The Effect of Pore Solution on the Hysteretic Curve of Expansive Soil under Cyclic Loading

A dynamic triaxial instrument was used to study the effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride and stress amplitudes on the dynamic properties of an expansive soil under cyclic loading.In particular,four parameters were considered in such a parametric investigation,namely,hysteresis curve morphology characteristic non-closure degreeεp,the ratio of the short and long axisα,the slope of the long axis k and the enclosed area S.The results show that with an increase in the sodium chloride concentration,the soil particle double electric layer becomes thinner,the distance between soil particles decreases,and the whole sample becomes denser.Theεp-N,α-N and S–N relation curves all show a decreasing trend.The ratio of plastic deformation to total deformation grows with increasing the dynamic stress amplitude,and the curves show an upwards trend.The k-N relationship curve displays an increasing trend with the concentration and a general downwards trend as the dynamic stress amplitude is made higher.This also indicates that sodium chloride solutions can improve the engineering properties of expansive soil to a certain extent.With an increase in the vibration times N,the shape of the hysteretic curve becomes narrower,and the whole soil exhibits a cyclic strain hardening.With the help of an exponential function,a model is introduced to predict the relationship between the concentration and the hysteretic curve.

A CONDITION OF THE EXISTENCE OF STABLE POSITIVE STEADY-STATE SOLUTIONS FOR A ONE PREDATOR TWO PREY SYSTEM

One predator two prey system is a research topic which has both the theoretical and practical values. This paper provides a natural condition of the existence of stable positive steady-state solutions for the one predator two prey system. Under this condition we study the existence of the positive steady-state solutions at vicinity of the triple eigenvalue by implicit function theorem, discuss the positive stable solution problem bifurcated from the semi-trivial solutions containing two positive components with the help of bifurcation and perturbation methods.

A Posteriori Stabilized Sixth-Order Finite Volume Scheme with Adaptive Stencil Construction:Basics for the 1D Steady-State Hyperbolic Equations

We propose an adaptive stencil construction for high-order accurate finite volume schemes a posteriori stabilized devoted to solve one-dimensional steady-state hyperbolic equations.High accuracy(up to the sixth-order presently)is achieved,thanks to polynomial recon-structions while stability is provided with an a posteriori MOOD method which controls the cell polynomial degree for eliminating non-physical oscillations in the vicinity of dis-continuities.We supplemented this scheme with a stencil construction allowing to reduce even further the numerical dissipation.The stencil is shifted away from troubles(shocks,discontinuities,etc.)leading to less oscillating polynomial reconstructions.Experimented on linear,Burgers',and Euler equations,we demonstrate that the adaptive stencil technique manages to retrieve smooth solutions with optimal order of accuracy but also irregular ones without spurious oscillations.Moreover,we numerically show that the approach allows to reduce the dissipation still maintaining the essentially non-oscillatory behavior.

Nonlinear analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under cyclic loading

This paper presents an analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of soft soil under some common types of cyclic loading such as trapezoidal cyclic loading, based on the assumptions proposed by Davis and Raymond (1965) that the decrease in permeability is proportional to the decrease in compressibility during the consolidation process of the soil and that the distribution of initial effective stress is constant with depth. It is verified by the existing analytical solutions in special cases. Using the solution obtained, some diagrams are prepared and the relevant consolidation behavior is investigated.

Effect of NaCl Concentration on the Cumulative Strain and Pore Distribution of Clay under Cyclic Loading

Clay,as the most common soil used for foundationfill,is widely used in various infrastructure projects.The phy-sical and mechanical properties of clay are influenced by the pore solution environment.This study uses a GDS static/dynamic triaxial apparatus and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to investigate the effects of cyclic loading on clay foundations.Moreover,the development of cumulative strain in clay is analyzed,and afitting model for cumulative plastic strain is introduced by considering factors such as NaCl solution concentration,con-solidation stress ratio,and cycle number.In particular,the effects of the NaCl solution concentration and con-solidation stress ratio on the pore distribution of the test samples before and after cyclic loading are examined,and the relationship between microscopic pore size and macroscopic cumulative strain is obtained accordingly.Our results show that as the consolidation stress ratio grows,an increasing number of large pores in the soil samples are transformed into small pores.As the NaCl solution concentration becomes higher,the number of small pores gradually decreases,while the number of large pores remains unchanged.Cyclic loading causes the disappearance of the large pores in the samples,and the average pore size before cyclic loading is posi-tively correlated with the axial cumulative strain after cyclic loading.The cumulative strain produced by the soil under cyclic loading is inversely proportional to the NaCl solution concentration and consolidation stress ratio.

