Cyclic Creep Deformation and Fracture of a Cr-Mo Rotor Steel at Elevated Temperatures

Static creep and cyclic creep tests were carried out on a Cr-Mo rotor steel from 0.5 to 0.6 T_m. Cyclic creep retardation occurred under the test conditions.With an increase of stress frequency, cyclic creep strain rate decreases and rupture time increases.The cyclic creep strain rate for the stress wave of a square shape is higher than that of a tri- angle shape.The apparent stress exponent of cyclic creep and the apparent activation energy of cyclic creep are both higher than those of static creep.The minimum strain rate is inversely proportional to rupture time for both static and cyclic creeps at dif- ferent stresses,temperatures,frequencies and wave shapes.The cyclic creep retardation mechanism was explored by the observation and analysis of the dis- location structure and fracture surface.

Temperature and Stress Dependence of Occurrence of Strain Burst in Cyclic Creep of AI-Mg Alloy

Cyclic creep tests of Al-Mg alloy have been conducted at a wide range of stress and temperature.When Mg content is beyond 0.45%, the strain bursts can be observed in the cyclic creep curves.There exists a critical stress for the occur- rence of the strain burst,which increases with an in- crease of Mg content and is almost 60% of the ul- timate tensile stress.The occurrence of strain burst is proposed to be controlled by the easiness of the cross-slip of dislocations.For Al-Mg alloy,the dynamic strain aging plays an important role in the strain bursts.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRACTAL DIMENSION AND CYCLIC CREEP PROPERTIES OF ROTOR STEEL 34CrMoA

Vertical section method has been used to measure the fractal dimension of cyclic creep frac- ture surfaces of rotor steel 34CrMoA at 550℃.The relationship between fractal dimension and cyclic creep properties has been analyzed.The fractal dimension is dependent upon the power product of minimum creep rate and rupture time,and satisfies the linear function with rupture strain.

Creep Model of High-Strength High-Performance Concrete Under Cyclic Loading

Concrete creep under both static and cyclic loading conditions was investigated. Four groups of high-strength high-performance concrete(HSHPC) prism specimens were fabricated, and three of these specimens were loaded periodically by the MTS Landmark Fatigue Testing Machine System. Creep characteristics and creep coefficients of HSHPC under static loading and cyclic loading, respectively, were obtained and compared. The experimental results show that the creep strains under cyclic loading with a mean stress of 0.4 fcp and an amplitude of 0.2 fcp increase significantly compared with the creep strains under static loading, and the maximum value was 1.2-2.3 times at early stages. In addition, the creep coefficient increases nonlinearly with the number of cyclic loading repetitions. The influence coefficient for cyclic loading γcyc=1.088×(N/N0)0.078 was introduced based on the previous HSHPC creep model, and then the modified creep model under cyclic loading was established. Finally, the residual method, the CEB coefficient of variation method and the B3 coefficient of variation method were applied to evaluate the modified creep model. The statistical results demonstrate that the modified creep model agrees well with the experimental measurements. Hence, it has important theoretical and practical values for accurately predicting the deflection of concrete bridges under cyclic traffic loading.

CRACK GROWTH,FRACTURE FEATURE AND RUPTURE LIFE DURING CYCLIC CREEP OF SUPERALLOY GH2132

The effects of cyclic loading on crack growth, fracture feature and rupture life of superalloy GH2132 have been studied in the present paper. The crack growth tests were carried out at 550 on compact tension specimens under a wide range of load levels and various periods of hold time, and the fracture surfaces were examined on a scanning electron microscope. The results show that, for both static and cyclic creep, Stage-I of crack growth is related with initial test stress, during which the crack extension is about 0.5mm, and that the final effect of cyclic loading on rupture life depends on the counteraction of its two reversed effects on crack growth rate before and after the point n=0.2.

水电机组摆度周期性波动问题的分析和研究

本文针对某水电站机组上导轴承摆度峰峰值持续呈正弦周期性波动的问题,通过增加临时探头测量机组动态和静态时上机架支臂和基坑的间隙,以及不同方向支臂的间隙和机组运行参数等,发现支臂和基坑间隙一一对应,且间隙随环境温度的增加而增加,该间隙的变化规律符合因大部件金属构件蠕变传递至基座传感器引起的上导摆度周期波动的特征。因此可以确定机组摆度周期性波动是因为大部件金属随着温度变化而出现较大的位移蠕变,且该蠕变为非对称蠕变,以上过程量逐级传递至基座传感器位置,同时该文建议采用该结构形式的机架时应充分考虑支臂蠕变方向和限位措施。

