Comparative Cytological and Histopathological Study of Peri-Implantitis and Periodontitis

Peri-implant diseases, such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, pose significant challenges to the long-term prognosis of dental implants. This study aimed to comprehensively compare peri-implantitis with periodontitis from cytological and histopathological perspectives, shedding light on the morphological characteristics associated with peri-implantitis. Thirteen patients, including six with peri-implantitis and seven with periodontitis, were included in the study. Cytological examination of affected gingival mucosa revealed distinct differences between the two conditions. Peri-implantitis exhibited an inflammatory background predominantly composed of neutrophils with lobulated nuclei, accompanied by stratified squamous epithelial cells showing signs of keratinization. In contrast, periodontitis showed a similar neutrophilic inflammatory background but with non-keratinized epithelial cells. Histopathological examination further confirmed these differences, with peri-implantitis showing keratinized epithelium in the inner epithelial layer. This histological finding aligns with the notion that peri-implantitis has a distinct mucosal profile compared to periodontitis. Additionally, cytological analysis revealed that peri-implantitis had a lower occurrence rate of Light green-positive cells, indicating a tendency toward keratinization. This finding suggests that the presence of keratinized mucosa might be associated with peri-implant health, although further research is needed to clarify this relationship. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of cytological examination and Papanicolaou staining for assessing mucosal inflammatory conditions and distinguishing between keratinized and non-keratinized cells. These findings underscore the utility of oral mucosal smears as a valuable tool for diagnosing peri-implantitis and enhancing our understanding of its pathogenesis.

Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation analysis in cytological specimens and responsiveness to gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients

Background： Epidermal growth factor receptor（EGFR） mutation is the key predictor of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors（TKIs） efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）. We conducted this study to verify the feasibility of EGFR mutation analysis in cytological specimens and investigate the responsiveness to gefitinib treatment in patients carrying EGFR mutations.Methods： A total of 210 cytological specimens were collected for EGFR mutation detection by both direct sequencing and amplification refractory mutation system（ARMS）. We analyzed EGFR mutation status by both methods and evaluated the responsiveness to gefitinib treatment in patients harboring EGFR mutations by overall response rate（ORR）, disease control rate（DCR） and progression free survival（PFS）.Results： Of all patients, EGFR mutation rate was 28.6%（60/210） by direct sequencing and 45.2%（95/210） by ARMS（P〈0.001） respectively. Among the EGFR wild type patients tested by direct sequencing, 26.7% of them were positive by ARMS. For the 72 EGFR mutation positive patients treated with gefitinib, the ORR, DCR and median PFS were 69.4%, 90.2% and 9.3 months respectively. The patients whose EGFR mutation status was negative by direct sequencing but positive by ARMS had lower ORR（48.0% vs. 80.9%, P=0.004） and shorter median PFS（7.4 vs. 10.5 months, P=0.009） as compared with that of EGFR mutation positive patients by both detection methods. Conclusions： Our study verified the feasibility of EGFR analysis in cytological specimens in advanced NSCLC. ARMS is more sensitive than direct sequencing in EGFR mutation detection. EGFR Mutation status tested on cytological samples is applicable for predicting the response to gefitinib. Abundance of EGFR mutations might have an influence on TKIs efficacy.

Cytological and Proteomic Analysis of Ginkgo biloba Pollen Intine

The pollen intine plays important roles in pollen germination and tube growth,but related information in Ginkgo biloba remains unclear.We isolated and obtained de-exined pollen from G.biloba.Using fluorescent probes,we observed the strongest cellulose fluorescence in the pollen intine.De-esterified pectin immunolabeled with JIM5 was present throughout the entire cell wall,whereas esterified pectin recognized by the monoclonal antibody JIM7 was concentrated in some regions.Callose staining with aniline blue was observed across the entire surface of the pollen intine.These results were confirmed by Fourier Transform InfraRed(FTIR)analysis.We also used proteomic approaches to identify different proteins between mature and de-exined pollen(48h after hydration)in vitro.Based on mass spectrometry,de-exined pollen had more proteins than mature pollen,including calmodulin,serine hydroxymethyltransferase,β-galactosidase 6,and class IV chitinase.According to Gene Ontology(GO)analysis,the differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with transportation,defense reaction,sugar metabolism,energy metabolism,signal transduction,and cell wall formation.These findings suggest that most proteins involved in pollen germination and pollen tube growth are synthesized during pollen hydration,indicating the important role of pollen hydration in the reproductive process of G.Biloba.

