The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 specie...The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.展开更多
The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, alon...The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17 species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony （MP） under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood （ML） trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subclusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.展开更多
The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria....The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria. Results showed significantly decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and cytochrome C oxidase II mRNA expression with prolonged ischemia time. Further analysis revealed five mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II gene mutations, two newly generated mutations, and four absent mutational sites at 1 month after cerebral ischemia, as well as three mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase III gene mutations, including two newly generating mutations, and one disappeared mutational site at 1 month after cerebral ischemia. Results demonstrated that decreased cytochrome C oxidase gene expression and mutations, as well as decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity, resulting in energy dysmetabolism, which has been shown to be involved in the DatholoQical Process of ischemic brain iniurv.展开更多
Background:Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1(TRAP1)plays a protective effect in hypoxic cardiomyocytes,but the precise mechanisms are not well clarified.The study is aimed to identify the mechanism o...Background:Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1(TRAP1)plays a protective effect in hypoxic cardiomyocytes,but the precise mechanisms are not well clarified.The study is aimed to identify the mechanism of TRAP1 on hypoxic damage in cardiomyocytes.Methods:In this study,the effects of TRAP1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅱ(COXⅡ)on apoptosis in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes were explored using overexpression and knockdown methods separately.Results:Hypoxia induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and TRAP1 overexpression notably inhibited apoptosis induced by hypoxia.Conversely,TRAP1 silencing promoted apoptosis in hypoxic cardiomyocytes.Further investigation revealed that the proapoptotic effects caused by the silencing of TRAP1 were prevented by COXⅡ overexpression,whereas COXⅡ knockdown reduced the antiapoptotic function induced by TRAP1 overexpression.Additionally,changes in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol and the caspase-3 activity in the cytoplasm,as well as reactive oxygen species production,were found to be correlated with the changes in apoptosis.Conclusions:The current study uncovered that TRAP1 regulates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway mediated by COXⅡ,in which reactive oxygen species presents as an important component.展开更多
ObJective： To investigate the detrimental effects of hemorrhagic shock on the structure and function of mitochondria DNA （mtDNA） encoding cytochrome oxidase genes in intestinal epithelial cells. Methods ： Wistar ...ObJective： To investigate the detrimental effects of hemorrhagic shock on the structure and function of mitochondria DNA （mtDNA） encoding cytochrome oxidase genes in intestinal epithelial cells. Methods ： Wistar rats were used and divided into two groups： hemorrhagic shock group and control group. Hemorrhagic shock model of rats was utilized in this experiment. The mtDNA was extracted from the intestinal epithelial cells and amplified by polymerase chain reaction （ PCR ） with different primers of cytochrome oxidase （ COX Ⅰ, COX Ⅱ and COX Ⅲ）. The products of PCR were directly sequenced. Results ： Hemorrhagic shock could result in the point mutagenesis in mitochondrial genome encoding cytochrome oxidase （ COX I and COX II）. There were 4, 4, 22, 16, 35 point mutations in COX I from 5545 to 6838 bp in 5 shocked rats. There were five point mutations in COX II from 7191 to 7542 bp at the site of t7191c, t7212c, a7386g, a7483g, c7542g in 1 shocked rat. There was no mutation found in COX III. Conclusions： Hemorrhagic shock could significantly induce the damage of the gene of cytochrome oxidase encoded by mtDNA.展开更多
目的观察脑缺血再灌对小鼠大脑细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ(cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅡ,COⅡ)mRNA表达的影响及淫羊藿苷的作用。方法采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭合并取血降压再灌注的方法建立小鼠脑缺血再灌损伤模型,随机分为正常对照组、模...目的观察脑缺血再灌对小鼠大脑细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ(cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅡ,COⅡ)mRNA表达的影响及淫羊藿苷的作用。方法采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭合并取血降压再灌注的方法建立小鼠脑缺血再灌损伤模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、淫羊藿苷防治组(100mg/kg i.g.),在不同时间点用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组小鼠大脑COⅡ的mRNA表达。结果在脑缺血再灌后1、24h时模型组COⅡmRNA的量与对照组相比无显著性意义。3h模型组COⅡmR-NA的量显著降低(P<0.01),淫羊藿苷组对COⅡmRNA表达量的降低略有所阻遏,但无显著性意义。72h模型组COⅡmRNA的量明显上升(P<0.01),淫羊藿苷组可以明显阻止其表达量的升高(P<0.05)。在脑缺血再灌后14d COⅡmRNA的量又有所降低(P<0.05),淫羊藿苷组可阻止COⅡmRNA表达量的降低。结论脑缺血再灌可影响COⅡmRNA表达。灌胃给予淫羊藿苷对于维持COⅡ的正常表达有一定的作用,提示可能是其发挥脑保护作用的机制之一。展开更多
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30570247)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 2003-1087)
文摘The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071980, 40871034)the Youth Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China(2010021029-3)the Postdoctoral Science Foun-dation of China (20090450652)
文摘The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17 species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony （MP） under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood （ML） trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subclusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.
