Cyclic metallurgical process for extracting V and Cr from vanadium slag: Part Ⅱ. Separation and recovery of Cr from vanadium precipitated solution

Cyclic metallurgical process for separation and recovery of Cr from vanadium precipitated solution by precipitation with PbCO_(3)and leaching with Na_(2)CO_(3)was investigated.The concentration of Cr residue in the solution decreases from 2.360 to 0.001 g/L by adding PbCO_(3)into vanadium precipitated solution according to Pb/Cr molar ratio of 2.5,adjusting the pH to 3.0 and stirring for 180 min at 30℃.Then,the precipitates were leached with hot Na_(2)CO_(3)solution to obtain leaching solution containing Na_(2)CrO_(4)and leaching residue containing PbCO_(3).The leaching efficiency of Cr reaches 96.43%by adding the precipitates into 0.5 mol/L Na_(2)CO_(3)solution with the mass ratio of liquid to solid(L/S)of 10:1 mL/g and stirring for 60 min under pH 9.5 at 70℃.After filtration,leaching residue is reused in Cr precipitation and leaching solution is used to circularly leach the Cr precipitates until Na_(2)CrO_(4)approaches the saturation.Finally,the product of Na_(2)CrO_(4)·4H_(2)O is obtained by evaporation and crystallization of leaching solution.

Cyclic metallurgical process for extracting Ⅴ and Cr from vanadium slag: Part Ⅰ. Separation and recovery of Ⅴ from chromium-containing vanadate solution

The separation and recovery of V from chromium-containing vanadate solution were investigated by a cyclic metallurgical process including selective precipitation of vanadium,vanadium leaching and preparation of vanadium pentoxide.By adding Ca(OH)_(2) and ball milling,not only the V in the solution can be selectively precipitated,but also the leaching kinetics of the precipitate is significantly improved.The precipitation efficiency of V is 99.59%by adding Ca(OH)_(2) according to Ca/V molar ratio of 1.75:1 into chromium-containing vanadate solution and ball milling for 60 min at room temperature,while the content of Cr in the precipitate is 0.04%.The leaching rate of V reaches 99.35%by adding NaHCO_(3) into water according to NaHCO_(3)/V molar ratio of 2.74:1 to leach V from the precipitate with L/S ratio of 4:1 mL/g and stirring for 60 min at room temperature.The crystals of NH_(4)VO_(3) are obtained by adjusting the leaching solution pH to be 8.0 with CO2 and then adding NH_(4)HCO_(3) according to NH_(4)HCO_(3)/NaVO_(3) molar ratio of 1:1 and stirring for 8 h at room temperature.After filtration,the crystallized solution containing ammonia is reused to leach the precipitate of calcium vanadates,and the leaching efficiency of V is>99%after stirring for 1 h at room temperature.Finally,the product of V_(2)O_(5) with purity of 99.6%is obtained by calcining the crystals at 560℃ for 2 h.

Microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of 65Cu-35Zn brass tube during cyclic rotating−bending process

The cyclic rotating−bending(CRB)processes under different deformation conditions were carried out to refine the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of the 65Cu−35Zn brass tubes.The microstructure and the mechanical properties in the axial direction of the tubes after the CRB process were studied with the OM,EBSD and conventional tensile test.To obtain the accumulated effective plastic strain of the tube during the CRB process,the FEM simulation was also executed.The results show that the average grain size decreases with the increase of rotation time at RT,and with the decrease of bending angle at 200℃.With the increase of accumulated effective plastic strain during the CRB process,the reduction rate of average grain size of the brass tube increases,the tensile strength of the brass tube increases in wave shape and the elongation increases first and then sharply decreases.

