MWI in Cylindrical Coordinates and Its Application

Based on FDTD difference expressions and eigenfunctions of Maxwell functions in cylindrical coordinates, mesh wave impedances (MWIs) in 2D and 3D cylindrical coordinates were introduced. Combined with the concept of perfectly matched layer (PML), MWI PML absorbing boundary condition (ABC) algorithm was deduced in 2D cylindrical coordinates. Numerical experiments were done to investigate the validity of MWI and its application in cylindrical coordinates FDTD algorithm. The results showed that MWI in cylindrical coordinates can be used to accurately calculate the numerical reflection error caused by different mesh increments in non uniform FDTD. MWI can also provide theoretical criterion to define the permitted variable range of mesh dimension. MWI PML ABC is easy to be applied and reduces low numerical reflection, which only causes a little higher reflection error compared with Teixeira's PML.

Pre-stack elastic reverse time migration in tunnels based on cylindrical coordinates

Seismic forward-prospecting in tunnels is an important step to ensure excavation safety. Nowadays, most advanced imaging techniques in seismic exploration involve calculating the solution of elastic wave equation in a certain coordinate system. However, considering the cylindrical geometry of common tunnel body, Cartesian coordinate system seemingly has limited applicability in tunnel seismic forwardprospecting. To accurately simulate the seismic signal received in tunnels, previous imaging method using decoupled non-conversion elastic wave equation is extended from Cartesian coordinates to cylindrical coordinates. The proposed method preserves the general finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)scheme in Cartesian coordinates, except for a novel wavefield calculation strategy addressing the singularity issue inherited at the cylindrical axis. Moreover, the procedure of cylindrical elastic reverse time migration(CERTM) in tunnels is introduced based on the decoupled non-conversion elastic wavefield. Its imaging effect is further validated via numerical experiments on typical tunnel models. As indicated in the synthetic examples, both the PP-and SS-images could clearly show the geological structure in front of the tunnel face without obvious crosstalk artifacts. Migration imaging using PP-waves can present satisfactory results with higher resolution information supplemented by the SS-images. The potential of applying the proposed method in real-world cases is demonstrated in a water diversion tunnel. In the end, we share our insights regarding the singularity treatment and further improvement of the proposed method.

Cylindrical coordinate measuring machines: probe offset and workpiece clamping error

A cylindrical coordinate measuring machine for the detection of large-size rotational parts is introduced. The measuring machine can simultaneously measure the geometrical dimensions, form and position errors of the inner and outer surfaces. Since the maximum length of the workpiece can reach 2 000 mm , it is difficult to be clamped and adjusted and easy to produce clamping error. The eccentricity can be up to 1.5 mm, which has an interaction effect with the probe mounting offset. We mainly study the probe offset of the measuring machine and the influence of the workpiece clamping error on the measurement. A method of controlling the offset of the measuring probe is proposed. The effect of the clamping error is eliminated through the space coordinate transformation of the workpiece axis, and the axis is fitted by the least square method. Finally, a common fixture can be realized to meet the clamping requirements of the workpiece.

Relative orbit determination algorithm of space targets with passive observation

Angles-only relative orbit determination for space non-cooperative targets based on passive sensor is subject to weakly observable problem of the relative state between two spacecraft. Previously, the evidence for angles-only observability was found by using cylindrical dynamics, however, the solution of orbit determination is still not provided. This study develops a relative orbit determination algorithm with the cylindrical dynamics based on differential evolution. Firstly, the relative motion dynamics and line-of-sight measurement model for nearcircular orbit are established in cylindrical coordinate system.Secondly, the observability is qualitatively analyzed by using the dynamics and measurement model where the unobservable geometry is found. Then, the angles-only relative orbit determination problem is modeled into an optimal searching frame and an improved differential evolution algorithm is introduced to solve the problem. Finally, the proposed algorithm is verified and tested by a set of numerical simulations in the context of highEarth and low-Earth cases. The results show that initial relative orbit determination(IROD) solution with an appropriate accuracy in a relative short span is achieved, which can be used to initialize the navigation filter.