Comprehensive cytological characterization of the Gossypium hirsutum genome based on the development of a set of chromosome cytological markers

Cotton is the world's most important natural fiber crop. It is also a model system for studying polyploidization, genomic organization, and genome-size variation. Integrating the cytological characterization of cotton with its genetic map will be essential for understanding its genome structure and evolution, as well as for performing further genetic-map based mapping and cloning. In this study, we isolated a complete set of bacterial artificial chromosome clones anchored to each of the 52 chromosome arms of the tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Combining these with telomere and centromere markers, we constructed a standard karyotype for the G. hirsutum inbred line TM-1. We dissected the chromosome arm localizations of the 45 S and 5S r DNA and suggest a centromere repositioning event in the homoeologous chromosomes AT09 and DT09. By integrating a systematic karyotype analysis with the genetic linkage map, we observed different genome sizes and chromosomal structures between the subgenomes of the tetraploid cotton and those of its diploid ancestors. Using evidence of conserved coding sequences, we suggest that the different evolutionary paths of non-coding retrotransposons account for most of the variation in size between the subgenomes of tetraploid cotton and its diploid ancestors. These results provide insights into the cotton genome and will facilitate further genome studies in G. hirsutum.

Conjunctival cytological examination,bacteriological culture,and antimicrobial resistance profiles of healthy Mediterranean buffaloes(Bubalus bubalis) from Southern Italy

Objective: To assess normal conjunctival cytological and bacteriological/fungal flora features in the Mediterranean buffalo(Bubalus bubalis).Methods: Swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of both eyes of 57 healthy female buffaloes aged 24–36 months, with no evidence of ocular disease, farmed in Campania region(Southern Italy), for microbiological analysis. Conjunctival eye specimens of both eyes were subsequently obtained by a cyto-brush, for cytological analysis.The antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was also determined using the diskdiffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates.Results: Cytological examination of conjunctival swab specimens(114 eyes) revealed epithelial cells(basal, intermediate, columnar and super ficial) in all samples, whereas neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells were present in 70%, 10% and 2% of samples,respectively. Microorganisms, for a total of 261 aerobic bacteria and 6 fungi, were isolated from 112/114 conjunctival samples [98.25%; 95% con fidence interval(CI): 93.18–99.70]. Only two conjunctival swabs did not yield bacteria and/or fungi(2/114, 1.75%;95% CI: 0.30–6.82). Gram-positive aerobes were most commonly cultured(181/261,69.35%; 95% CI: 63.31–74.81), with Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus lentus predominating. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated as Gram-negative bacteria(80/261, 30.65%; 95% CI: 25.19–36.69). The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria showed amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and cephalothin as the least sensitive antibiotics for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions: These results provided first information on normal conjunctival ocular micro flora and cytological features in Mediterranean buffalo.

Cytological Effects of Space Environment on Different Genotype of Rice

For exploring the biological effect of space environment on different genotype of rice seeds, the cytological effects of M1 generation after space flight were studied. Twelve different genotypes of rice seeds which belong to different climate ecotype （early, medium and late） of indica and japonica were onboard ＂Shenzhou 4＂ spaceship for 162 h. After recovered the total number of mitosis cells and chromosomal aberration were observed. In all the lines the mitotic index （MIs） of space flight are much higher than control, which indicates the stimulate effect of space environment. The cell rate of chromosomal aberration （CRCA） of space flight is also much higher than control, but varies from line to line. It indicates that biological effect of space environment on rice seed dependents not only on flight duration but also on rice genotype. The radiosensitivities of different lines were also discussed according to CRCAs.

Cytological studies on neurosecretory cell of the X-organ in Scylla serrata

ＣｙｔｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｎｅｕｒｏｓｅｃｒｅｔｏｒｙｃｅｌｌｏｆｔｈｅＸ－ｏｒｇａｎｉｎＳｃｙｌｌａｓｅｒｒａｔａ￥／／ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎＣｒｕｓｔａｃｅａ，ｎｅｕｒｏｓｅｃｒｅｔｉｏｎｉｓｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄｔｏｂｅｏｎｅｏｆ...

