Cyclic strength of sand under a nonstandard elliptical rotation stress path induced by wave loading

The principal stress rotation is one of the most important features of the stress state in a seabed subjected to wave loading. Most prior investigations focused their attention on the cyclic behaviour of soil deposits under the circular rotation stress path based on the analytical solutions for a seabed of infinite thickness. In this paper, the nonstandard elliptical, i.e., non-circular, rotation stress path is shown to be a more common state in the soil sediments of a finite seabed with an alternating changeover in stress due to a travelling regular wave. Then an experimental investigation in a hollow cylinder triaxial-torsional apparatus is conducted into the effect of the nonstandard elliptical stress path on the cyclic strength. A special attention is placed on the difference between the circular rotation stress path and the elliptical rotation stress path. The results and observations show that the shear characteristics for the circular rotation stress path in the literature are not applicable for analyzing the cyclic strength of sand in a finite seabed, and also indicate that due to the influence of three parameters about the size and the shape of a nonstandard ellipse, the cyclic strength under a nonstandard elliptical rotation stress path is evidently more complex and diversified as compared with that under a circular rotation stress path. Especially the influence of the initial phase difference on the cyclic strength is significant.

Strength degradation of sandstone and granodiorite under uniaxial cyclic loading

Change in mechanical properties of rocks under static loading has been widely studied and documented.However, the response of rocks to cyclic loads is still a much-debated topic. Fatigue is the phenomenon when rocks under cyclic loading fail at much lower strength as compared to those subjected to the monotonic loading conditions. A few selected cored granodiorite and sandstone specimens have been subjected to uniaxial cyclic compression tests to obtain the unconfined fatigue strength and life. This study seeks to examine the effects of cyclic loading conditions, loading amplitude and applied stress level on the fatigue life of sandstone, as a soft rock, and granodiorite, as a hard rock, under uniaxial compression test. One aim of this study is to determine which of the loading conditions has a stronger effect on rock fatigue response. The fatigue response of hard rocks and soft rocks is also compared. It is shown that the loading amplitude is the most important factor affecting the cyclic response of the tested rocks. The more the loading amplitude, the shorter the fatigue life, and the greater the strength degradation. The granodiorite specimens showed more strength degradation compared to the sandstone specimens when subjected to cyclic loading. It is shown that failure modes of specimens under cyclic loadings are different from those under static loadings. More local cracks were observed under cyclic loadings especially for granodiorite rock specimens.

Effect of Fly Ash and Early Strength Agent on Durability of Concrete Exposed to the Cyclic Sulfate Environment

The effect of fly ash and early strength agent on resistance of concrete to the cyclic sulfate environment was studied.Concrete specimens made with ordinary portland cement or ordinary portland cement incorporating fly ash with the replacement of 10% or 20%,or 1% early strength agent and fly ash with the replacement of 20%,were made and subjected to 250 cycles of exposure to the cyclic sulfate environment.Concrete properties including loss of mass,chloride ion diffusion coefficient,compressive strength and flexural strength were measured.Microstructure and chemical component of samples were determined by means of X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicated that effect of fly ash on the cyclic sulfate resistance of concretes was mostly dependent on the amount of fly ash.Early strength agent improved performances of concrete with 20% fly ash exposed to cyclic sulfate environment.

近疲劳强度循环荷载下粉砂岩强度变化机制

通过开展不同循环次数的循环加卸载转单调加载试验,结合声发射和CT扫描技术,揭示了近疲劳强度循环荷载作用下泥质石英粉砂岩的细观破裂演化规律、裂隙扩展特征与强度变化机制.结果表明:(1)泥质石英粉砂岩的损伤应力小于疲劳强度,可称损伤应力与疲劳强度之间的应力水平为近疲劳强度.(2)随着循环次数增加,粉砂岩峰值强度先小幅下降后持续增加最终趋于稳定,当一次循环后轴向(体积)变形从压缩(膨胀)转为几乎不变时,可认为粉砂岩的强度从劣化转为强化.(3)单调加载阶段应力接近峰值强度时,粉砂岩中、低频区的声发射信号大幅增加,可将其视为岩石受压破坏的先兆.(4)当循环次数较低时,循环过程中粉砂岩的弱胶结结构断裂,有效承载面积减小,转单调加载后岩石破裂尺度增大、内部裂纹局部集中,发生劣化,呈单斜面剪切破坏.(5)当循环次数较高时,循环过程中粉砂岩胶结强度增加、细观结构更为致密与均匀,有效承载面积增大,岩石内部在泊松效应的影响下持续产生横向拉应力,转单调加载后岩石裂隙尺寸、裂隙密度和破碎程度降低,发生强化,呈张拉–剪切的复合裂隙网络.

