Cyclic behavior of reinforced sand under principal stress rotation

Although the cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction is important,its effect on the deformation behavior and dynamic properties of the reinforced soil has not been reported to date.Tests carried out on large-scale hollow cylinder samples reveal that the cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction results in significant variations of strain components(ε,ε,εand γ) with periodic characteristics despite the deviatoric stress being constant during tests.This oscillation can be related to the corresponding variations in the stress components and the anisotropic fabric that rotate continuously along the principal stress direction.Sand under rotation appears to develop a plastic strain.Similar trends are observed for reinforced sand,but the shear interaction,the interlocking between particles and reinforcement layer,and the confinement result in significant reductions in the induced strains and associated irrecoverable plastic strains.Most of the strains occur in the first cycle,and as the number of cycles increases,the presence of strains becomes very small,which is almost insignificant.This indicates that the soil has reached anisotropic critical state(ACS),where a stable structure is formed after continuous orientation,realignment and rearrangement of the particles accompanied with increasing cyclic rotation.Rotation in the range of 60°-135° produces more induced strains even in the presence of the reinforcement,when compared with other ranges.This relates to the extension mode of the test in this range in which σ>σand to the relative approach between the mobilized plane and the weakest horizontal plane.Reinforcement results in an increase in shear modulus while it appears to have no effect on the damping ratio.Continuous cycles of rotation result in an increase in shear modulus and lower damping ratio due to the densification that causes a decrease in shear strain and less dissipation of energy.

Effect of Cyclic Loading on Cracking Behaviour of X-70 PipelineSteel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The cracking behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied under different modes of cyclic loading. The crack propagation process of X-70 pipeline steel under low frequency cyclic loading condition was controlled mainly by stress corrosion cracking （SCC） mechanism. Under mixed-mode cyclic loading, both higher tensile stress and shear stress made cracks easier to propagate. Applied cathodic potentials and high content of carbon dioxide in solutions also promoted the propagation of cracks. The propagation directions of cracks were different under different cyclic loading conditions. Under mode I （pure tensile stress） cyclic loading condition, cracks were straight and perpendicular to the tensile stress axis, while under mixed-mode 1/111 （tensile/shear stress） cyclic loading,cracks were sinuous and did not propagate in the direction perpendicular to the main tensile stress axis. Under the mixed-mode cyclic loading, cracks were much easier to propagate, suggesting that shear stress intensified the role of tensile stress. In addition, shear stress promoted the interaction between cracks, resulting in easier coalescence of cracks.

Stiffness Degradation of Undisturbed Saturated Soft Clay in the Yangtze Estuary Under Complex Stress Conditions

Stiffness degradation will occur due to the generation of accumulated pore pressure in saturated soft clays under cyclic loading. The soil static-dynamic multi-purpose triaxial and torsional shear apparatus in Dalian University of Technology was employed to perform different types of test on the saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze Estuary. Undisturbed samples of the clay were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consolidation parameters. Investigated were the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress, initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and continuous rotation of principal stress axes on the stiffness degradation. It is found that the degradation index decreases （or degradation degree increases） significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress is less evident and this trend is more clearly reflected by the results of the cyclic torsional shear tests than those of the cyclic coupling shear tests. At the same cycle number, the degradation index obtained from the cyclic torsional shear test is higher than that from the cyclic coupling shear test. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stress directions during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of the soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.Based on a series of experiments, a mathematical model for stiffness degradation is proposed and the relevant parameters are determined.

Undrained dynamical behavior of Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand under cyclic loading

A series of dynamic behavior tests on Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand were performed by using the WFI cyclic triaxial apparatus made in England. The dynamic behaviors of Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand under different static deviator stress levels and cyclic stress ratios were studied. Through comparing the effective stress path under cyclic loading with static loading, the processes of liquefaction of saturated Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand with development of dynamic pore-water pressure, including the initial compact state, compression state and dilative state, were investigated. The variation of the shear stiffness with the number of cycles and cyclic strain was investigated by analyzing the secant shear modulus in each unload-reload loop of dynamic stress-strain relationship. And by means of the exponential function, the empirical equations of the relationship between secant shear modulus Gsec, shear modulus ratio Gsec/Gmax and cyclic strain ε were established based on series of test results. The results show that according to different combinations of static deviator stress and cyclic stress, two kinds of failure patterns with deviator stress reversal or no deviator stress reversal are observed in the samples tested in this series, including cyclic mobility and the failure of accumulation residual strain. In addition, the degradation of dynamic shear modulus is due to the development of vibration pore-water pressure and it is observed that the shear modulus reduces with the progressive number of cycles.