持续荷载作用下疲劳损伤混凝土梁的变形性能分析

为明确往复荷载和持载作用下混凝土梁变形的发展规律,本文通过弯曲疲劳加载引入疲劳损伤后采用堆载法对4根梁进行堆载徐变试验,研究疲劳损伤对梁受压区混凝土的徐变发展规律和持续荷载作用下梁变形性能的影响。研究结果表明:相较于无损梁,疲劳损伤梁受拉区混凝土最大裂缝宽度、受压区混凝土总应变和总挠度更大,且在堆载作用下的发展速率更快,随着疲劳损伤程度的增大,各指标也有增大的趋势;疲劳作用促进了混凝土微裂缝的产生和发展,提前并加速了梁徐变变形的发展,导致前期疲劳加载就已产生了部分徐变应变和徐变挠度;基于试验结果建立了疲劳损伤梁受压区混凝土总徐变应变和梁徐变挠度计算模型,发现疲劳循环寿命比为0.025、0.15和0.60时的疲劳残余挠度分别相当于无损梁128、800和1180 d的徐变挠度。

饱和岩石循环冻融蠕变力学特性及损伤分析

为研究饱和岩石循环冻融条件下的蠕变力学特性,开展了不同饱和冻融次数三轴蠕变力学试验。根据试样变形特征建立了弹黏塑性蠕变模型,计算了蠕变模型相关参数,研究了饱和循环冻融相关参数变化特征。分析了随冻融次数增加裂隙扩展发育规律,提出了循环冻融蠕变损伤模型,基于试验数据对损伤模型进行了验证。研究表明:饱和循环冻融蠕变过程分为过渡蠕变阶段,稳定蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段3个阶段,冻融次数增加蠕变各个阶段均呈缩短趋势。建立弹黏塑性蠕变模型基础上,总结相关蠕变参数随加载应力增加均呈现增大趋势,随冻融次数增加,相同应力条件下蠕变参数逐渐减小。冻融过程中裂隙发育主要分为两种:沿原有裂隙扩展和独立发育的裂隙。原有裂隙扩展速度大于独立发育裂隙产生速度。试样循环冻融过程中裂隙发育速度逐渐增大。考虑冻融次数对蠕变参数的影响,同时引入损伤系数对其影响结果修正,建立蠕变损伤模型解释了循环冻融蠕变损伤过程,模型理论曲线与试验数据对比显示具有较好的相关性,验证了蠕变损伤模型的正确性。

Practical method and application study for predicting cyclic accumulative deformations of the saturated soft clay

The distribution of saturated soft clay is greatly wide in China. The current main measures adopted to deal with soft soil foundations may lead to environmental pollution, even some engineering accidents may happen on soft soil foundations. In order to solve engineering problems of saturated soft soil foundations well, researches of mechanical properties of them are necessary. One of the most important mechanical characteristics of saturated soft clay is its cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic loadings. For saturated soft clay, the cyclic accumulative deformation is similar to the creep behavior under static loadings. Therefore, the cyclic accumulative deformation is equivalent to the creep, the number of loading cycles is seen as the time, and this study develops a practical method for predicting the cyclic accumulative deformation of saturated soft clay with the creep theory. The method is a pseudostatic elasto-plastic finite element method implemented by ABAQUS software. A fitted equation between cyclic accumulative strain and number of loading cycles and the empirical relationship of parameters of fitted equation were established with aseries of cyclic triaxial compression tests. Then with this empirical relationship of parameters, the method developed by this study was employed to predict the cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic triaxial tension tests. Predicted results were in good agreement with test results, and the effectiveness of this method was thus validated for different stress states. The method was then applied in analyzing the cyclic accumulative deformation for soft soil foundation of a pile-supported wharf structure.

A CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE OF LOW CYCLIC FATIGUE PROPERTY OF A NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOY

Fully reversed low cyclic fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on [0 0 1], [0 1 2], [(1) over bar 1 2], [0 1 1] and [(1) over bar 1 4] oriented single crystals of nickel-bared superalloy DD3 with different cyclic strain rates at 950 degrees C. The cyclic strain rates were chosen as 1.0 x 10(-2), 1.33 x 10(-3) and 0.33 x 10(-3) s(-1). The octahedral slip systems were confirmed to be activated on all the specimens. The experimental result shows that the fatigue behavior depends an the crystallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate. Except [0 0 1] orientation specimens, it is found from the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) examination that there are typical fatigue striations on the fracture surfaces. These fatigue striations are made up of cracks. The width of the fatigue striations depends on the crystallographic orientation and varies with the total strain range. A simple linear relationship exists between the width and total shear strain range modified by an orientation and strain rate parameter. The nonconformity to the Schmid law of tensile/compressive flaw stress and plastic behavior existed at 95 degrees C, and an orientation and strain rate modified Lall-Chin-Pope ( LCP) model was derived for the nonconformity. The influence of crysrallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate on the LCF behavior can be predicted satisfactorily by the model. In terms of an orientation and strain rate modified total strain range, a model for fatigue life was proposed and used successfully to correlate the fatigue lives studied.

Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Undrained Behaviors of Undisturbed Marine Clay

Based on a series of cyclic triaxial tests, the effect of cyclic frequency on the undrained behaviors of undisturbed marine clay is investigated. For a given dynamic stress ratio, the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase with the number of cycles. There exists a threshold value for both the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain, below which the effect of cyclic frequency is very small, but above which the accumulated pore water pressure and dynamic strain increase intensely with the decrease of cyclic frequency for a given number of cycles. The dynamic strength increases with the increase of cyclic frequency, whereas the effect of cyclic frequency on it gradually diminishes to zero when the number of cycles is large enough, and the dynamic strengths at different frequencies tend to the same limiting minimum dynamic strength. The test results demonstrate that the reasons for the frequency effect on the undrained soil behaviors are both the creep effect induced by the loading rate and the decrease of sample effective confining pressure caused by the accumulated pore water pressure.

0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢高温蠕变-棘轮交互作用试验研究

工程结构件在实际服役过程中往往会承受恒定载荷和循环载荷的双重作用,严重影响相关设备的安全运行。因此,有必要对0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢在350℃下进行应变和应力控制的无保持时间交变载荷试验以及具有保持时间的蠕变-棘轮交互作用试验,研究不同保持类型和保持时间对其蠕变-棘轮交互作用的影响。结果表明:应变控制下,峰谷值保持的应力响应低于谷值保持和峰值保持情形,与无保持相比下降幅度为11.4%;应力幅值在峰值保持时间为30、120和300 s的下降幅度依次为5.3%、11.4%和12.7%,下降速率随着保持时间的增加逐渐减缓。在应力控制下,峰值保持的棘轮应变演化速率相较于谷值保持和峰谷值保持更快,与无保持相比棘轮应变增幅为40.2%;棘轮应变的演化与峰值保持时间呈正相关,棘轮应变在峰值保持时间为30、120和300 s的增幅依次为40.2%、50.9%和54.0%。

高渗透压脆性岩石循环蠕变宏细观力学机理研究

高渗透压、围压及轴向循环静态加卸载共同作用下,脆性岩石循环蠕变力学特性对深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价有着重要意义。目前,针对岩石内部细观裂纹反向滑动及已扩展裂纹闭合恢复机理的研究极为欠缺。本文基于轴向加载、围压与渗透压共同作用下岩石内部初始裂纹面正向滑动诱发的翼型裂纹扩展模型,引入轴向卸载、围压与渗透压共同作用下的初始裂纹面反向与静止滑动力学特性,解释了已扩展翼型裂纹的恢复机理,建立了一种考虑轴向加卸载、围压与渗透压共同作用下,初始裂纹面正向、反向或静止滑动的应力强度因子表达式。在此基础上,结合亚临界裂纹演化法则、裂纹与应变关系及Hooke–Kelvin模型,提出一种岩石内部高渗透压、外部围压与轴向循环加卸载共同驱动翼型裂纹扩展、恢复作用下的循环蠕变宏细观力学模型,该模型描述了岩石完整的弹性、黏弹性、塑性变形行为。研究了高渗透压对初始裂纹面正向滑动与翼型裂纹扩展诱发的脆性岩石弹–黏–塑性应力–应变曲线影响,为弹–黏–塑性循环蠕变的应力、弹性模量参数选取提供依据。分析了高渗透压对初始裂纹面正向、反向、静止滑动与翼型裂纹扩展、恢复诱发的循环蠕变中黏弹性应变ε1ve、纯塑性应变ε1p及总应变ε1的影响。讨论了渗透压对弹性回弹应变、与已扩展裂纹恢复相关的塑性回弹应变、循环蠕变失效时间和失效应力的影响,并研究了围压对弹–黏–塑性循环蠕变应变的影响。研究结果为高渗透压地下工程围岩循环蠕变寿命评价与预测提供了一定的参考。

周期温度作用下轴心受力混凝土结构徐变效应分析

为研究长期变温环境下考虑徐变效应时高速铁路纵连板式无砟轨道体系的结构内力,建立两端固定的轴心受力素混凝土板简化模型,设置假设条件,在已有的恒温徐变模型及变温徐变计算方法的基础上建立递推公式,分析温度参数和周期时间对徐变作用的影响,以及徐变对结构内力和变形的影响。结果表明:与不考虑徐变效应或考虑徐变系数恒定相比,考虑徐变系数随温度变化时结构受力更不利;预测结构整体内力变化趋势时,可不考虑日升降温对徐变效应的影响,只需考虑季节性升降温影响;长期受周期季节性温度变化作用,随周期温度作用循环次数的增加,结构最大拉应力增大,自第二循环起结构最大压应力减小。