平台井拉链式压裂套管抗挤能力计算

随着拉链式压裂等新型技术在页岩油气开发中的广泛应用,压裂过程中套管内部承受多级循环内压作用,外部承受由拉链式压裂作业引起的非均匀外挤载荷作用。通过多级循环载荷实验以及数值模拟分析了多级循环载荷以及平台井拉链式压裂套管抗挤强度变化规律,得到了多级压裂套管综合抗挤能力系数计算方法,并应用该计算方法对新疆油田某井区一口套变井进行实例计算。结果表明,在多级循环载荷作用下,套管抗挤强度随循环次数呈线性降低规律;拉链式压裂作业引起井周地应力非均匀分布,套管抗挤强度随地应力非均匀度呈近线性降低趋势;在内外综合作用下,套管抗挤强度降幅超15%,增大了套管变形的风险。提出的平台井拉链式压裂套管抗挤能力计算方法可为现场压裂施工预防套管变形提供一定的计算指导。

基于能量法的海洋黏土循环破坏准则试验研究

海洋黏土循环强度的合理确定对确保海洋结构物全寿命服役期的稳定性有重要意义。针对不同塑性指数IP长江口原状海洋黏土,开展了不同循环应力比CSR条件下的常体积循环单剪试验,结合能量法探究了原状海洋黏土的循环破坏准则。研究结果表明:原状海洋黏土存在门槛循环应力比CSR_(th),当CSR<CSR^(th)时,单圈能量耗散Wi只在较小范围内线性发展,土体不会发生循环破坏;当CSR>CSR^(th)时,Wi随循环振次N的发展曲线因土体结构的严重破坏而出现突变点,并以该点作为破坏点确定了破坏振次Nf和破坏双幅剪应变γ_(DA,f);长江口原状海洋黏土的CSR^(th)随IP增大增长呈现幂函数关系。随着CSR和PI的增大,Wi和γ_(DA,f)均逐渐增大,N_(f)逐渐减小。γ_(DA,f)/IP^(1.5)-CSR-CSR^(th)的数据点分布在一条较窄的范围内,且γ_(DA,f)/IP^(1.5)随CSR-CSR^(th)增长服从线性函数关系,提出了适用于不同海域原状海洋黏土DA,fg的评价方法。

Q460高强钢管柱-H形梁焊接节点循环拉伸性能试验研究

为研究Q460高强钢管柱-H形梁焊接节点在地震作用下的力学行为,对11个梁翼缘板与柱段焊接组成的节点进行了低周循环拉伸性能试验,研究了梁翼缘板与钢管宽度比α、厚度比β以及钢管宽厚比λ等参数对节点破坏模式、承载力、延性和耗能能力的影响规律。结果表明:在循环拉伸荷载作用下,Q460高强钢管柱-H形梁焊接节点的失效模式主要分为连接处焊缝断裂、连接处钢管面板断裂或梁翼缘板被拉断三种;高强钢梁翼缘板与钢管宽度比、钢管柱宽厚比对焊接节点的受力行为影响较大,当宽厚比α由25.0减小到18.75时,节点的应变能减小了134%;当节点破坏时,具有新型焊接通过孔构造的焊接节点极限位移超过传统构造节点近2倍,前者延性性能较好。研究成果可为高强钢管柱与梁焊接节点的抗震设计以及进一步的理论研究提供依据。

不排水条件下颗粒破碎粗粒土的动力特性分析

地震荷载作用下堆石等土料会发生颗粒破碎,从而导致其动力特性与不发生颗粒破碎的土料有很大的区别。为了探讨破碎粒状材料在循环荷载作用下的力学特性,对人工制备的粒状破碎土料进行了频率为1.0 Hz的循环加载固结不排水(consolidation undrained,CU)三轴试验,试验围压为100、200、300、400 kPa。研究结果表明:试样均为压缩破坏,呈应变硬化型;且不同激振力下的轴向应变曲线分为三段,即初始骤升段、中间平衡段和最终破坏段,并且每一阶段的长短和试样的变化均有所不同;动孔压随循环振次增大而增大,且在相同围压下激振力越大动孔压上升得越快。对动强度曲线分析发现,应力比越小动强度曲线越低;阻尼比整体上随着动剪应变的增大而逐渐增大,并且相同围压下激振力越小则阻尼比越小。颗粒破碎的影响因素有激振力、围压和振次等共同作用,不同围压(激振力)下各因素的影响大小不一、此消彼长,且随着围压增大颗粒破碎程度均逐渐增大。

