The role of polymorphic cytochrome P450 gene(CYP2B6)in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia(B-CLL)incidence and outcome among Egyptian patients

Cytochromes P450(CYPs)play a prominent role in catalyzing phase I xenobiotic biotransformation and account for about 75%of the total metabolism of commercially available drugs,including chemotherapeutics.The gene expression and enzyme activity of CYPs are variable between individuals,which subsequently leads to different patterns of susceptibility to carcinogenesis by genotoxic xenobiotics,as well as differences in the efficacy and toxicity of clinically used drugs.This research aimed to examine the presence of the CYP2B6*9 polymorphism and its possible association with the incidence of B-CLL in Egyptian patients,as well as the clinical outcome after receiving cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.DNA was isolated from whole blood samples of 100 de novo B-CLL cases and also from 100 sex-and age-matched healthy individuals.The presence of the CYP2B6*9(G516T)polymorphism was examined by PCR-based allele specific amplification(ASA).Patients were further indicated for receiving chemotherapy,and then they were followed up.The CYP2B6*9 variant indicated a statistically significant higher risk of B-CLL under different genetic models,comprising allelic(T-allele vs.G-allele,OR=4.8,p<0.001)and dominant(GT+TT vs.GG,OR=5.4,p<0.001)models.Following cyclophosphamide chemotherapy,we found that the patients with variant genotypes(GT+TT)were less likely to achieve remission compared to those with the wild-type genotype(GG),with a response percentage of(37.5%vs.83%,respectively).In conclusion,our findings showed that the CYP2B6*9(G516T)polymorphism is associated with B-CLL susceptibility among Egyptian patients.This variant greatly affected the clinical outcome and can serve as a good therapeutic marker in predicting response to cyclophosphamide treatment.

Phylogenetic Relationships and Status Quo of Colonies for Gayal Based on Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene Partial Sequences

Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.

Phylogenetic Relationships of Monal Pheasants Lophophorus Inferred from Sequences of Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene

The phylogeny of the monal pheasants (Lophophorus) and their relationships to some species of the genera Tragopan,Pucrasia and Ithaginis were studied by comparing mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) nucleotide sequences.The molecular phylogenetic trees show that:①the genus Tragopan and the genus Pucrasia share a common ancestor which is the sister taxon of the ancestor of the genus Lophophorus;②the genus Lophophorus had evolved into two branches:One was the Sclaters Monal;the other included the Chinese Monal and the Himalayan Monal.Considering its molecular phylogeny,distribution patterns and morphological evidences,the genus Lophophorus might originate in the Hengduan mountains region of southwestern China.

Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Family Acrypteridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene

Sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene （Cyt b） were determined for 25 species from the superfamily Acridoidae and the homologous sequences of 19 species of grasshoppers were downloaded from the GenBank data library. The purpose was to develop a molecular phylogeny of the Acrypteridae, and to interpret the phylogenetic position of the family within the superfamily Acridoidea. Phylogeny was reconstructed by Maximum-parsimony （MP） and Bayesian criteria using Yunnanites coriacea and Tagasta marginella as outgroups. The alignment length of the fragments was 384 bp after excluding ambiguous sites, including 167 parsimony informative sites. In the fragments, the percentages of A ＋ T and G ＋ C were 70.7% and 29.3%, respectively. The monophyly of Arcypteridae is not supported by phylogenetic trees. Within the Arcypteridae, neither Arcypterinae nor Ceracrinae is supported as a monophyletic group. The current genus Chorthippus is not a monophyletic group, and should be a polyphyletic group. The present results are significantly different from the classification scheme of Arcypteridae, which is based on morphology.