On an isotropic porous solid cylinder:the analytical solution and sensitivity analysis of the pressure

Within this work,we perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of the material input parameters on the pressure in an isotropic porous solid cylinder.We provide a step-by-step guide to obtain the analytical solution for a porous isotropic elastic cylinder in terms of the pressure,stresses,and elastic displacement.We obtain the solution by performing a Laplace transform on the governing equations,which are those of Biot's poroelasticity in cylindrical polar coordinates.We enforce radial boundary conditions and obtain the solution in the Laplace transformed domain before reverting back to the time domain.The sensitivity analysis is then carried out,considering only the derived pressure solution.This analysis finds that the time t,Biot's modulus M,and Poisson's ratio ν have the highest influence on the pressure whereas the initial value of pressure P_(0) plays a very little role.

Oscillatory flow of second grade fluid in cylindrical tube

The unsteady oscillatory flow of an incompressible second grade fluid in a cylindrical tube with large wall suction is studied analytically. Flow in the tube is due to uniform suction at the permeable walls, and the oscillations in the velocity field are due to small amplitude time harmonic pressure waves. The physical quantities of interest are the velocity field, the amplitude of oscillation, and the penetration depth of the oscillatory wave. The analytical solution of the governing boundary value problem is obtained, and the effects of second grade fluid parameters are analyzed and discussed.

Three-Dimensional Analytical Modeling of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Drivers

In this paper, the axial-flux permanent magnet driver is modeledand analyzed in a simple and novel way under three-dimensional cylindricalcoordinates. The inherent three-dimensional characteristics of the deviceare comprehensively considered, and the governing equations are solved bysimplifying the boundary conditions. The axial magnetization of the sectorshapedpermanent magnets is accurately described in an algebraic form bythe parameters, which makes the physical meaning more explicit than thepurely mathematical expression in general series forms. The parameters of theBessel function are determined simply and the magnetic field distribution ofpermanent magnets and the air-gap is solved. Furthermore, the field solutionsare completely analytical, which provides convenience and satisfactoryaccuracy for modeling a series of electromagnetic performance parameters,such as the axial electromagnetic force density, axial electromagnetic force,and electromagnetic torque. The correctness and accuracy of the analyticalmodels are fully verified by three-dimensional finite element simulations and a15 kW prototype and the results of calculations, simulations, and experimentsunder three methods are highly consistent. The influence of several designparameters on magnetic field distribution and performance is studied and discussed.The results indicate that the modeling method proposed in this papercan calculate the magnetic field distribution and performance accurately andrapidly, which affords an important reference for the design and optimizationof axial-flux permanent magnet drivers.

Improvement on Spherical Symmetry in Two-Dimensional Cylindrical Coordinates for a Class of Control Volume Lagrangian Schemes

In[14],Maire developed a class of cell-centered Lagrangian schemes for solving Euler equations of compressible gas dynamics in cylindrical coordinates.These schemes use a node-based discretization of the numerical fluxes.The control volume version has several distinguished properties,including the conservation of mass,momentum and total energy and compatibility with the geometric conservation law(GCL).However it also has a limitation in that it cannot preserve spherical symmetry for one-dimensional spherical flow.An alternative is also given to use the first order area-weighted approach which can ensure spherical symmetry,at the price of sacrificing conservation of momentum.In this paper,we apply the methodology proposed in our recent work[8]to the first order control volume scheme of Maire in[14]to obtain the spherical symmetry property.The modified scheme can preserve one-dimensional spherical symmetry in a two-dimensional cylindrical geometry when computed on an equal-angle-zoned initial grid,andmeanwhile itmaintains its original good properties such as conservation and GCL.Several two-dimensional numerical examples in cylindrical coordinates are presented to demonstrate the good performance of the scheme in terms of symmetry,non-oscillation and robustness properties.

APPLICATIONS OF FRACTIONAL EXTERIOR DIFFERENTIAL IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

A brief survey of fractional calculus and fractional differential forms was firstly given.The fractional exterior transition to curvilinear coordinate at the origin were discussed and the two coordinate transformations for the fractional differentials for three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates to spherical and cylindrical coordinates are obtained, respectively. In particular, for v=m=1 ,the usual exterior transformations, between the spherical coordinate and Cartesian coordinate, as well as the cylindrical coordinate and Cartesian coordinate, are found respectively, from fractional exterior transformation.