Vacuum Solutions of Classical Gravity on Cyclic Groups from Noncommutative Geometry

Based on the observation that the moduli of a link variable on a cyclic group modify Connes' distance on this group, we construct several action functionals for this link variable within the framework of noncommutative geometry. After solving the equations of motion, we find that one type of action gives nontrivial vacuum solution for gravity on this cyclic group in a broad range of coupling constants and that such a solution can be expressed with Chebyshev's polynomials.

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils under sinusoidal cyclic loading

An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund's one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth was gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy's law and Fick's law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain were obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. The analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement were obtained in the time domain by performing the inverse Laplace transforms. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil under sinusoidal loading from analytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the numerical method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.

Electrochemical-Voltammetry Behavior of Several Aromatic Aldehydes in Acid Solution

The electrochemical-voltammetry behavior of vanillin, heliotropin, anisaldehyde on the surface of Pt, Au electrodes in acid solution has been studied by means of the electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method. It was found that the electrochemical processes of them are irreversible on both Pt and Au electrodes. The electrochemical activity of vanillin is stronger than heliotropin's and heliotropin's is stronger than anisaldehyde's on Pt electrode. While the electrochemical activity of anisaldehyde is stronger than heliotropin's and vanillin's is the weakest on Au. The results indicate that when they are used as additives for electroplating, they must be consumptive, and it will improve the leveling ability of plating solution and brightness of the deposition layer.

A Newton multigrid method for steady-state shallow water equations with topography and dry areas

A Newton multigrid method is developed for one-dimensional （1D） and two- dimensional （2D） steady-state shallow water equations （SWEs） with topography and dry areas. The nonlinear system arising from the well-balanced finite volume discretization of the steady-state SWEs is solved by the Newton method as the outer iteration and a geometric multigrid method with the block symmetric Gauss-Seidel smoother as the inner iteration. The proposed Newton multigrid method makes use of the local residual to regularize the Jacobian matrix of the Newton iteration, and can handle the steady- state problem with wet/dry transition. Several numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency, robustness, and well-balanced property of the proposed method. The relation between the convergence behavior of the Newton multigrid method and the distribution of the eigenvalues of the iteration matrix is detailedly discussed.

Study on Kinetics of Cathodic Reduction of Dissolved Oxygen in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution

Electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen in seawater on metals is of great importance for corrosion studies.The present paper studied cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen on Q235 carbon steel in 3.5% sodium chloride(NaCl) solutions by cyclic voltammetry(CV),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),rotating disk electrode(RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode(RRDE).The cyclic voltammetric results demonstrated the cathodic process on Q235 carbon steel in O2-saturated 3.5% NaCl solution contains three reactions:dissolved oxygen reduction,iron oxides reduction and hydrogen evolution.The peak potential of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is -0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl,3 molL-1 KCl.The EIS results indicated that the ORR occurring on Q235 carbon steel is a 4-electron process and that no finite diffusion is caused by the intermediate of H2O2 produced by ORR.The RDE and RRDE voltammograms confirmed the EIS results and it was found that the number of transferred electrons for ORR was nearly 4,i.e.,dissolved oxygen reduced to water.