基于298/77 K循环处理回收PCB中非金属组分

为解决废印制电路板(PCB)中非金属组分回收难且二次污染率大的问题,引入298/77 K循环处理技术,首先分析温度改变对PCB内部结构所造成的影响及PCB内部力学性能的变化,测试静电分选和离心分选对PCB非金属组分回收率的实际影响,之后引入CaF_(2)作为精炼过程中的强氧化剂,测试PCB内部结构发生改变后的硅组分回收率,最后测定回收后硅元素的实际纯度。结果表明:PCB在经过298/77 K循环处理后,内部结构受温度循环影响发生明显变化;各项力学性能均实现明显下降;PCB非金属组分实际产出量和硅组分回收率,相比于传统处理方式实现了明显提升,且对原PCB中各项杂质有较好的去除效果,硅元素占比在97%以上。

基于DIC及CPG技术的热冷循环后花岗岩Ⅰ型断裂特性

深部储层岩石的热力学特性,尤其是循环热冷作用下损伤破坏特性,对于增强型地热系统井壁稳定性分析及地热开采效率评估具有重要意义。针对中心直裂纹半圆盘(NSCB)花岗岩试样,首先进行不同热冷循环处理(加热温度400℃,最高循环次数13次),然后开展3点弯Ⅰ型断裂韧度特性试验。基于裂纹扩展计(CPG)和数字图像相关(DIC)测试技术,研究了热冷循环作用下花岗岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度、断裂过程区(FPZ)、裂纹扩展速率及断裂轮廓特征的影响规律。试验结果表明:当热冷循环次数达到10次以上,花岗岩试样脆性明显减弱,而峰前软化特性和峰后延性增强;花岗岩的断裂过程区由裂缝尖端开始逐步孕育,断裂过程区长度随荷载增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,Ⅰ型断裂韧度、最大断裂过程区长度及裂纹平均扩展速度随热冷循环次数增大而指数减小,Ⅰ型断裂面随热冷循环次数增大越来越不平整。最后,基于X-ray衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等微观测试技术,研究了热冷循环作用对花岗岩矿物成分及微观结构的影响规律,结果表明花岗岩4种矿物成分的峰值衍射强度及矿物质量分数均随热冷循环次数增大而降低,而微裂纹大小及数量随热冷循环次数增大而增大。热冷循环作用下花岗岩的损伤劣化机理包含了多次高温热损伤、水冷冲击及水弱化等3方面的联合作用结果。

某迫榴炮击针疲劳寿命仿真与提升研究

击针大多采用细长及变截面结构,在循环撞击力作用下,易引起结构应力集中及交变应力,经常出现疲劳断裂故障,严重影响自动武器的可靠性,甚至威胁到作战人员安全。某迫榴炮击针在试验中偶发断裂现象,疲劳寿命约200发左右,为了提升该击针疲劳寿命,基于载荷传递过程,建立了击针在火药气体反冲力下高速运动与限位块的瞬态撞击模型,获取击针撞击过程交变应力,通过循环载荷作用下击针疲劳寿命评估,计算击针疲劳寿命与试验现象基本一致,验证了计算模型的准确性。在此基础上,开展了不同材料击针疲劳寿命提升研究,研究表明,将击针材料由PCrNi3Mo更换为30CrNi2MoVE后,击针疲劳寿命由215发提升到1670发,提升效果显著,改进后的击针经实弹射击试验验证在规定寿命周期内未发生断裂现象。

循环复氧生物膜工艺在农村分散式污水处理中的应用研究

针对农村分散式生活污水的治理,提出了一种新型循环复氧生物膜一体化处理工艺,并开发了智能网关和物联网管理平台,用于构建分散式农村污水处理设施智能化管理模式。利用实验室小试探索了循环复氧比这一关键参数对工艺运行效果的影响;在单户场景中,试验装备对COD和NH_(3)-N的去除率分别可达到72.4%和75.4%,在高氨氮进水条件也能满足相应排放标准。在联户场景中,出水COD、NH_(3)-N和TN分别为13~38mg/L、0.4~4.8mg/L和1.8~7.2mg/L,均能稳定达到海南省地方标准的一级标准,不加药剂情况TP平均去除率为59.8%,同时对智能化管理模式进行了验证。研究表明,循环复氧生物膜一体化处理工艺具有低成本、易维护、抗水量和水质冲击性强的特点,能够适应多种复杂场景。