A Gas-Kinetic Scheme for Collisional Vlasov-Poisson Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates

Many configurations in plasma physics are axisymmetric,it will be more convenient to depict them in cylindrical coordinates compared with Cartesian coordinates.In this paper,a gas-kinetic scheme for collisional Vlasov-Poisson equations in cylindrical coordinates is proposed,our algorithm is based on Strang splitting.The equation is divided into two parts,one is the kinetic transport-collision part solved by multiscale gas-kinetic scheme,and the other is the acceleration part solved by a Runge-Kutta solver.The asymptotic preserving property of whole algorithm is proved and it’s applied on the study of charge separation problem in plasma edge and 1D Z-pinch configuration.Numerical results show it can capture the process fromnon-equilibrium to equilibrium state by Coulomb collisions,and numerical accuracy is obtained.

Numerical Analysis of Non-Fourier Heat Transfer in a Solid Cylinder with Dual-Phase-Lag Phenomenon

In this study,transient non-Fourier heat transfer in a solid cylinder is analytically solved based on dual-phase-lag for constant axial heat flux condition.Governing equations for the model are expressed in two-dimensional cylindrical coordinates;the equations are nondimensionalized and exact solution for the equations is presented by using the separation of variable method.Results showed that the dual-phase-lag model requires less time to meet the steady temperature compared with single-phase-lag model.On the contrary,thermal wave diffusion speed for the dual-phase-lag model is greater than the single-phase-lag model.Also the effect of relaxation time in dual-phase-lag model has been taken on consideration.

The energy transfer mechanism of a perturbed solid-body rotation flow in a rotating pipe

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a solid-body rotation superposed on a uniform axial flow entering a rotating constant-area pipe of finite length are presented. Steady in time profiles of the radial, axial, and circumferential velocities are imposed at the pipe inlet. Convective boundary conditions are imposed at the pipe outlet. The Wang and Rusak (Phys. Fluids 8:1007-1016, 1996.) axisymmetric instability mechanism is retrieved at certain operational conditions in terms of incoming flow swirl levels and the Reynolds number. However, at other operational conditions there exists a dominant, three-dimensional spiral type of instability mode that is consistent with the linear stability theory of Wang et al. (J. Fluid Mech. 797: 284-321, 2016). The growth of this mode leads to a spiral type of flow roll-up that subsequently nonlinearly saturates on a large amplitude rotating spiral wave. The energy transfer mechanism between the bulk of the flow and the perturbations is studied by the Reynolds-Orr equation. The production or loss of the perturbation kinetic energy is combined of three components: the viscous loss, the convective loss at the pipe outlet, and the gain of energy at the outlet through the work done by the pressure perturbation. The energy transfer in the nonlinear stage is shown to be a natural extension of the linear stage with a nonlinear saturated process.

On the Axisymmetric Steady Incompressible Beltrami Flows

In this paper, Beltrami vector fields in several orthogonal coordinate systems are obtained analytically and numerically. Specifically, axisymmetric incompressible inviscid steady state Beltrami (Trkalian) fluid flows are obtained with the motivation to model flows that have been hypothesized to occur in tornadic flows. The studied coordinate systems include those that appear amenable to modeling such flows: the cylindrical, spherical, paraboloidal, and prolate and oblate spheroidal systems. The usual Euler equations are reformulated using the Bragg-Hawthorne equation for the stream function of the flow, which is solved analytically or numerically in each coordinate system under the assumption of separability of variables. Many of the obtained flows are visualized via contour plots of their stream functions in the rz-plane. Finally, the results are combined to provide a qualitative quasi-static model for a progression of tornado-like flows that develop as swirl increases. The results in this paper are equally applicable in electromagnetics, where the equivalent concept is that of a force-free magnetic field.

Rotational Flows, Thermodynamics, Angle Vibration and Action of Whirly Flows on Fishes

A continuum thermodynamic model for how whirls can transform into thermal energy-forms determined by a functional relation for temperature is derived. This is used to describe how fishes maintain circulation in the vascular system, at very low temperatures.

