harsh accelerated aging tests.As a result,the membrane presents a desirable combination of performance(1.462 W cm^(-2) under the H_(2)/O_(2)condition,which is 1.5 times higher than that of PBI-based membrane)and durability(300 h at 160°C and 0.2 A cm^(-2))in the fuel cell.The results of this study provide new insights that will guide molecular design from the perspective of microstructure to improve the performance and robustness of HT-PEMs.

Clinical Case Report of Acute Heart Injury and Acute Rhabdomyolysis Due to Cyanide Poisoning

Cyanide poisoning is one of the most dangerous poisonings, and it can be absorbed into the body through the mouth, inhalation and through the skin. A 32-year-old female patient was admitted to our poison control center because of high fever, severe vomiting, and seizures. Physical examination found that the patient was drowsy, had a high fever of 40 degrees Celsius, pulse of 140 beats/minute, and increased tendon and bone reflexes. Exploiting the patient’s information, it was discovered that the patient bought Cyanide to drink with the intention of committing suicide. The patient was quickly treated with gastric lavage and activated charcoal. Echocardiography recorded EF: 35%, reduced movement of the entire myocardium. CK blood test: 4562 U/L. The patient’s condition rapidly deteriorated and the patient was made ECMO, IHD and CVVHDF. After 3 days of treatment, the patient’s condition did not improve, so the family asked for the patient to go home. This article aims to describe the rapidly progressing and severe damage to the heart and muscles of patients with cyanide poisoning.

Beneficiation and Characterization of Gold from Itagunmodi Gold Ore by Cyanidation

This paper has reported the beneficiation and characterization of gold from Itagunmodi gold ore in Atakumosa West LGA in the State of Osun Nigeria using cyanide solution obtained from cassava and commercially available sodium cyanide analar grade. Cyanide solution extracted from cassava variety TMS 30572 leaves obtained from Obafemi Awolowo University (O.A.U) Research and Teaching Farm was discovered to have the highest free cyanide (CN-) among the ten different cassava varieties evaluated. The samples were exposed to varied concentrations from 0.25% to 2.00% CN at intervals of 0.25% CN from cyanide solution obtained from cassava and commercially available sodium cyanide analar grade. The result showed that after 24 hours of cyanidation and concentration of 2% CN- on 10 g gold ore concentrate, the analar grade sodium cyanide yielded 0.123 g of gold while the cassava based cyanide yielded 0.098 g. The cyanidation performance of analar grade sodium cyanide is greater than cassava based cyanide by a difference of 0.25%.

Copper and Cyanide Recovery in Cyanidation Effluents

Cyanidation is the main process for gold and silver recovery from its ores. In this study, a process is proposed to recover copper and cyanide from barren solutions from the Merrill-Crowe cementation process with zinc dust. This technology is based on inducing nucleated precipitation of copper and silver in a serpentine reactor, using sodium sulfide as the precipitator, and sulfuric acid for pH control. Results show that pH value has a significant effect on copper cyanide removal efficiency, and it was determined the optimal pH range to be 2.5 - 3. At this pH value, the copper cyanide removal efficiency achieved was up to 97 and 99%, when copper concentration in the influent was 636 and 900 ppm. respectively. In this process (sulphidization-acidification-thickening-HCN recycling), the cyanide associated with copper cyanide complexes, is released as HCN gas under weakly acidic conditions, allowing it to be recycled back to the cyanidation process as free cyanide. Cyanide recovery was 90%. Finally, this procedure was successfully run at Minera William in México.

Use of ferricyanide for gold and silver cyanidation

Low gold and silver leaching kinetics has been commonly observed in traditional gold-silver cyanidation process, especially in heap leaching and in situ leaching operations. The different mineralogy of gold and silver in the ores is suspected to be the main reason, e.g., the occurrence of low solubility acanthite (Ag2S) typically results in low overall silver extraction. Due to the low solubility of oxygen in cyanide solution, the reactivity and availability of oxidant is believed to be the critical limitation for gold and silver dissolution. The use of ferricyanide as the auxiliary oxidant for gold and silver cyanidation has been examined. The rotating disc test results prove the assistant effect of ferricyanide on increasing the dissolution rate of gold and silver. The potential use of ferricyanide in gold/silver cyanidation process is proposed based on the leaching results of actual ores.

Cyanidation of gold clay ore containing arsenic and manganese

The extraction process of gold and silver from the gold clay ore containing arsenic and manganese was investigated.With the conventional technique,the leaching rates of gold and silver are 78.23%and 49.02%,respectively.To eliminate the negative effects of arsenic and manganese on cyanidation and increase the gold and silver leaching rates,a novel catalyst was added.The content of the catalyst used in the process was 8 g per 500 g org sample,the sample size was 60μm and the pH value was kept between 10 and 11.Leaching with the catalyst for 3-5 h under certain conditions,the gold leaching rate increased to over 90%and the silver leaching rate increased to 80%-90%.The catalyst can effectively liberate gold and silver from the enclosure of arsenic and manganese and the industrial experiment has great significance to the development and utilization of the gold clay ore containing arsenic and manganese.