基金the International Cooperation Program of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, No. 20100751
文摘The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria. Results showed significantly decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and cytochrome C oxidase II mRNA expression with prolonged ischemia time. Further analysis revealed five mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II gene mutations, two newly generated mutations, and four absent mutational sites at 1 month after cerebral ischemia, as well as three mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase III gene mutations, including two newly generating mutations, and one disappeared mutational site at 1 month after cerebral ischemia. Results demonstrated that decreased cytochrome C oxidase gene expression and mutations, as well as decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity, resulting in energy dysmetabolism, which has been shown to be involved in the DatholoQical Process of ischemic brain iniurv.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No:81101426,81571898).
文摘Background:Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1(TRAP1)plays a protective effect in hypoxic cardiomyocytes,but the precise mechanisms are not well clarified.The study is aimed to identify the mechanism of TRAP1 on hypoxic damage in cardiomyocytes.Methods:In this study,the effects of TRAP1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅱ(COXⅡ)on apoptosis in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes were explored using overexpression and knockdown methods separately.Results:Hypoxia induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and TRAP1 overexpression notably inhibited apoptosis induced by hypoxia.Conversely,TRAP1 silencing promoted apoptosis in hypoxic cardiomyocytes.Further investigation revealed that the proapoptotic effects caused by the silencing of TRAP1 were prevented by COXⅡ overexpression,whereas COXⅡ knockdown reduced the antiapoptotic function induced by TRAP1 overexpression.Additionally,changes in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol and the caspase-3 activity in the cytoplasm,as well as reactive oxygen species production,were found to be correlated with the changes in apoptosis.Conclusions:The current study uncovered that TRAP1 regulates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway mediated by COXⅡ,in which reactive oxygen species presents as an important component.
文摘ObJective： To investigate the detrimental effects of hemorrhagic shock on the structure and function of mitochondria DNA （mtDNA） encoding cytochrome oxidase genes in intestinal epithelial cells. Methods ： Wistar rats were used and divided into two groups： hemorrhagic shock group and control group. Hemorrhagic shock model of rats was utilized in this experiment. The mtDNA was extracted from the intestinal epithelial cells and amplified by polymerase chain reaction （ PCR ） with different primers of cytochrome oxidase （ COX Ⅰ, COX Ⅱ and COX Ⅲ）. The products of PCR were directly sequenced. Results ： Hemorrhagic shock could result in the point mutagenesis in mitochondrial genome encoding cytochrome oxidase （ COX I and COX II）. There were 4, 4, 22, 16, 35 point mutations in COX I from 5545 to 6838 bp in 5 shocked rats. There were five point mutations in COX II from 7191 to 7542 bp at the site of t7191c, t7212c, a7386g, a7483g, c7542g in 1 shocked rat. There was no mutation found in COX III. Conclusions： Hemorrhagic shock could significantly induce the damage of the gene of cytochrome oxidase encoded by mtDNA.