Identification of sika deer and red deer using partial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal RNA genes

A study was conducted on the identifications of the degraded samples of sika deer （Cervus nippon） and red deer （Cervus elaphus） by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of partial Cytb and 12s rRNA genes sequences. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. The values of three nucleotide distance between three suspected samples and sika deer were identical （0.026±0.006）, which was smaller than the smallest nucleotide distance between eastern red deer and sika deer （0.036）. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of sika deer and red deer indicated that the evidences located within the same cluster as sika deer. The evidences were sika deer materials. As the same way, other three suspected samples were derived from red deer. The results were further confirmed by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of 387 bp 12s rRNA gene. The method was powerful and less time-consuming and helpful to reduce the related cases with wildlife.

柽柳沙鼠Cytochrome b基因的克隆和进化分析

目的对柽柳沙鼠线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行测定,并对其进行鉴定及进化分析。方法根据已知柽柳沙鼠基因序列设计引物,采用PCR产物测序法,对目的片段进行测序鉴定。结合已公布啮齿类动物Cyt b基因序列,分析其碱基组成、遗传距离、并基于极大似然法和最大简约法构建系统进化树。结果获得柽柳沙鼠线粒体Cyt b基因全序列,其与长爪沙鼠和子午沙鼠均具有较高的同源性;进化分析结果显示,柽柳沙鼠与沙鼠属和仓鼠科动物遗传距离较近。柽柳沙鼠Cyt b基因碱基组成与沙鼠属和家鼠属动物相似,具有哺乳动物mt DNA基因特点。结论本研究为以柽柳沙鼠Cyt b基因序列为参考,初步计算了柽柳沙鼠与沙鼠属、家鼠属、仓鼠科及其它啮齿动物的进化关系,本研究为柽柳沙鼠及沙鼠属动物进化、线粒体的结构和功能研究奠定基础。

Phylogenetic Relationships of 11 Bumblebee Species (Hymenoptera:Apidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

Phylogenetic relationships of 11 bumblebee species,including 5 subgenera:Bombus (5 species),Thoracobombus (3 species),Mendacibombus (1 species),Fervidobombus (1 species) and Pyrobombus (1 species),were analyzed based on the 357?bp mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences.There are 65 singleton polymorphic sites and 71 parsimony informative polymorphic sites in this DNA segment,and 45 polymorphic sites within the total 119 translated amino acids segment.Both NJ tree and MP tree show that Mendacibombus (B.avinovielllus) is basal to others,followed by Fervidobombus (B.pensylvanicus);Pyrobombus (B.impatiens) and Bombus are sister subgenera;the subgenus of Bombus is monophyletic,in which B.ignitus diverged first.

基于线粒体Cyt b基因序列的4个黄尾鲴养殖群体遗传多样性分析

黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)是浙江省自然水域增殖放流的主要鱼类,为了解人工繁育对黄尾鲴遗传多样性的影响,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)对4个养殖群体的遗传多样性进行研究,旨在为黄尾鲴增殖放流策略制定和实施提供基础数据。结果显示,在编码Cyt b的1 140 bp序列中,检测到157个变异位点,界定了21种单倍型,其中长兴、双浦、八里店和醴陵群体的单倍型数目分别为10个、11个、7个和2个,单倍型多样性介于0.226~0.794,核苷酸多样性介于0.006 14~0.023 86。除醴陵群体遗传多样性较低外,其余3个养殖群体的遗传多样性具有高单倍型数和高核苷酸多样性的特点。4个黄尾鲴养殖群体间的遗传距离为0.018 74~0.092 74,遗传分化指数为0.808 63(P<0.01),其中长兴和八里店群体的分化程度较低,双浦和醴陵群体的分化程度较高,且遗传变异主要发生在群体间。本研究结果可从分子水平为黄尾鲴的资源保护和人工增殖放流提供参考依据。

Molecular Phylogeny of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus) Revealed by D-loop Sequences and Complete Cytochrome b Gene Sequences of Mitochondrial DNA