循环弯矩下考虑完整初始缺陷的箱型梁极限强度研究

[目的]为充分考虑焊接初始变形和残余应力在内的完整初始缺陷,需开展不同循环弯矩下的箱型梁塑性变形分布和极限强度研究。[方法]首先,选用各向同性的强化材料模型与Chaboche材料模型,采用Python语言编制程序并直接在有限元软件中施加初始变形;然后,采用ABAQUS软件针对箱型梁开展多种循环弯矩模式下的极限强度非线性有限元数值模拟,同时考虑焊接初始变形、残余应力、材料强化及鲍辛格效应的影响。[结果]研究结果表明:单向循环弯矩下,箱型梁抗弯刚度和极限强度将随着循环次数的增加而不断下降,塑性变形将从箱型梁的上顶部向侧部区域扩展,其中同时包含焊接初始变形与残余应力缺陷的箱型梁有限元模型处于极限状态时的塑性变形区域更广;相较于单次加载,经过3次双向循环之后,仅考虑初始变形的箱型梁极限强度下降了10.44%~15.15%,而考虑完整初始缺陷的箱型梁极限强度下降了8.41%~14.50%。[结论]在循环弯矩下考虑完整初始缺陷的箱型梁极限强度的下降趋势更为缓和,所得成果可为循环弯矩下箱型梁的极限强度研究提供参考。

拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比RC剪力墙受剪试验研究

近年来,高层建筑中底部剪力墙因受拉,处于拉-压变轴力和水平荷载耦合受力的问题得到了广泛的关注。为了研究拉-压变轴力下小剪跨比钢筋混凝土(RC)剪力墙的受剪性能,该文完成了3个剪跨比为1.0的RC剪力墙在拉-压变轴力下的往复受剪试验,研究参数为拉-压变轴力变化幅值和加载路径。结果表明:不同加载路径下RC墙均在压剪方向发生剪压破坏,压剪方向极限位移角为1.2%~1.4%;拉-压变轴力变化幅值改变墙体拉剪和压剪承载力,加载路径对墙体的拉剪强度有一定的影响,但对压剪强度影响很小;拉-压变轴力下剪力墙的滞回曲线呈现明显不对称现象,拉-压变轴力的变化幅值对滞回曲线的形状影响较小,但加载路径改变滞回曲线的形状;拉-压变轴力的变化幅值将增加剪力墙拉剪与压剪刚度的差别,在双肢墙结构中可能导致更多的剪力从受拉墙体转移到受压墙体;基于OpenSees建立了可准确模拟拉-压变轴力下RC剪力墙受剪行为的有限元模型。

循环荷载对粉土海床中单桩横向承载特性的影响

在较大的波浪荷载作用下,海洋单桩会出现承载力降低、甚至失稳现象。利用GDS三轴仪对杭州湾重塑海相粉土进行了静三轴、动三轴和循环后静三轴不排水剪试验,研究了循环荷载作用对循环后粉土变形和不排水强度特性的影响,分别建立了动孔压比与循环应力比和循环次数、动孔压比与循环后不排水强度比及割线模量比的经验关系式。在此基础上,根据波浪荷载在海床深度方向的剪应力比分布,得到了桩侧粉土刚度和强度的衰减比深度分布,计算了波浪荷载对单桩横向承载特性的影响。在本算例条件下,波浪荷载对粉土海床的强度和刚度弱化随深度急剧衰减,影响深度约40 m,海床浅部约5 m深度有液化现象,循环荷载后桩身的刚性反应增强、位移和反弯点深度增加,弯矩和侧压力减小,总的横向承载力降低约40%。