循环精馏技术研究进展

在“碳中和”“碳达峰”的战略目标下,过程强化是实现绿色生产的关键技术之一。循环精馏作为一种基于过程强化理论的新型精馏技术,通过采用特定塔内构件和控制方案而改变传统精馏塔内气相和液相的流动方式,实现气液两相分别呈周期性独立运动SPM的操作模式。循环精馏技术理论上可实现塔内液相返混为零,使分离推动力最大化,具有处理能力大、能耗低及分离性能好等优点。相较传统精馏操作,循环精馏技术可使单板效率提高到140%~300%,能耗降低20%~30%。本文针对循环精馏技术的研究背景、工作原理、工业应用、两种专用塔板(Maleta塔板和COPS塔板)以及循环精馏技术在隔板塔和反应精馏等过程强化技术中的应用进行了综合论述。论文对循环精馏技术的控制方法和内构件研究中存在的问题进行了总结,并对循环精馏技术的发展方向和前景进行了展望。

基于循环谱的单通道时频混叠信号识别

随着通信技术的发展和电磁环境的日益复杂,通信领域中的时频混叠信号频繁显现。一方面,这类信号会干扰通信系统的正常接收;另一方面,当混叠信号中引入虚假信号时,接收器极有可能接收虚假信号,从而导致获取欺骗信息。因此,有必要对混叠信号做出准确的识别,确保通信的可靠性,从而提出了一种基于循环谱特征的时频混叠信号识别算法。该算法基于非合作方式设计,不依赖于特定的调制参数,具备较优的普适性,并且测试表明,该算法对时频混叠信号的识别准确率优于传统算法。

能量特征在ADS-B信号译码中的应用

自动相关监视技术(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B)因其具备高效性和安全性,被广泛应用于空中交通管制。然而传输环境和传输距离的影响会导致部分接收的ADS-B信号十分微弱,从而降低了信号被成功译码的概率。针对此问题,提出了基于能量特征的ADS-B信号循环译码处理方法。该方法是在原始信号中先加入随机高斯白噪声,且原始信号与加入的噪声功率比约为20 dB。然后,根据幂次处理对信号的每个采样点提取局部能量特征,将得到的特征作为新的数据进行循环译码。实验结果表明,该处理方法能明显提高信号的正确译码率,对56条-99 dBm的微弱ADS-B信号的正确译码概率为100%,对56条-100 dBm的微弱ADS-B信号的正确译码概率达到98.2%。

表面包覆碳层孔隙对石墨负极材料倍率性能的影响

为了研究表面包覆碳层孔隙对石墨负极材料倍率性能的影响,引入少量硼酸,在包覆沥青软化阶段形成硼酸气化逸出效应,再通过碳化工艺在天然石墨尾料表面形成具有一定孔隙的包覆碳层,得到具有不同比例孔隙的石墨负极材料。结果表明,硼酸在材料颗粒表面形成了含有孔隙的碳层,其孔隙类型为介孔和大孔;表面碳层中的介孔比例越高,碳层L_(C)中形成Li^(+)的扩散通道数量越多,Li^(+)的扩散阻抗越低,材料倍率性能及循环性能得以改善。