Partial sequences of the D-loop and the complete sequences of cytochrome b gene (1 140 bp) of the slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) were undertaken to investigate evolutionary relationships among species of Nycticebus.Sequence analysis results consistently provide new taxonomy evidence at the DNA level for supporting Ratajszczak and Groves’ viewpoint that N.intermedus is merely the adult of N.pygmaeus (Ratajszczak,1998;Groves,1971).Phylogenetic analysis was performed by means of the combined data and these two separate sequences data,respectively,by using various methods,supporting the same topology,in which genus Nycticebus was formed of two clusters.The first cluster was composed of N.pygmaeus,and the second cluster of N.coucang.It also could provide a new molecular genetic evidence to support the view that the genus comprises two species:N.coucang and N.pygmaeus.

Sequence Comparison of Partial Cytochrome b Genes of Two Coilia species

Sequence variation of partial cytochrome b genes between two Coilia species, C. ectenes and C. mystus, was in- vestigated. Of the 402 nucleotides, twenty-seven (6.72%) are polymorphic and all are synonymous substitutions. At the third positions of genetic condon of cytochrome b gene, the two species show an extreme anti-G bias (<4%) and a pronounced bias towards A and C (>68%). There is no amino acid sequence divergence between the partial cytochrome b genes of the two species, indicating a close genetic relationship between them. The k-2p genetic distance of partial cytochrome b segment of the two species is 0.072, suggesting that the species were separated 3.6 Ma ago, in the middle Pliocene. Our result reveals that the cytochrome b gene is an appropriate marker for studies of population genetic structures and phylogeographic pat- terns of the two species.

Cytochrome b5 reductase 2 suppresses tumor formation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by attenuating angiogenesis

Background:Cytochrome b5 reductase 2(CYB5R2) is a potential tumor suppressor that inhibits cell proliferation and motility in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).Inactivation of CYB5R2 is associated with lymph node metastasis in NPC.This study aimed to explore the mechanisms contributing to the anti-neoplastic effects of CYB5R2.Methods:Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assays were used to analyze the transcription of 84 genes known to be involved in representative cancer pathways in the NPC cell line HONE1.NPC cell lines CNE2 and HONE1 were transiently transfected with CYB5R2,and data was validated by real-time PCR.A chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)embryo model was implanted with CYB5R2-expressing CNE2 and HONE1 cells to evaluate the effect of CYB5R2 on angiogenesis.An immunohistochemical assay of the CAM model was used to analyze the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).Results:In CYB5R2-transfected NPC cells,PCR assays revealed up-regulated mRNA levels of Fas cell surface death receptor(FAS),FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog(FOS),phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1(PIK3R1),integrin beta 3(ITGB3),metastasis suppressor 1(MTSSl),interferon beta 1(IFNB1),and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A(CDKN2A) and down-regulated levels of integrin beta 5(ITGB5),insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1),TEK tyrosine kinase(TEK),transforming growth factor beta receptor 1(TGFBRl),and VEGF.The angiogenesis in the CAM model implanted with CYB5R2-transfected NPC cells was inhibited.Down-regulation of VEGF by CYB5R2 in NPC cells was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining in the CAM model.Conclusion:CYB5R2 up-regulates the expression of genes that negatively modulate angiogenesis in NPC cells and down-regulates the expression of VEGF to reduce angiogenesis,thereby suppressing tumor formation.

Species Identification by Means of Mitochondrial Cytochrome <i>b</i>DNA Sequencing in Processed Anchovy, Sardine and Tuna Products