列车荷载作用下压实花岗岩残积土累积变形特性试验研究

为研究列车荷载作用下应力及湿化条件对压实花岗岩残积土累积变形特性的影响,以围压、动应力幅值、含水率为变量,对压实花岗岩残积土进行循环空心扭剪和循环定向加载试验。结果表明:循环扭剪应力路径下主应力轴旋转效应增加了试样的累积变形量,甚至改变了累积变形的发展模式,该影响程度随试样含水率的增大而增大;试样的累积应变发展速率在加载初期(N<100)时完成大幅度衰减,围压增大可加快累积应变发展速率的衰减,动应力幅值的增加会延长累积应变发展速率的衰减时间,循环扭剪加载时试样的累积应变发展速率衰减程度小于循环定向加载试验,含水率越高该效应越显著。通过预测模型能够对两种动力加载应力路径下的稳定型和发展型累积应变发展曲线能够进行拟合,对压实花岗岩残积土的累积变形作出较好预测。

初始剪应力作用下饱和粉土液化流动特性试验研究

饱和粉土在地震作用下会发生液化变形,从而导致建立在其上的建(构)筑物发生破坏。工程场地区域内粉土单元通常存在初始剪应力作用,为探究初始剪应力对饱和粉土液化特性的影响,将液化后粉土视为流体进行了一系列循环扭剪试验研究。试验结果表明,初始剪应力对饱和粉土剪应力-剪应变率曲线影响显著,随着初始剪应力τ_(s)的增大,剪应力-剪应变率曲线由“椭圆形”向“哑铃形”过渡逐渐转变为由“镰刀形”向“椭圆形”至“锤形”过渡;表观黏度η与振次N的衰减曲线随着τ_(s)的增大先降低再抬升,平均流动系数κ与振次N的增长曲线发展速度随着τ_(s)的增大先加快后减慢,固液相变孔压比r_(uth)随着τ_(s)的增大先减小后增大,当τ_(s)=5 k Pa时饱和粉土的r_(uth)最小。

循环荷载下饱和黄土的剪切特性与破坏模式

饱和黄土的破坏模式和剪切特性是分析黄土地基及其构筑物地震变形的基础,为了揭示循环荷载下黄土独特的强度衰减和变形劣化规律,本文开展了饱和黄土不排水动三轴试验,控制初始剪应力(q_(s))和循环剪应力(q_(c)),研究了不同初始应力状态下饱和黄土的动强度、孔压发展规律及破坏模式。试验结果表明:当q_(s)<q_(c)时,重塑和原状黄土试样表现为循环迁移型破坏,当q_(s)≥q_(c)时,重塑黄土试样表现为流动型破坏,而原状黄土试样则表现为塑性应变累积型破坏;黄土试样的循环应力比(R_(CS))、循环阻力比(R_(CR,10))随着初始剪应力比(R_(SS))的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;循环迁移型和塑性应变累积型破坏在循环加载的初始阶段孔压上升迅速,孔压增长曲线分别呈“风琴”状和“喇叭”状,而流动型破坏的初始阶段孔压增长速率较慢,当到达某一振次后孔压突然增长,孔压增长曲线呈“镰刀”状。基于初始阶段孔压发展指标(K_(1-2))与初始应力状态(q_(s)/q_(c))提出了图表法,可用于预测循环荷载下饱和黄土的破坏模式。

血管力学生物学2023年度研究进展

心血管系统是一个以心脏为中心、血管为网络的力学系统,力学因素在调控心血管系统生理状态或病理进程中起到直接且关键的作用。冠心病、高血压和脑卒中等多种心血管疾病都有着相似的病理学基础,即由于血管功能失衡及损伤修复异常引起的血管重建。因此,研究力学因素如何产生生物学效应而导致血管重建,阐明心血管力学信号转导通路和力学调控途径,对于深入了解心血管活动和疾病发生的本质及其防治有重要意义。本文以力学刺激(环境)因素和关键力学响应分子为线索,总结2023年度血管力学生物学的最新研究进展。研究结果为进一步探讨力学因素在心血管疾病发病机制中的作用,寻找心血管疾病诊断的标志物和潜在靶标等提供了新思路。