风机荷载作用下频率比对砂土动力响应的影响

海上风机在运行过程中风荷载与波浪荷载频率耦合作用对土体动力特性的影响不容忽略,为了探究这种影响,采用多向循环动单剪系统(VDDCSS)对砂土进行了一系列试验研究,分析了双向剪切频率比f_(r)对砂土动应变、动孔压比以及动强度的影响。试验结果表明:剪应变发展受双向频率耦合及应力组合效应的影响。循环应力比(C_(SR))为0.15时,双向频率耦合效应大于应力组合作用;随着应力水平的增加(C_(SR)=0.20或0.25),频率耦合效应和应力组合作用均得到了加强。在低应力水平时,破坏试样的孔压曲线呈“上凹型”且频率比对试样孔压发展影响不大。而随着应力水平增加(C_(SR)=0.20或0.25),孔压最终值u_(max)随之增大。除f_(r)=1.00与10.00对应试样外,土体动强度随f_(r)与C_(SR)值增大而减少。f_(r)=5.00对应试样应变大、孔压值高、强度低的原因与此比值下土体受双向频率耦合与应力组合的叠加效果增强有关。

面内循环载荷下基于弹性安定临界状态的船体加筋板极限强度预测公式

[目的]为准确评估船体结构在循环载荷下的极限承载性能,需考虑载荷的循环属性对船体加筋板极限强度的影响。[方法]采用有限元软件ANSYS,对200块T型加筋板和扁钢加筋板开展面内循环载荷下达到弹性安定临界状态的极限强度数值模拟;细致考虑船体加筋板在面内循环载荷下的材料鲍辛格效应、焊接初始变形及残余应力;基于加筋板弹性安定临界状态的非线性有限元数值模拟结果,以加筋板无量纲极限强度作为目标函数,以带板和加强筋的柔度系数作为自变量,提出面内循环载荷下基于弹性安定临界状态的船体加筋板极限强度预测公式。[结果]与非线性有限元模拟结果的比较验证了所提公式的准确性。[结论]所做研究对循环载荷下船体加筋板的极限强度评估具有较好的理论与工程意义。

循环剪切载荷作用下砂岩的强度劣化特征

交通荷载、地震等引入的动态循环载荷对围岩剪切力学特性的劣化对隧道工程长期安全运行有重要影响。对复杂扰动载荷影响下的隧道围岩受力特征科学凝练,开展循环剪切载荷作用下砂岩的直接剪切试验,探究不同剪切静态预应力水平砂岩的强度劣化特征。研究结果表明:(1)幅值为20%τj的动态循环剪切载荷作用过程中,静态预应力水平较低砂岩并不会破坏。(2)动态循环剪切载荷引起的损伤与静态预应力水平成正比,动态循环剪切载荷作用后,剪切静态预应力水平为60%τj和70%τj的砂岩强度相较静态剪切对照组分别降低1.68%和6.91%。在隧道设计和长期稳定运行监测中,应该充分考虑到交通荷载、地震等引入的扰动应力波对围岩剪切强度的劣化。(3)动态循环剪切过程中失稳砂岩的剪胀效应显著,在隧道等岩体工程中,应特别注意动态剪应力导致的围岩剪胀对隧道衬砌等的影响。

轴向循环载荷下扁钢加筋板极限强度研究

为分析带板厚度、加强筋尺寸及循环加载模式对扁钢加筋板极限强度的影响,采用有限元软件ABAQUS,基于初始变形、焊接残余应力和鲍辛格效应,针对不同带板厚度和加强筋尺寸的扁钢加筋板开展了3种轴向循环载荷模式下的极限强度数值模拟。研究结果表明:当扁钢加筋板的带板厚度相同时,经循环载荷后,加筋板的极限强度随加强筋尺寸的增加而下降,其下降程度减缓;当加强筋尺寸相同时,经循环载荷后,加筋板的极限强度随带板厚度的增加而下降,其下降程度加剧;当循环载荷的幅值由大到小时,扁钢加筋板的极限强度下降程度最大;在等幅循环载荷时,扁钢加筋板循环后的极限强度下降程度最小。