Identifying the contents of processed food products is essential to correct labelling. In processed foodstuffs, species identification through morphological analysis is difficult. Several factors hinder the identification of fish species in processed foods: proteins or other materials subjected to analysis may be denatured during heat treatments;the presence of other ingredients (e.g., olive and other vegetable oils) may interfere with the analysis. Consequently, possible frauds perpetrated by replacing valuable species with less precious ones may go undetected. In most processed samples (e.g. canned products), DNA is degraded into small fragments, which considerably reduces the sensitivity of molecular analysis. The main goal of our research was to develop an analytical method able to identify fish species in highly processed products, such as canned fish. The assay was developed by combining an effective method of DNA recovery from samples with the detection of small-sized sequences of the mitochondrial Cytb gene. This method appears particularly suitable when morphological characterization is difficult, to carry out such as in canned products where DNA is degraded or present in small quantities. We have analyzed 60 samples of seafood commercial products identifying 3 different genera and five different species. All analyzed samples revealed a correct species declaration, for one sample we highlighted important commercial fraud. We also used bio-informatic identification systems for the Sequence Alignment and the construction of phylogenetic tree to better confirm the revealed fraud.

基于Cyt b基因的江苏省湖泊鳙群体遗传多样性和遗传结构研究

为了解江苏省湖泊鳙群体遗传资源现状,科学地开展鳙增殖放流,采用线粒体Cyt b基因,分析了6个湖泊群体、223个个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明,223条Cyt b序列共有10个变异位点,定义9个单倍型,单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为(0.725±0.017)和(0.00191±0.00080),整个鳙群体呈现出高Hd和低Pi的遗传多样性模式。6个群体的单倍型多样性为(0.625±0.077)~(0.771±0.032),核苷酸多样性为(0.00159±0.00027)~(0.00221±0.00011)。分子方差分析结果显示,遗传变异主要来源于群体内部(97.17%),总遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.0283。群体间Fst为-0.0258~0.0907,遗传距离为0.0016~0.0022,表明6个群体间遗传分化水平较低。中性检验结果和错配分布分析表明,鳙群体保持稳定,未经历群体扩张。指出,鳙群体遗传多样性较低,遗传结构趋于同质化,需要采取措施,提高湖泊鳙群体遗传多样性。

Cloning, characterization, and expression of Cytochrome b (Cytb)——a key mitochondrial gene from Prorocentrum donghaiense

Mitochondrial cytochrome b （Cytb）, one of the few proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA, plays an important role in transferring electrons. As a mitochondrial gene, it has been widely used for phylogenetic analysis. Previously, a 949-bp fragment of the coding gene and mRNA editing were characterized from Prorocentrum donghaiense, which might prove useful for resolving P. donghaiense from closely related species. However, the full-length coding region has not been characterized. Ih this study, we used rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） to obtain full-length, 1 124 bp cDNA. Cytb transcript contained a standard initiation codon ATG, but did not have a recognizable stop codon. Homology comparison showed that the P. donghaiense Cytb had a high sequence identity to Cytb sequences from other dinoflagellate species. Phylogenetic analysis placed Cytb from P. donghaiense in the clade of dinoflagellates and it clustered together strongly with that from P. minimum. Based on the full-length sequence, we inferred 32 editing events at different positions, accounting for 2.93% of the Cytb gene. 34.4% （11） of the changes were A to G, 25% （8） were T to C, and 25% （8） were C to U, with smaller proportions of G to C and G to A edits （9.4% （3） and 6.2% （2）, respectively）. The expression level of the Cytb transcript was quantified by real-time PCR with a TaqMan probe at different times during the whole growth phase. The average Cytb transcript was present at 39.277.46 copies of cDNA per cell during the whole growth cycle, and the expression of Cytb was relatively stable over the different phases. These results deepen our understanding of the structure and characteristics of Cytb in P. donghaiense, and confirmed that Cytb in P. donghaiense is a candidate reference gene for studying the expression of other genes.