饱和软粘土的不排水循环累积变形特性

在上海地区典型饱和软粘土不排水循环三轴试验的基础上,分析了影响软粘土塑性累积变形的主要因素:循环荷载的作用次数,初始静偏应力和循环加载动偏应力。基于临界状态土力学理论,引入了相对偏应力水平参数,考虑初始静应力、循环动应力和不排水极限强度的相互影响,研究了不同静、循环动应力组合应力历史影响下饱和软粘土的不排水循环累积变形特性。

密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

为研究密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面在经历循环剪切及其后的表现,采用大型直剪仪进行了一系列大型单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验和循环后单调直剪试验。并将单调直剪试验与循环后单调直剪试验的结果进行对比分析。结果表明:单调直剪试验中,随着砂土密实度的增加筋土界面抗剪强度增加,剪切体胀现象变的明显;格栅–密砂界面发生循环剪切软化现象,土样在循环剪切过程当中整体上发生剪缩,且砂土密实度越大经历相同循环次数时的剪缩量越小;循环后单调直剪试验中,3种砂土密实度界面抗剪强度发展曲线都为软化型,在直剪过程中都发生自始至终的剪胀;遭受循环剪切后密砂–格栅界面抗剪强度发生了退化。

颗粒粒径对格栅-土界面静、动力直剪特性的影响

为研究颗粒粒径对格栅-粗粒土界面单调直剪和循环剪切特性的影响,利用大型直剪仪进行了一系列室内大型单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验和循环后单调直剪试验,并将单调直剪试验与循环后单调直剪试验的结果进行了对比分析,研究了循环剪切应力历史对界面直剪强度特性的影响。结果表明:单调直剪试验中,随着粗粒土粒径的增加,界面似黏聚力和内摩擦角增加;循环剪切中界面抗剪强度发生硬化,同一循环位移幅值下颗粒粒径越小,界面在循环剪切过程中的硬化速度越快;遭受循环剪切后界面残余应力比降低,峰值似黏聚力显著增长。

波浪作用下海底粉砂液化的机理分析

本文以黄河水下三角洲埕北海区沉积物为研究对象，首次考虑了超孔压随时间的累积和消散效应，得出了相应的的分布曲线。用计算结果评价了粉砂液化的可能性，并给出了液化影响的深度。本文还定量分析了海底土体对波浪周期性荷载的动力响应，并对其不稳定性机制进行了探讨。

考虑循环应力比和频率影响的动荷载下软土微观结构研究

以杭州原状软土为研究对象,借助扫描电镜和PCAS微观定量测试技术,采用分形理论对波浪荷载下的饱和软土微观结构进行研究,探讨不同循环应力比和不同频率条件下孔隙的分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:循环应力比越大或频率越低,试样破坏所需的循环次数越少;试样临界破坏应变水平随循环应力比的增加呈升高趋势,而不同频率下的临界破坏应变水平则基本一致;孔隙的尺度、排列、形态等特征均随循环应力比的变化呈规律性变化,但随频率变化没有明显的规律性;循环剪应力作用下,孔隙破碎的同时兼并生长,这是剪切带上褶皱现象的微观本质,并且孔隙排列方向与剪切带方向基本一致。通过循环加载前、后微观结构特征参数的变化规律,揭示了波浪荷载下循环应力比和频率对土体微观结构的影响以及土体宏观变形的微观机制。

初始剪应力对饱和粉土液化特性影响试验研究

为探寻饱和粉土的液化特性,利用GDS空心圆柱仪进行了一系列循环扭剪试验。在初始剪应力τs和循环剪应力τcy共同作用下,试样的最小剪应力τmin=τs-τcy存在3种类型：τmin〈0,τmin=0和τmin〉0。试验结果表明：当τmin≤0时,试样的孔压可以达到有效围压,其破坏模式为循环液化;当τmin〉0时,试样的孔压始终达不到有效围压,其破坏模式为过大的累计应变。饱和粉土的循环强度随着初始剪应力τs与初始有效平均主应力0p′之比值SSR（初始剪应力比）的增加呈现出先减小后增大变化趋势,且SSR=0.1~0.15时的循环强度最低。当SSR≤0.1时,孔压比的发展模式随着循环剪应力比的增加由＂快—平稳—急剧＂的增长模式向＂快—平稳＂的增长模式转变;当SSR〉0.1时,孔压比的发展呈现＂快—平稳＂的增长模式。