Impact of silver sulphides on gold cyanidation with polymetal sulphides

Gold leaching was influenced in association with silver and polymetal sulphide minerals.A packed bed was adopted to single out the galvanic and passivation effects with four sets of minerals:pyrite?silica,chalcopyrite?silica,sphalerite?silica and stibnite?silica.Pyrargyrite enhanced Au recovery to 77.3%and 51.2%under galvanic and passivation effects from pyrite(vs 74.6%and 15.8%).Pyrargyrite in association with sphalerite also enhanced Au recovery to 6.6%and 51.9%(vs 1.6%and 15.6%)under galvanic and passivation effects from sphalerite.Pyrargyrite associated with chalcopyrite retarded gold recovery to 38.0%and 12.1%(vs 57%and 14.1%)under galvanic and passivation effects.Accumulative silver minerals enhanced Au recovery to 90.6%and 81.1%(vs 74.6%and 15.8%)under galvanic and passivation impacts from pyrite.Silver minerals with sphalerite under galvanic and passivation effects enhanced Au recovery to 71.1%and 80.5%(vs 1.6%and 15.6%).Silver minerals associated with chalcopyrite retarded Au recovery to 10.2%and 4.5%under galvanic and passivation impacts(vs 57%and 14.1%).Stibnite retarded Au dissolution with pyrargyrite and accumulative silver minerals.Pyrargyrite and accumulative silver enhanced gold dissolution for free gold and gold associated with pyrite and sphalerite.Gold dissolution was retarded for gold and silver minerals associated with chalcopyrite and stibnite.

DISSOLUTION KINETICS OF GOLD AND SILVER IN CYANIDATION

The dissolution kinetics of gold and silver cyanidation of Cu-Au sulfide concentrate has been investigated at ambient temperature in consideration of effects of various parameters,such as particle size of ores,hydrodyna.mics of the process and initial cyanide concentration as well as oxygen partial pressure.The experimental data are mathematically treated with an approach based on the shrinking core model.A phenomenological expression describing the rate and rate constants for cyanidation of the concentrate is developed from the treatment.The dissolution of gold and silver is explained by an electrochemical mechanism in which the rate determining step is,the diffusion of cyanide and dissolved molecular oxygen through a porous layer formed during the minerals dis-solutions.

Effect of Pretreatment of Sulfide Refractory Concentrate with Sodium Hypochlorite, Followed by Extraction of Gold by Pressure Cyanidation, on Gold Removal

The majority of the refractory gold and silver occurs in occlusion in sulphides, then precious metal dissolution is possible by first oxidizing auriferous sulfide concentrate using sodium hypochlorite-sodium-hydroxide solution followed of pressure cyanidation of the oxidized concentrate, for the extraction of precious metals. This process was conducted and evaluated under cyanide and oxygen pressure. This versatile approach offers many advantages, including low temperatures, low pressure and less costly materials of construction than conventional pressure oxidation. In this study, the effect of oxygen pressure, concentration of sodium hypochlorite, temperature, and initial pH, in precious metals recovery and As removal were evaluated using a 24 factorial design. Characterization of the ores showed that pyrite and arsenopyrite were the main minerals present on the concentrate. The best results for gold extraction were obtained with oxygen pressure of 80 psi, 10% (w/w) sodium hypochlorite, temperature of 80℃, at pH = 13, and a constant stirring speed of 600 rpm. These conditions allowed an approximated 60% of gold and 90% of silver extractions in 1 hr.

Modeling of an Automatic Optimization System of Cyanide Concentration in Carbon in Leach for Optimal Ore Processing in a Mining Company

The optimization system, which was the subject of our study, is an autonomous chain for the automatic management of cyanide consumption. It is in the phase of industrial automation which made it possible to use the machines in order to reduce the workload of the worker while keeping a high productivity and a quality in great demand. Furthermore, the use of cyanide in leaching tanks is a necessity in the gold recovery process. This consumption of cyanide must be optimal in these tanks in order to have a good recovery while controlling the concentration of cyanide. Cyanide is one of the most expensive products for mining companies. On a completely different note, we see huge variations during the addition of cyanide. Following a recommendation from the metallurgical and operations teams, the control team carried out an analysis of the problem while proposing a solution to reduce the variability around plus or minus 10% of the addition setpoint through automation. It should be noted that this automatic optimization by monitoring the concentration of cyanide, made use of industrial automation which is a technique which ensures the operation of the ore processing chain without human intervention. In other words, it made it possible to substitute a machine for man. So, this leads us to conduct a study on concentration levels in the real world. The results show that the analysis of the modeling of the cyanide consumption optimization system is an appropriate solution to eradicate failures in the mineral processing chain. The trend curves demonstrate this resolution perfectly.