Effects of High Concentration Glucose on the Expression of NF-κB,Bax and Cytochrome C and Apoptosis of Islet Cells in Mice

The roles of NF-kappaB （NF-κB） expression, Bax activity and cytochrome C （Cyt C） release, apoptosis of islet cells induced by high concentration glucose were explored in vitro. Pancreatic islet cells, which were isolated from Kunming mice, were cultured with different concentrations of glucose in DMEM, and divided into the following groups： G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 groups, corresponding to the glucose concentrations of 5.6, 7.8, 11.1, 16.7, 22.5, and 27.6 mmol/L, respectively. After culture for 120 h, insulin secretion was evaluated by radioimmunoassay, and the NF-rd3 expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. Bax activity and Cyt C release were measured by immunofluorescence, and apoptosis was examined by Hoechst33342 assay. The results showed that in GI, G2 and G3 groups, insulin secretion was enhanced with the increase of glucose concentration, and the NF-κB expression was also increased （P〈0.05）, but Bax activity, Cyt C release and apoptosis rate showed no significant difference among them. However, in G4, G5, and G6 groups, apoptosis rate of islet cells, NF-rd3 expression, Bax activity, and Cyt C release were all significantly increased, and insulin secretion was impaired as compared with G1, G2, and G3 groups （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that the exposure of islet cells to high glucose could induce islet cells apoptosis as well as impaired insulin secretion. The NF-κB signaling pathway and mitochondria pathway in islet cells might play some roles in the progressive loss of islet cells in diabetes. The inhibition of the NF-κB expression could be an effective strategy for protecting pancreatic islet cells.

Characteristics and roles of cytochrome b5 in cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative reactions in Locusta migratoria

Cytochrome b5(Cyt-b5)is a small heme protein and known to be involved in a wide range of biochemical transformations,in eluding cytochrome P450 monooxyge nase(CYP)-mediated metabolism of endoge nous and exogenous compo un ds.Studies on Cyt-b5 are more con centrated in mammals,but are relatively rare in in sects.The characteristics and functi on of Cyt-b5 from Locusta migratoria have not been described yet.We sequeneed the full-length cDNA sequenee of Cyt-b5 from L.migratoria(LmCyt-b5)by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR)based on locust transcriptome database.The phylogenetic analysis showed that LmCyt-b5 was closely related to the Cyt-b5 from Blattodea.LmCyt-b5 was highly expressed in ovary,Malpighian tubules,midgut,gastric caeca,and fat bodies.Silencing of LmCyt-b5 had no effect on the susceptibility of L.migratoria to four different insecticides.Suppression of LmCyt-b5 or silencing of both LmCyt-b5 and LmCPR did not significantly change the total CYP activity toward the substrate 7-ethoxycoumarin(7-EC).However,coexpression of LmCYP6FD1 with LmCPR and LmCyt-b5 together in Sf9 cells by using Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system significantly increased the catalytic activity of LmCYP6FD1 toward 7-EC as compared with the coexpression of L.mCYP6FD1 with cytochrome P450 reductase(LmCPR)or LmCyt-b5 separately.These results suggest that LmCyt-b5 plays an important role in the catalytic reaction of LmCYP6FD1 toward 7-EC in our in vitro experiments.Further study is needed to clarify the role of LmCyt-b5 in CYP-mediated catalytic reactions in L.migratoria.

Preliminary Study on Geographical Variation of Cytochrome b gene and ITS2-rDNA among Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has invaded Middle East, several countries of the Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. This study investigated the geographical variation among geographic populations of RPW collected from twelve invaded countries using cytochrome b （Cytb） and ITS2 partial sequences. The comparison among the Cytb sequences resulted in three different haplotypes designated as HB 1 to HB3. The three haplotypes were subdivided into two phylogenetic groups according to their geographic positions： （1） the ＂Multi-Continent＂ group containing HB 1 haplotype detected in eight populations belonging to three different Continents such as Africa-Egypt, Asia-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Turkey and Europe-Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and France, and （2） the ＂Asian＂ group includes four populations from Iran （harboring HB2 haplotype）, Pakistan, UAE, and Oman （harboring HB3 haplotype）. This mitochondrial pattern of genetic diversity suggests that the tested RPW populations subdivided genetically into different sub-populations under the influence of genetic drift. According to these results we concluded that the twelve studied RPW populations are originating from different source populations in the RPW area of origin.

