Rutting or permanent deformation is one of the major distress modes of hot mix asphalt in the field. Triaxial cycle compression testing （TCCT） is a standardized and scientifically accepted test method to address thi...Rutting or permanent deformation is one of the major distress modes of hot mix asphalt in the field. Triaxial cycle compression testing （TCCT） is a standardized and scientifically accepted test method to address this distress mode in the lab and to characterize the resistance to permanent deformation. In most labs and according to EN 12697-25, standard TGCTs are carried out with cyclic axial loading and a constant confining pressure. In road pavements on the other hand, dynamic traffic loading due to passing wheels leads to cyclic confining pressure. In order to bring the TCCT closer to reality, the radial reaction and its phase lag to axial loading in standard TCCTs are analyzed and an enhanced TCCT with cyclic confining pressure is introduced. The cyclic confining pressure takes into account the viscoelastic material response by the radial phase lag to axial phase loading. In a subsequent test program, TCCTs with different confining pressure amplitudes were carried out on two hot mix asphalts. Results from standard and enhanced TCCTs were analyzed, compared and discussed. It is shown that the resistance to permanent deformation in- creases significantly when the viscoelastic material response is taken into account in the TCCT by introducing cyclic confining pressure.展开更多
This study presents the micro-scale behavior of granular materials under biaxial cyclic loading for differ- ent confining pressures using the two-dimensional （2D） discrete element method （DEM）. Initially, 8450 ova...This study presents the micro-scale behavior of granular materials under biaxial cyclic loading for differ- ent confining pressures using the two-dimensional （2D） discrete element method （DEM）. Initially, 8450 ovals were generated in a rectangular frame without any overlap. Four dense samples having confining pressures of 15, 25, 50, and 100 kPa were prepared from the initially generated sparse sample. Numeri- cal simulations were performed under biaxial cyclic loading using these isotropically compressed dense samples. The numerical results depict stress-strain-dilatancy behavior that was similar to that observed in experimental studies. The relationship between the stress ratio and dilatancy rate is almost indepen- dent of confining pressures during loading but significantly dependent on the confining pressures during unloading. The evolution of the coordination number, effective coordination number and slip coordina- tion number depends on both the confining pressures and cyclic loading. The cyclic loading significantly affects the microtopology of the granular assembly. The contact fabric and the fabric-related anisotropy are reported, as well. A strong correlation between the stress ratio and the fabric related to contact normals is observed during cyclic loading, irrespective of confining pressures.展开更多
文摘Rutting or permanent deformation is one of the major distress modes of hot mix asphalt in the field. Triaxial cycle compression testing （TCCT） is a standardized and scientifically accepted test method to address this distress mode in the lab and to characterize the resistance to permanent deformation. In most labs and according to EN 12697-25, standard TGCTs are carried out with cyclic axial loading and a constant confining pressure. In road pavements on the other hand, dynamic traffic loading due to passing wheels leads to cyclic confining pressure. In order to bring the TCCT closer to reality, the radial reaction and its phase lag to axial loading in standard TCCTs are analyzed and an enhanced TCCT with cyclic confining pressure is introduced. The cyclic confining pressure takes into account the viscoelastic material response by the radial phase lag to axial phase loading. In a subsequent test program, TCCTs with different confining pressure amplitudes were carried out on two hot mix asphalts. Results from standard and enhanced TCCTs were analyzed, compared and discussed. It is shown that the resistance to permanent deformation in- creases significantly when the viscoelastic material response is taken into account in the TCCT by introducing cyclic confining pressure.
文摘This study presents the micro-scale behavior of granular materials under biaxial cyclic loading for differ- ent confining pressures using the two-dimensional （2D） discrete element method （DEM）. Initially, 8450 ovals were generated in a rectangular frame without any overlap. Four dense samples having confining pressures of 15, 25, 50, and 100 kPa were prepared from the initially generated sparse sample. Numeri- cal simulations were performed under biaxial cyclic loading using these isotropically compressed dense samples. The numerical results depict stress-strain-dilatancy behavior that was similar to that observed in experimental studies. The relationship between the stress ratio and dilatancy rate is almost indepen- dent of confining pressures during loading but significantly dependent on the confining pressures during unloading. The evolution of the coordination number, effective coordination number and slip coordina- tion number depends on both the confining pressures and cyclic loading. The cyclic loading significantly affects the microtopology of the granular assembly. The contact fabric and the fabric-related anisotropy are reported, as well. A strong correlation between the stress ratio and the fabric related to contact normals is observed during cyclic loading, irrespective of confining pressures.