软-硬互层岩体节理峰前循环剪切疲劳损伤机理研究

三峡库区频发微小地震下岩体节理循环剪切疲劳损伤对边坡动力稳定性具有重要影响。通过室内峰前循环剪切试验和PFC2D细观数值计算,研究了考虑一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度、法向应力及循环剪切次数影响的软-硬互层岩体节理宏细观疲劳损伤机理。研究表明:①岩体节理剪切应力-剪切位移曲线历经初始非线性压剪变形、近似线弹性压剪变形、循环剪切疲劳损伤变形、应力缓升压剪变形、应力陡升压剪变形及应力脆性跌落压剪变形六个演化阶段。②岩体节理峰值(残余)剪切强度和疲劳剪切(法向)位移在相同一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度或法向应力下随循环剪切次增多而分别降低和增大;且其在相同循环剪切次数下随一阶起伏角或法向应力变大而分别增大和降低,而随含水率、剪切速率或剪切幅度变大则分别降低和增大。③宏细观结果总体上吻合较好,且岩体节理细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹数量随剪切位移变化呈前期微增-陡增、中期缓增及后期陡增-缓增-陡增的发展特征,而其随循环剪切次数变化则呈前期陡增和后期缓增的发展特征。④岩体节理宏细观剪切疲劳损伤典型演化过程可概述为压密-起裂破坏、循环错动-贯通破坏及分离-啃断破坏3个渐进性发展阶段,且宏细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹近似呈“倒U形”密集分布于岩体节理附近。

随机应力循环加卸载三轴试验土的变形稳定状态初探

为研究土在随机应力幅值循环加卸载条件下的应力-应变关系,基于土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,以福建标准砂和硅微粉为研究对象进行一系列三轴试验。据此分析土样在不同随机应力循环加卸载过程的应力-应变行为,判断其是否达到变形稳定状态,同时与等应力幅值循环加卸载和阶梯应力幅值循环加卸载试验进行对比。结果表明:无论是恒定应力幅值、阶梯应力幅值还是随机应力幅值加卸载循环,当循环次数超过一定次数后,土样逐渐趋于变形稳定状态,且变形稳定状态对应的循环次数值不同;土在受到超过历史最大应力幅值时,应力-应变关系会回到初次单调加载的应力-应变曲线;在最大应力值小于破坏应力的条件下,应力加卸载时间过程幅值的随机特征,如幅值大小和分布对土的应力-应变行为,包括变形稳定状态没有影响。

燃煤电厂循环水排污水预处理系统试验与优化

燃煤电厂循环冷却水排污水成分复杂,污染物富集程度高。为提高预处理工艺对水中钙镁硬度、硅、有机物和悬浮物等的去除效率,确保后续深度净化单元的安全稳定运行,采用“化学软化+絮凝+沉淀”等预处理方法,对北方某电厂循环冷却水排污水预处理系统开展了现场模拟优化试验研究。试验结果表明:Ca(OH)_(2)+Na_(2)CO_(3)和NaOH+Na_(2)CO_(3)两种碱性组合药剂中,NaOH+Na_(2)CO_(3)对该厂循环水排污水的硬度、SiO_(2)去除效果更佳,在控制最佳pH为10.5时,出水指标为Ca^(2+)≤50mg/L、Mg^(2+)≤80mg/L、SiO_(2)≤1mg/L,软化剂和絮凝剂的加药顺序对COD去除水平和沉淀效果无明显差异,COD平均去除率为18.26%,SS去除率可达到60%,形成的污泥浓度(以SS浓度计)约为5500mg/L。通过试验研究,选择最适宜的药剂、投加顺序和投加量,为水处理工艺的降本增效提供数据支撑,研究成果可为电厂废水零排放项目的方案设计提供参考。

锂离子电池浆料高效循环制备工艺

近两年,有别于传统搅拌机及双螺杆的锂离子电池高效循环制浆系统出现。为了解适用于高效匀浆系统的工艺流程,采用干法和湿法工艺,制备固含量为62%的磷酸铁锂浆料和52%的石墨浆料。相较于干法,采用湿法工艺能解决胶粉在短时间内溶解和各组分均匀混合的问题。湿法工艺的正极浆料,黏度比干法低10300 mPa·s,高速剪切后10 s的反弹率比干法高3.6%,细度比干法更小,四探针电阻率比干法低0.0410Ω·cm,极片黏结力比干法高76.46%。负极浆料,高速剪切后10 s的反弹率比干法高2.2%,触变环的面积比干法低45.5%。SEM分析表明,干法浆料比湿法浆料团聚严重,进一步说明无论是正极还是负极,湿法制浆工艺更适合高效循环制浆系统。

Mechanism of Cathode Process of B(Ⅲ) in LiF-NaF-KBF_4 Meltby Electrochemical Titration Technique