A cell-centered lagrangian scheme in two-dimensional cylindrical geometry

A new Lagrangian cell-centered scheme for two-dimensional compressible flows in planar geometry is proposed by Maire et al.The main new feature of the algorithm is that the vertex velocities and the numerical fluxes through the cell interfaces are all evaluated in a coherent manner contrary to standard approaches.In this paper the method introduced by Maire et al.is extended for the equations of Lagrangian gas dynamics in cylindrical symmetry.Two different schemes are proposed,whose difference is that one uses volume weighting and the other area weighting in the discretization of the momentum equation.In the both schemes the conservation of total energy is ensured,and the nodal solver is adopted which has the same formulation as that in Cartesian coordinates.The volume weighting scheme preserves the momentum conservation and the area-weighting scheme preserves spherical symmetry.The numerical examples demonstrate our theoretical considerations and the robustness of the new method.

Spectral Matrix Conditioning in Cylindrical and Spherical Elliptic Equations

In the spectral solution of 3-D Poisson equations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates including the axis or the center,it is convenient to employ radial basis functions that depend on the Fourier wavenumber or on the latitudinal mode.This idea has been adopted by Matsushima and Marcus and by Verkley for planar problems and pursued by the present authors for spherical ones.For the Dirichlet boundary value problem in both geometries,original bases have been introduced built upon Jacobi polynomials which lead to a purely diagonal representation of the radial second-order differential operator of all spectral modes.This note details the origin of such a diagonalization which extends to cylindrical and spherical regions the properties of the Legendre basis introduced by Jie Shen for Cartesian domains.Closed form expressions are derived for the diagonal elements of the stiffness matrices as well as for the elements of the tridiagonal mass matrices occurring in evolutionary problems.Furthermore,the bound on the condition number of the spectral matrices associated with the Helmholtz equation are determined,proving in a rigorous way one of the main advantages of the proposed radial bases.

A Hybrid Immersed Interface Method for Driven Stokes Flow in an Elastic Tube

We present a hybrid numerical method for simulating fluid flow through a compliant,closed tube,driven by an internal source and sink.Fluid is assumed to be highly viscous with its motion described by Stokes flow.Model geometry is assumed to be axisymmetric,and the governing equations are implemented in axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates,which capture 3D flow dynamics with only 2D computations.We solve the model equations using a hybrid approach:we decompose the pressure and velocity fields into parts due to the surface forcings and due to the source and sink,with each part handled separately by means of an appropriate method.Because the singularly-supported surface forcings yield an unsmooth solution,that part of the solution is computed using the immersed interface method.Jump conditions are derived for the axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates.The velocity due to the source and sink is calculated along the tubular surface using boundary integrals.Numerical results are presented that indicate second-order accuracy of the method.

Rotational Slip Flow in Coaxial Cylinders by the Finite-Difference Lattice Boltzmann Methods

Recent studies on applications of the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)and the finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method(FDLBM)to velocity slip simulations are mostly on one-dimensional(1D)problems such as a shear flow between parallel plates.Applications to a 2D problem may raise new issues.The author performed numerical simulations of rotational slip flow in coaxial cylinders as an example of 2D problem.Two types of 2D models were used.The first were multi-speed FDLBM models proposed by the author.The second was a standard LBM,the D2Q9 model.The simulations were performed applying a finite difference scheme to both the models.The study had two objectives.The first was to investigate the accuracies of LBM and FDLBM on applications to rotational slip flow.The second was to obtain an experience on application of the cylindrical coordinate system.The FDLBM model with 8 directions and the D2Q9 model showed an anisotropic flow pattern when the relaxation time constant or the Knudsen number was large.The FDLBM model with 24 directions showed accurate results even at large Knudsen numbers.

Spectral Elliptic Solvers in a Finite Cylinder

New direct spectral solvers for the 3D Helmholtz equation in a finite cylindrical region are presented.A purely variational(no collocation)formulation of the problem is adopted,based on Fourier series expansion of the angular dependence and Legendre polynomials for the axial dependence.A new Jacobi basis is proposed for the radial direction overcoming the main disadvantages of previously developed bases for the Dirichlet problem.Nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions are enforced by a discrete lifting and the vector problem is solved by means of a classical uncoupling technique.In the considered formulation,boundary conditions on the axis of the cylindrical domain are never mentioned,by construction.The solution algorithms for the scalar equations are based on double diagonalization along the radial and axial directions.The spectral accuracy of the proposed algorithms is verified by numerical tests.