Impact of Selected Processing Methods of High-Level Cyanide in Cassava on Optic Neuropathy in Wistar Albino Rats—An Experimental Study

Background: Cassava tuber crop is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and utilized in various forms by millions of Nigerians. The storage root of the cassava contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside that is easily hydrolyzed to release cyanide salt compounds which is toxic to the nervous system especially the optic nerve, sometimes leading to optic neuropathy and visual impairment. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the impact of selected processing methods of high-level cyanide in cassava on optic neuropathy in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were fed with different concentration and duration of predetermined high-cyanide content cassava root cultivar which was processed using different processing methods adopted by various communities in Rivers State, Nigeria (for human consumption). A control group of 3 Wistar albino rats was fed with normal “Growth Mesh” meals. The pre and post weights of the animals and the fundoscopic optic nerve status of the rats were evaluated after 30 and 60 days. SPSS Version 25 was employed for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Cassava species available in Rivers State have high cyanide content (2336.79 mg CN-/kg dry weight of cassava). There was statistically significant reduction in the cyanide content (p = 0.000) depending on the various common processing methods (into garri for human consumption): 24 hours, 48 hours, fermentation;with and without red palm oil additive. The individual weights as well as the mean weight of the 24 rats in the experimental group increased gradually from the first week to the 9th week with a slight weight reduction on the third and fourth weeks which was not statistically significant (p = 0.092). However, there was a steady increase in the weights of the animals in the control group throughout the 9 weeks. Varying degrees of optic neuropathy occurred, worse with the rats that had 24-hour fermented cassava twice daily for 60 days. The intra and inter group differences in the optic disc changes was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Longer duration of processing cassava roots into garri for human consumption reduces its cyanide content and minimizes the adverse impact on the optic nerve.

助浸剂对草酸浸出氰化尾渣中赤铁矿效果的影响

为揭示浸出液中Fe^(3+)的形态分布对焙烧氰化尾渣中赤铁矿浸出效果的影响,研究了H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)、H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)-H_(2)SO_(4)和H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)-K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)对赤铁矿浸出效果的影响,并采用响应面法对H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)-K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)浸出赤铁矿工艺进行了优化。结果表明:Fe^(3+)的形态分布直接影响赤铁矿的浸出效果。H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)与K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)作为除铁剂,n(H_(2)C_(2)O_(4))/n(K_(2)C_(2)O_(4))摩尔比、(C_(2)O_(4)^(2-))_(T)过量倍数及浸出温度影响浸出pH,而pH和c(C_(2)O_(4)^(2-))_(T)应满足浸出的Fe^(3+)转化成Fe(C_(2)O_(4))_(3)^(3-),Fe^(3+)只有以Fe(C_(2)O_(4))_(3)^(3-)形态存在,才能缩短赤铁矿浸出时间、提高赤铁矿浸出效果。H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)-K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)除铁优化条件为:n(H_(2)C_(2)O_(4))/n(K_(2)C_(2)O_(4))=1.03、(C_(2)O_(4)^(2-))_(T)为理论量的1.37倍、浸出温度94℃、液固比L/S=5mL/g、时间30min。在优化条件下,实际值和预测值分别为98.42%和97.73%,相对误差为0.69个百分点。各因素对除铁效果影响大小排序为(C_(2)O_(4)^(2-))_(T)过量倍数、浸出温度、n(H_(2)C_(2)O_(4))/n(K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)),其中n(H_(2)C_(2)O_(4))/n(K_(2)C_(2)O_(4))与浸出温度有一定的交互作用。H_(2)C_(2)O_(4)-K_(2)C_(2)O_(4)浸出焙烧氰化尾渣中赤铁矿结果进一步证明,草酸-草酸盐混合浸出体系是一种高效除铁剂,且浸出液中的铁资源化利用工艺简单,其优势是现有除铁剂无法比拟的。

连续流动分析法快速测定青稞酒中氰化物

建立了一种利用连续流动分析仪快速、准确测定青稞酒中氰化物含量的方法。结果显示,该方法测定氰化物含量在2.00~200.00μg·L^(-1)浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 9,检出限为0.3μg·L^(-1),加标回收率为94.8%~96.9%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~2.6%。该方法操作简便快捷,准确度高、检出限低、重现性好,适用于大批量青稞酒中氰化物的检测。