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%-85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。

复杂应力条件下原状饱和海洋黏土孔压与强度特性

利用土工静力–动力液压三轴–扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了非均等固结条件下的应力控制式轴向-扭转双向耦合循环剪切试验,探讨了初始大主应力方向角、循环剪切荷载分量比值及循环应力水平对饱和海洋黏土孔压与强度特性的影响。结果表明:初始大主应力方向角对双向耦合剪切下孔压特性影响显著,随着角度的增大,残余孔压发展水平升高,同时波动孔压幅值也在增大,同时建立不同初始大主应力方向角下归一化残余孔压比与归一化循环次数比拟合关系。在固定加载路径所形成的椭圆面积不变条件下,竖向与扭转向荷载分量的比值存在某一临界值,对应此临界值,残余孔压最低。随着循环应力比的增大,波动孔压幅值与残余孔压均在增大,但高应力水平与低应力水平下孔压发展存在较大差异。此外由不同循环应力比下孔压时程曲线确定出临界循环应力比。初始大主应力方向角对动强度影响显著,随角度的增大动强度逐渐降低。动强度曲线显示循环应力比与循环剪切破坏次数的对数基本呈直线关系。

初始剪应力对饱和粉土液化大变形特性的影响

由于斜坡场地存在初始剪应力的作用,在强地震动作用下比水平场地更易发生液化大变形破坏,研究初始剪应力对土体液化大变形特性的影响是必要的。以饱和粉土为研究材料,开展了一系列单幅剪应变达到50%的循环扭剪试验。试验结果表明:在初始剪应力和循环剪应力的共同作用下,饱和粉土试样均发生孔压达到有效围压的零有效应力状态现象,累计变形呈平缓—急剧的发展模式,土体大变形的产生机制可区分为2种:循环液化和应变累计。随着初始剪应力比的增加,饱和粉土的循环强度呈现先减小后增大的特征,且在初始剪应力比接近循环应力比CSR时其循环强度最低。

地震触发砂土液化总应力判别法──以北京密云水库白河主坝震害为例

在二维应力状态下，地震在土体中不仅产生动水平剪应力τνｈ，而且引起在一般情况下不可忽略的竖向动正应力σｖ及水平动正应力σｈ。在研究地震触发砂土液化的应力条件及液化判别方法时应考虑这三种动应力的联合作用．本文基于莫尔－库伦强度准则，采用总应力方法，研究能够考虑地震动水平剪应力τｖｈ、竖向动正应力σｖ及水平动正应力σｈ共同作用的砂土液化判别准则，并且以北京密云水库白河主坝震害为例，说明这种液化判别准则的有效性及其使用方法。

液化判别方法中应力折减系数研究发展述评

1964年阿拉斯加大地震和新瀉地震中出现了大量土壤液化产生的震害,受到工程界的广泛关注。1971年Seed和Idriss提出了基于标准贯入试验的液化判别CSR方法,其中应力折减系数对该类液化判别方法的准确性有很大影响。本文对r_d关系的关键性研究进行了综述,指出了这些研究在r_d关系发展历程中的贡献及局限性;通过比较理想场地下各个液化判别方法的临界标贯锤击数,说明目前应用的r_d关系曲线普遍存在问题,导致临界锤击数曲线出现回弯或其他不合理现象;通过对典型场地SHAKE软件计算结果的分析以及与KiK-net实测记录的比较,说明目前r_d关系研究在软、厚场地条件下应用时可靠性普遍不高。基于以上分析,建议对r_d关系今后的研究重点应集中在Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地,并按场地类别分别给出工程可用的关系曲线。

在二维应力状态下地震触发砂土液化动应力条件

在二维应力状态下，地震在土体中不仅产生动水平剪应力τhd，而且也引起在一般情况下不可忽略的竖向与水平动正应力差[σvd－σhd]／2，二者定义为动偏应力之二分量，均应是评估土体或土工结构物变形及稳定性的主要因素．本文给出了在地震动偏应力二分量共同作用下，土单元中最大往返剪切作用面及其上最大动剪应力比[τd／σs］max的确定方法．据此，提出了地震触发砂土液化的应力条件及液化判别准则。