The mechanism of cathode process of B(Ⅲ) at molybdenum and platinum electrodes in LiF-NaF-KBF4melt was studied and the transferred electron number of the reaction was calculated by means of cyclic voltammetry.The effect of adsorption of electroactive component on the electrochemical response (e. g., the voltammetric i─Ecurves) was analyzed and discussed. The 'electrochemical spectra' for linear sweep voltammetry was used to elucidate the electrode reaction accompanied by a following transform process. The results show that the reduction ofB(Ⅲ) to B(0) proceeds in reversible one step three-electron reaction and the cathode process of B(Ⅲ) is affected byproduct adsorbed strongly at the electrode surface. It is assumed that the reduction and deposition of B(Ⅲ) at molybdenum and platinum electrodes proceed in two kinds of mechanism： (1) B(Ⅲ)＋ 3e = Bads→ B (surface diffusiondeposition mechanism) and (2) B(Ⅲ) ＋ 3e = B (direct deposition mechanism).

Electrode Process of Y^(3+) Ion on Copper Electrode and Surface Alloying

The reduction of yttrium ion on copper electrode in NaCl-KCl-YCl3 molten salts has been investigated.The results indicate that several humps for formation of intermetallic compounds occur before metallic yttrium is produced. The formation of intermetallic compounds is controlled by diffusion of yttrium into copper electrode. The application of theoretical results to diffusion of yttrium atoms into copper substrate is discussed also.

Electrode Process of Y（Ⅲ）on Nickel Electrode and Surface Metallizing

In this study, the electrochemical reduction of Y(Ⅲ)on nickel electrode has been investigated. The resultsshow that there are several plateaus for formation of intermetallic compounds preceding reduction peak ofyttrium. A linear relationship between the current and t￣(-1/2) has been obtained, showing that Cottrell's law isobeyed.

Interspinous Process Implants Causes Wear of the Spinous Processes in Patients Treated for Spinal Stenosis—An Experimental Biomechanical Study with Comparison to Clinical Cases

There are few biomechanical studies on Interspinous Process Implants (IPD);however none investigate the amount of wear on spinous processes. Therefore the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of repetitive loading of the IPD Aperius on the spinous processes in a biomechanical porcine model. For comparison, three patients treated surgically with the same device have been followed for one to two years clinically and with image analyses (X-rays, MRI, CT-scans). Four lumbar spines from 6 months old porcine were divided into seven segments, which received IPD. The segments were exposed to 20,000 cyclical loads. Afterwards the deformation (wear) of the segments was registered. The wear of the spinous processes was measured in mm on a following CT-scan. Additionally, the wear of the ex-vivo was compared to that of the spinous processes investigated by CT-scans or X-ray in three patients treated surgically with the same interspinous implant. The mean maximal deformation of porcine specimens was 1.79 mm (SD 0.25) with the largest deformation occurring in the first quarter of the loading (<5000 cycles). The mean wear of the spinous processes after loading was 6.57 mm. A similar level of wear (mean 12.7 mm) of the spinous processes was detected in the patients. The Aperius IPD creates significant wear on the spinous processes in an experimental biomechanical study. Similar wear of the spinous processes is also present in patients treated with the same device post-operatively. How these findings influence the short and long term result of this implant device remains to be investigated in further biomechanical as well as clinical studies. For future development of this type of devices a proper selection of materials and design is essential to minimize wear effects on the spinous processes and thereby increases the possibilities for the devices to function as suggested.

循环伏安法原理的分析与讨论

循环伏安(CV)法是重要的电化学研究方法之一。然而大学仪器分析课程中只对其测量原理作了简单陈述,而未对测试过程中发生的电极反应作深入介绍,使学生无法深刻理解CV曲线的含义。本文从电极反应过程入手,讨论了电极/界面处电活性物质浓度随电势变化的规律,以及浓度和扫描速度等对CV曲线的影响。最后,剖析了蕴含在CV中的哲学原理。本讨论可为教学提供一定的参考。