闪长玢岩蠕变试验及黏弹-塑性损伤模型研究

为探究闪长玢岩蠕变特性,开展了分级加载和循环加卸载三轴蠕变试验,研究了闪长玢岩的变形及长期强度特征,并基于试验结果,建立了能够描述闪长玢岩黏弹-塑性变形的损伤蠕变模型。研究结果表明:随着偏应力水平的增加,轴向变形和侧向变形逐渐增加,体积变形先增加后减小;轴向应变率先降低后基本保持不变,试样破坏时又迅速增加。在同一偏应力水平下,瞬时弹性应变大于瞬时塑性应变,而黏塑性应变大于黏弹性应变。通过稳态速率与应力比关系曲线法,可以得到更加准确、具体的岩石长期强度。基于黏弹性应变曲线特征,建立了考虑黏滞系数随时间和应力衰减的Kelvin模型;将Abel黏壶与塑性滑块元件并联,并引入损伤变量,建立了黏塑性损伤模型,将两者串联得到了闪长玢岩损伤蠕变模型。将试验曲线与模型曲线进行对比拟合,拟合程度较高,验证了模型的合理性。

动静载作用下房柱式采空区煤柱失稳时间预测研究

针对动静载作用下大面积房柱式采空区失稳时间难以预测的问题,以鄂尔多斯市敬老院煤矿为研究背景,通过室内循环加卸载与单轴加载试验对比分析了煤柱在动载与静载作用下力学承载特征。选取开尔文体模型,基于蠕变理论,结合顶板-煤柱系统力学模型,得出了房柱式采空区煤柱保持稳定的最小时间函数表达式。考虑时间因素,通过施加循环加卸载荷模拟动静载作用方式,建立了房柱式采空区数值模型,研究了动静载作用下房柱式采空区煤柱随时间失稳的动态演化过程。研究结果表明:煤样在循环加卸载作用下比在固定载荷作用下的极限破坏强度偏低;煤柱在蠕变作用下的有效承载时间与煤柱横截面积的对数正相关,与煤柱的高度和顶板刚度的对数负相关;将煤柱的破坏过程分为稳定阶段、发育阶段和失稳阶段。通过理论模型、数值模拟及现场实测,验证了煤柱有效承载函数的可靠性。

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。

热处理对莫来石短纤维增强ZL107合金高温循环蠕变行为的影响

研究了经峰时效（Ｔ５）及过时效（Ｔ５＋３００℃）处理的莫莱石短纤维增强ＺＬ１０７复合材料在３００℃时的拉一拉循环蠕变的行为．实验结果表明：两种热处理状态下，复合材料都显示出循环蠕变减速现象峰时效状态下，循环蠕变与静态蠕变相比表现出低的表观激活能，非热空位机制作用较大；而过时效状态下，循环蠕变与静态蠕变相比表现出高的表观激活能，滞弹性机制作用较大。

交通动载下饱和软黏土累计变形的不排水循环扭剪试验

饱和软土地基上长期往复交通动载将诱发显著的路基运营沉降。交通移动荷载下场地应力路径下呈现心形旋转路径,然而现有路基长期运营沉降分析是建立在循环三轴试验基础上,忽略交通移动荷载下地基土单元主应力轴的旋转效应。利用动态空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟心形循环加载路径,并在动态空心圆柱仪上模拟了传统的循环三轴加载路径。对饱和软黏土开展试验研究,对比观察一系列心形循环加载和三轴循环的不排水累计变形行为。试验研究发现,心形循环加载将诱发更大的累计轴向应变和累计孔压,伴随着初始动应力比的增加,二者差异性更为明显。循环加载过程有效动应力比随着循环次数而增大,循环增量破坏时对应的有效动应力比近似为常数。大数目循环加载下,传统塑性安定行为可渐变为循环塑性蠕变状态。

饱和软粘土的循环蠕变特性

本文介绍对上海淤泥质饱和粘土在长期循环荷载作用下的变形特性的试验研究结果。考虑到土的各向异性性质,在三轴试验中,在K0固结条件下把土试样恢复到天然的K0应力状态,然后进行排水及不排水单向循环加载蠕变试验。从试验结果可以观察到一些重要的现象:(1)当循环轴向应力小于初始固结压力的50%时,饱和粘土的循环蠕变可分成三个阶段;(2)循环应变可分成不可逆的累积应变与可逆应变两部分,可逆应变的大小与循环应力幅值近似成线性关系;(3)孔压增长较为滞后,不排水试样孔压增长稳定时其值约为应力幅值50%,而排水试样的残余孔压约为应力幅值的20%。