超早强型聚羧酸减水剂的制备及性能研究

将环状二酸酐醇解制备端羟基接枝羧基的聚醚大单体CA-HPEG,再与氨基硅氧烷进行酰胺化反应制得改性聚醚LPEG,将LPEG与酰胺类单体引入共聚反应中,制备长侧链、短主链的超早强型聚羧酸减水剂SPE。对SPE进行工艺优化,并探讨SPE对水泥净浆流动度、砂浆早期强度及混凝土拌合物性能的影响,然后通过傅里叶红外光谱对LPEG及SPE的结构进行表征,X射线衍射仪对SPE的水泥水化产物进行分析。结果表明,改性聚醚CA-HPEG的最佳酯化条件为:n(1,2-环己二甲酸酐)∶n(HPEG5000)为2∶1,反应时间为2h,反应温度为60℃。SPE的最佳合成工艺参数为:n(LPEG)∶n(HPEG5000)=2∶3,n(AA)∶n(AM)=3∶1,n(AA+AM)∶n(LPEG+HPEG5000)=4.5,引发剂APS用量为聚醚单体质量的0.45%,链转移剂用量为聚醚单体质量的0.25%,反应温度为常温,滴加时间为3 h。最佳工艺合成的减水剂对混凝土的初凝及终凝时间均有较好的缩短效果,并且早期抗压强度增强效果明显。

A new model for evaluating the dynamic shear strength of rocks based on laboratory test data for earthquake-resistant design

The dynamic shear strength of rocks is required for the earthquake-resistant design of nuclear power plants in Japan.This research aims to propose a mathematical model for estimating the dynamic strength and to validate the model.Two different types of specimens were prepared for the model validation,and the monotonic and cyclic loading tests were conducted to obtain the mathematical model parameters.Subsequently,multistep cyclic loading tests were performed,followed by simulations using the mathematical model.The test results demonstrated that the dynamic shear strength exceeded the static shear strength,which agreed with previous researches.Furthermore,the dynamic shear strength calculated using the mathematical model was generally consistent with that obtained from the experimental data.

Numerical Analyses of Caisson Breakwaters on Soft Foundations Under Wave Cyclic Loading

A caisson breakwater is built on soft foundations after replacing the upper soft layer with sand. This paper presents a dynamic finite element method to investigate the strength degradation and associated pore pressure development of the intercalated soft layer under wave cyclic loading. By combining the undrained shear strength with the empirical formula of overconsolidation clay produced by unloading and the development model of pore pressure, the dynamic degradation law that describes the undrained shear strength as a function of cycle number and stress level is derived. Based on the proposed dynamic degradation law and M-C yield criterion, a dynamic finite element method is numerically implemented to predict changes in undrained shear strength of the intercalated soft layer by using the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, and the accuracy of the method is verified. The effects of cycle number and amplitude of the wave force on the degradation of the undrained shear strength of the intercalated soft layer and the associated excess pore pressure response are investigated by analyzing an overall distribution and three typical sections underneath the breakwater. By comparing the undrained shear strength distributions obtained by the static method and the quasi-static method with the undrained shear strength distributions obtained by the dynamic finite element method in the three typical sections, the superiority of the dynamic finite element method in predicting changes in undrained shear strength is demonstrated.

构造煤颗粒在单轴加卸载下的力学损伤特征

为了论证构造煤在煤与瓦斯突出过程中的必要性,深化对煤与瓦斯突出发生机理的认识,对煤与瓦斯防治理论和实际工作方面提供指导,选取来自中煤集团白羊岭煤矿15煤层原生煤和构造煤颗粒作为实验样品,对构造煤的力学特性和破坏特征进行定量的分析。结果表明,构造煤在相同的受力条件下更容易发生变形和破坏。同尺度下原生煤的强度显著大于构造煤。构造煤破碎成构造煤颗粒需要提供的能量更低,其破碎条件更容易达到。这决定了构造煤具有高突出危险性和倾向性,在突出发生发展过程中起到了重要的作用。

Cyclic stress-controlled tests on offshore clay

One of the main concerns in cyclic behavior of soft clay is gradual degradation with the progression of loading cycle.A series of cyclic constant-volume direct simple shear(CDSS) loading tests was performed on Malaysia offshore clay to study its undrained degradation.The testing program consists of stresscontrolled tests with cyclic shear ratio ranging from 0.34 to 0.83 at different overconsolidation ratios(OCRs).For a given cyclic stress ratio in stress-controlled tests,the accumulated cyclic strain and pore water pressure increase with elevated number of cycles.In heavily overconsolidated clay specimens,the negative cyclic pore water pressure is generated followed by positive cyclic pore water pressure as cyclic tests progress.The post-cyclic strength of offshore clay specimens is reduced by undrained cyclic stresscontrolled loading.