Study on one-dimensional consolidation of soil under cyclic loading and with varied compressibility

This paper presents a semi-analytical method to solve one dimensional consolidation problem by taking consideration of varied compressibility of soil under cyclic loading. In the method, soil stratum is divided equally into n layers while load and consolidation time are also divided into small parts and time intervals accordingly. The problem of one-dimensional consolidation of soil stratum under cyclic loading can then be dealt with at each time interval as one-dimensional linear consolidation of multi-layered soils under constant loading. The compression or rebounding of each soil layer can be judged by the effective stress of the layer. When the effective stress is larger than that in the last time interval, the soil layer is compressed, and when it is smaller, the soil layer rebounds. Thus, appropriate compressibility can be chosen and the consolidation of the layered system can be analyzed by the available analytical linear consolidation theory. Based on the semi-analytical method, a computer program was developed and the behavior of one-dimensional consolidation of soil with varied compressibility under cyclic loading was investigated, and compared with the available consolidation theory which takes no consideration of varied compressibility of soil under cyclic loading. The results showed that by taking the variable compressibility into account, the rate of consolidation of soil was greater than the one predicted by conventional consolidation theory.

The steady-state solution of dendritic growth from the undercooled binary alloy melt with the far field flow

The steady-state dendritic growth from the undercooled binary alloy melt with the far field flow is considered. By neglecting the interface energy, interface kinetics and buoyancy effects in the system, we obtaine the steady-state solution for the case of the large Schmidt number, in terms of the multiple variable expansion method. The changes of the temperature and concentration fields, the morphology of the interface, the normalization parameter and the Peclet number of the system induced by uniform external flow are derived. The results show that, compared with the system of dendritic growth from undercooled pure melt, the convective flow in the system of growth from undercooled binary alloy has stronger effects on the morphology of the interface. Nevertheless, the shape of the interface still remains nearly a paraboloid.

Steady-state solution growth of microcrystalline silicon on nanocrystalline seed layers on glass

The growth of polycrystalline silicon layers on glass from tin solutions at low temperatures is presented.This approach is based on the steady-state solution growth of Si crystallites on nanocrystalline seed layers, which are prepared in a preceding process step. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy investigations reveal details about the seed layer surfaces, which consist of small hillocks, as well as about Sn inclusions and gaps along the glass substrate after solution growth. The successful growth of continuous microcrystalline Si layers with grain sizes up to several ten micrometers shows the feasibility of the process and makes it interesting for photovoltaics.

循环荷载作用下NaCl溶液对黏土动力特性影响及微观机理分析

针对黏土易与水结合,孔隙溶液环境变化对黏土动力特性有较大影响的问题,使用GDS真/动三轴仪对黏土试样进行模拟交通循环荷载下的分级加载试验,研究不同浓度NaCl孔隙溶液、振动频率对土体应力-应变关系和动弹性模量的影响,分析骨干曲线及弹性模量的发展规律,并结合电镜扫描,分析NaCl溶液浓度和振动频率改变前后试样的孔隙分布规律,得到微观孔径与动力特性的关系。结果表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度和振动频率的升高,应力-应变曲线和动弹性模量曲线呈上移趋势;阻尼比-动应变曲线随振动频率的增加而上升,随NaCl溶液浓度的增加而下降;NaCl溶液浓度升高,水化反应产生的胶体增多,微填充作用可有效减少小孔隙,振动频率增加则使得片状颗粒间距被压缩,层状结构减少,土体更加密实,有效减少大孔隙。研究得出的含NaCl溶液黏土受孔隙溶液浓度与振动频率变化的影响规律,可为研究其他环境下黏土的强度变化提供参考。

Ni-Ti-Cr固溶体对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响

以机械合金化的Ni-Ti-Cr固溶体作为粘结剂制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,研究了不同Cr含量的固溶体对金属陶瓷微观组织、力学性能和氧化行为的影响。结果表明,随着Cr含量的增加,金属陶瓷颗粒尺寸先减小后增大,抗弯强度、断裂韧性和硬度先增大后减小。当Ni、Ti、Cr的质量比为91∶3∶6时,金属陶瓷的综合性能最好,抗弯强度、断裂韧性和硬度分别达到2120.3 MPa、15.41 MPa·m^(1/2)和88.9 HRA,且氧化膜致密,氧化增重和氧化膜剥落较少。金属陶瓷经过60 h氧化后,外层氧化膜以NiO为主,TiO_(2)主要嵌在NiO晶界处,往内为疏松的TiO_(2)层,再往内Cr元素富集,形成致密的NiO和NiCr_(2)O_(4)层,可有效吸收氧原子,阻碍进一步氧化,并起到层与层之间连接和过渡的作用。在循环氧化时,金属陶瓷氧化膜经历了从NiO层到TiO_(2)层循环剥落的过程。