某高硫含砷难处理金矿选冶试验研究

针对某金矿中硫、砷含量过高且易泥化导致金回收率低的问题,采用阶段磨矿阶段浮选—浮选尾矿非氰浸出工艺流程开展试验研究。研究结果表明:在一段磨矿细度-0.074 mm占75.6%、二段磨矿细度-0.043 mm占78.1%,酸化水玻璃用量为1 650 g/t,硫酸铜用量为350 g/t,丁基黄药+丁铵黑药用量为(240+96) g/t,松醇油用量为160 g/t的条件下进行浮选试验,浮选尾矿采用非氰浸出剂进行非氰浸出,最终获得了浮选金精矿金回收率84.40%,浮选尾矿金浸出率10.52%,总金回收率94.92%的回收指标。研究结果对开发该类金矿资源具有重要指导意义。

辽宁某氰化尾渣浮硫试验

为提升辽宁某黄金选厂氰化尾渣的综合利用效率,基于样品性质研究,采用单因素条件试验以及开路、闭路试验分别考察了调整剂种类、捕收剂种类及用量、起泡剂用量、矿浆pH值、扫选药剂用量对分选效果的影响,确定了浮选回收工艺的适宜药剂制度以及工艺流程。结果表明:①氰化尾渣中脉石矿物以铝硅酸盐为主,具有回收利用价值的元素为S,赋存于黄铁矿中,是主要的有价回收组分。②氰化尾渣-0.038 mm、-0.074 mm粒级产率分别达54.98%和77.44%,硫矿物解离较充分,浮选回收过程中不需要进行磨矿。③对因科法破氰后的尾渣,适宜的浮选药剂制度为:捕收剂丁基黄药用量160 g/t、起泡剂2号油用量30 g/t,扫选起泡剂用2号油量10 g/t、矿浆pH值7.2。在上述药剂制度下,经过1粗2精2扫的闭路浮选流程处理,最终可得到硫品位44.20%、硫回收率58.73%的浮选精矿。本研究确定了氰化尾渣硫回收适宜的工艺条件,实现了黄金选厂氰化尾渣有价组分的高效提取和清洁化利用。

络合沉淀法—硫化沉淀法联合处理铜氰贫液试验研究

针对某黄金生产企业产生的铜氰贫液,采用络合沉淀法—硫化沉淀法联合进行回收处理。在络合沉淀法五水合硫酸铜投加量3.0 g/L、焦亚硫酸钠投加量2.0 g/L,硫化沉淀法九水合硫化钠加药量0.35 g/L条件下,铜氰贫液中总氰化合物、铜和硫氰酸盐质量浓度从150.84 mg/L、121.46 mg/L、252.65 mg/L降至0.44 mg/L、86.17 mg/L、1.23 mg/L,回收金、银、铜的产值为116.62元/m^(3),扣除药剂成本后产生经济效益55.44元/m^(3)。研究结果为类似氰化企业铜氰贫液的净化处理提供参考。

臭氧微泡法处理电镀含氰废水工艺研究

采用臭氧微泡法连续处理电镀含氰废水,考察了废水体积流量、臭氧质量流量、UV灯功率密度和反应管道长度等参数影响,用分光光度计对氰离子(CN−)含量进行测定,得出了最佳的工艺条件:当废水体积流量为120 mL·min^(−1)、臭氧的进料质量流量为11 g·min^(−1)、UV紫外线灯的功率密度为35 W·cm^(−1)、反应管道长度20 m时,废水中氰离子含量降为0.098 mg·L^(−1),臭氧利用率为98.2%,达到国家规定排放标准。

吉林省某金矿石氰化浸出试验研究

吉林省某金矿具有嵌布粒度较细、包裹金含量较高的特点,矿石工艺类型为少硫化物石英脉型含金矿石,氰化浸出试验分别研究了磨矿细度、氧化钙用量、碱处理时间、氰化钠用量、浸出时间、矿浆浓度对该矿石浸出指标的影响。试验结果表明:当磨矿细度为-0.045 mm质量分数90%,氧化钙用量2.5 kg/t,碱处理时间1 h,氰化钠用量1 kg/t,浸出时间24 h,浸出浓度40%,氰化浸渣品位0.50 g/t,金浸出率可达到92.10%。

非氰浸金剂的研究进展与展望

随着国家对企业绿色生产要求的提高,传统氰化法浸金工艺的劣势愈加明显,无法满足当前的环保要求。在浸金领域,亟需寻找一种能替代氰化物的非氰浸金剂。本文对非氰浸金剂进行了分类总结,更新了传统浸金剂(含硫浸金剂、卤化物浸金剂、微生物、氨基酸等)的研究与应用进展;综述了目前热度较高的新型环保合成浸金剂的合成方法与研究现状;除单一成分的浸金剂外,本文还对多种不同浸金剂组成的共强化体系进行了系统总结,为非氰浸金剂领域的学者提供了重要的参考。