Intraspecific Relationship of Sheep Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene

[ Objective] To preliminarily explore the intraspecific relationship of sheep based on cytochrome b （ Cyt b） gene of mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA）. [Method] The Cyt b gene sequences in 112 sheep individuals of two local sheep breeds were amplified by PCR. Then the amplified products were digested with EcoR I and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. [ Result] As many as 56 samples from Tan sheep and 56 samples from Wadi sheep were detected. The results showed that the amplified Cyt b gene in 51 individuals of Tan sheep had one EcoR I restriction site and no EcoR I restriction site in other five individuals, thus the Cyt b gene in Tan sheep showed two restriction morphs; the Cyt b gene in all 56 individuals of Wadi sheep had one EcoR I restriction site and showed one restriction morph. [ Conclusion] The polymorphism of mitochondrial Cyt b gene in Tan sheep and Wadi sheep is poor, and the Cyt b gene in sheep breeds is very conservative. Therefore, using Cyt b gene as gene marker to study the intraspecific relationship of sheep has some limitations.

Phylogenetic Position of North Sulawesi <i>Tarsius sp</i>. Based on Partial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

Cyt b gene of North Sulawesi Tarsius sp., T. tumpara, T. sangirensis and T. tarsier (T. spectrum) had been partially sequenced. The homologous sequence of three groups had been compared to describe the phylogenetic position among them, as well as several other species accessed from the Genbank. Total DNA extracted from the muscular tissue had been obtained through tail cut sampling using the innuPREP DNA micro kit, and amplified using a pair of universal primer, L14841 and H15149. The size of the cyt b gene sequence amplified was 307 bp long. Sequence aligned using CLUSTAL-X program and diversity analysis were done using version 5.2.2. MEGA5 program. Genetic distance had been calculated by Tamura 3 parameter method and phylogenetic tree had been built using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods. Genetic distance based on cyt b gene nucleotide was found from 0 to 0.240 with an average of 0.080. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods indicated that T. tarsier, T. sangirensis and T. tumpara were closely related with Tarsius tarsier-complex, and distantly related with Cephalopachus bancanus and Carlito syrichta. The genetic distance and the phylogenetic tree had been constructed on the base of partial cyt b gene sequence of T. tarsier, T. sangirensis, T. tumpara and 5 other tarsier species and their accession. Those results are consistent with taxonomy based on morphology and vocal acoustic form.

The Genetic Relationship of Vietnamese Pigs in Central Highlands Assessed by Cytochrome b

To estimate the genetic relationship of Vietnamese pigs in Central Highlands, we compared cytochrome b sequences of Vietnamese wild boars and Vietnamese domestic pigs with other Asian and European wild boars. The results showed that there were two wild boar populations locating in Vietnam Central Highlands including wild boars of group I and wild boars of group II. The Vietnamese wild boars of group II and domestic pigs were genetically close to Asian A1 and Asian A2 wild boar groups, whereas the Vietnamese wild boars of group I were genetically distinct from Asian A1, Asian A2 wild boar groups. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the Vietnamese wild boars of group I were clustered in one clade which was distinct from Asian wild boars and Europe wild boars. In addition, the Vietnamese wild boars of group I were estimated to have diverged from European wild boars at 421500 YBP, indicating that Vietnamese wild boar of group I could be isolated from other Asian wild boars. The single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that three Asian haplotypes were contributed in Vietnamese wild boars including A3 (TATG) haplotype in Vietnamese wild boar of group I and A1 (CATA) haplotype and A2 (CATG) haplotype in Vietnamese wild boars of group II. The A1 haplotype and A2 haplotype were also distributed in Vietnamese domestic pigs. Thus, there is a high possibility that Vietnam Central Highlands is a principal source for research on genetic diversity in Asian wild boar and domestic pig populations.