钢渣乙酸浸出液碳酸化固定CO_(2)的工艺研究

本文以钢渣的乙酸浸出液为试验原料,采用碳酸化方式对CO_(2)进行固定,同时再生部分乙酸。试验结果表明,溶液pH为8.0,固碳温度为55℃,转化时间为3 h,CO_(2)流量为5 mL/min时,碳酸化转化率最高。在最佳工艺条件下,Ca转化率达98.38%,Mg转化率为23.61%,固碳后液循环浸出钢渣,可节约37.78%乙酸,固碳产物的主要成分为CaCO_(3),品位为96.88%。该工艺成本低,试剂消耗少,具有一定工业应用价值。

循环荷载作用下黏弹性地基一维固结性状研究

针对单层黏弹性地基模型,对循环荷载作傅立叶级数展开,由固结方程求得循环荷载作用下不透水(透水)边界饱和软黏土一维固结解析解。通过不同渗透系数、黏滞系数和弹性模量以及黏弹性与弹性不同地基模型比较等对有效应力的影响,进行了固结性状分析。结果表明、在循环荷载作用下地基中各点的有效应力并不随荷载的变化而同步变化,而是按一定规律滞后发展;有效应力最终达到一个稳定状态,每一个加载卸载循环下有效应力幅值在一个振荡周期的平均值变化趋近于0;软黏土的流变特性对固结的影响主要发生在中、后期。

银在氢氧化钠溶液中的电化学行为

通过设计三电极电化学系统,采用循环伏安、动电位阳极极化以及恒电位阳极极化方法研究了银在不同氢氧化钠溶液的电化学行为。结果表明:银在NaOH溶液中,循环伏安和动电位阳极极化正向扫描中出现Ag2O和AgO的氧化峰。随着NaOH浓度的增加,在相同电极电位条件下,阳极电流密度逐渐增加,极化后银的腐蚀增质也随之增加;极化后样品表面的腐蚀产物聚集更为严重,出现较多的孔洞和微裂纹,从而为电解质溶液和基体之间的物质传输提供了更多通道,加速了银的电化学腐蚀进程。

循环荷载作用下地基一维非线性固结解析解

将孔隙比e与有效应力σ′关系(e-lgσ′)引入循环荷载作用下单层地基的一维非线性固结问题的研究之中,通过假定土体中的初始有效应力沿深度均匀分布和固结过程中土体渗透性的降低与压缩性的减小成正比,建立了低频循环荷载作用下单层地基的一维非线性固结问题的固结方程。由ω-σ′变换得出了低频梯形循环荷载作用下单层地基的一维非线性固结问题的解析解,采用Fortran语言编制了相应的计算程序,并通过将其特例情况下的解分别与目前已有的解析解和半解析解进行对比的方法对文中解作了验证。现有单层地基的一维非线性固结解析解均为文中解的特例。

硫脲浸出液电沉积金银的电化学行为

采用硫脲法选择性地溶浸含金银的物料并通过电沉积的方法回收浸出液中的金银,可实现金银的有效提取并简化金银的提取流程。以含Fe3+5g/L、硫脲(TU)50g/L、pH 1的硫酸硫脲溶液分别浸出金、银及铜阳极泥中的金、银,所得浸出液中银、金与硫脲形成的配离子主要以[Ag(TU)4]+、[Ag(TU)3]+和[Au(TU)2]+形式存在。对硫脲浸出液的循环伏安研究结果表明,Fe3+、H+、[Au(TU)2]+、[Ag(TU)4]+和[Ag(TU)3]+在阴极电还原的起始电位分别为:0.15、-0.25、-0.32和-0.36V,因此金在阴极上优先于银被还原析出,继而与银同时还原析出,并伴随着氢气的析出、RSSR的还原和杂质金属的还原,而阴极析氢是降低电流效率的主要原因。