Male Sterile Lines of Zinnia elegans and Their Cytological Observations

In order to find out a new pathway for utilizing heterosis of Zinnia elegans and accelerate breeding process, the mechanism of anther development of a male sterile line was explored. Backcross, sibmating, selling of fertile plants and testcross with inbred lines were analyzed and identified in the field, and cytology was observed. Recessive nucleus male sterile line AH209AB capable of being a maintainer was obtained by successive backcrosses with male sterile plants and fertile F1 plants as male parents. Cytological and anatomical studies indicated that： （1） The wall of normal anther was constituted of four layers of cells such as epidermis, powder chamber wall, middle level and tapetum cells. The process in meiosis of pollen mother cell in Zinnia elegans was normal and cytoplasm divided simultanously. Mature pollen grain was tricellular type. （2） The petal of male sterile plant degraded as a thread-like structure, the stamens were villiform in appearance and no pollens were formed. The result showed that the anther of male sterile plant no longer proceed to differentiate spore mother cell and the pollen sac after the formation of the tissue of sporogenous cells, there was no evident boundary between tapetum cell, middle lamella and inner wall of PMC, tapetal cells did not develop from the very beginning. So the abortion type was completely structural male sterility. The male sterile line belongs to non-sporange male sterile type and is of great use in F1 seeds production.

Comparison of cytological and histological preparations in the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies using endoscopic ultrasoundguided fine needle aspiration

BACKGROUND:Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) has become a crucial diagnostic technique for pancreatic malignancies.The specimen obtained by EUS-FNA can be prepared for either cytological or histological examinations.This study was to compare diagnostic performance of cytological and histological preparations using EUSFNA in the same lesions when pancreatic malignancies were suspected.METHODS:One hundred and eighteen patients who underwent EUS-FNA for suspected pancreatic malignancies were consecutively enrolled.All procedures were conducted by a single echoendoscopist under the same conditions.Four adequate preparations were obtained by 22-gauge needles with 20 to-and-fro movements for each pass.The 4 preparations included 2 cytological and 2 histological specimens.The pathologic reviews of all specimens were conducted independently by a single experienced cytopathologist.Sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of the 2 preparations were compared.RESULTS:The enrolled patients consisted of 62 males(52.5%),with the mean age of 64.6±10.5 years.Surgery was performed in 23(19.5%) patients.One hundred and sixteen(98.3%) lesions were classified as malignant,while 2(1.7%) were benign.Sensitivity of cytology and histology were 87.9% and 81.9%,respectively,with no significant difference(P=0.190).Accuracy was also not significantly different.Cytological preparation was more sensitive when the size of lesion was <3 cm(86.7% vs 68.9%,P=0.033).CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggested that the diagnostic performances of cytological and histological preparations are not significantly different for the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies.However,cytological preparation might be more sensitive for pancreatic lesions <3 cm.

Cytological Observation of Microsporogenesis in Male-Sterile Lines of Chinese Pink(Dianthus chinensis L.)

This study addressed the differences in microsporogenesis between male sterile and fertile lines of Chinese pink. The microsporogenesis processes of male sterile and fertile lines were histologically examined in squashed pollen grains and in paraffin embedded sections. A stable male-sterile line （H-37B） was obtained following six generations of inbreeding in a self-fertile line, followed by two generations of backcrossing. In the corresponding fertile line, development of the mature pollen grains was followed through the initiation of the sporogenous cell, microsporocyte formation, and the tetrad developmental period. In the male-sterile line, abortion of the developing pollen grains was observed to take place at various stages, namely, sporogenous cell growth, mother cell meiosis, and tetrad transformation to the uninuclear state. The pollen grains of the fertile line were spheroid, turgid, and viable. By contrast, the male-sterile line produced pollen that was irregular in shape, empty, and nonviable. The abortion of the microspore in the male-sterile line appeared to relate to abnormal growth of the tapetum layer.

Molecular-Cytological Identification and Chromosome Behavior Analysis of Telotetrasomic in Rice

From the progenies of a telotrisomic of chromosome 9 short arm of an indica rice variety, Zhongxian 3037, a phenotypical variant was selected. The variant plant had rolled leaves, dispersed plant type, as well as a low seed-setting rate. Cytological and molecular cytological investigations revealed two extra chromosomes, which were the shortest in somatic cells of the variant. Fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis using a rice centromere specific DNA （RCS2） and a DNA sequence specific for chromosome 9 on premetaphase and pachytene chromosomes showed that these two chromosomes were the short arms of chromosome 9. That is to say, the variant was a telotetrasomic of chromosome 9. Among the 25 pachytene cells, the two telosomic chromosomes paired each other to form a bivalent and didn＇t pair with other normal chromosome 9 as multivalents in 96% cells. However, the bivalent was easy to disassociate in advance.

Cytological Changes of Oral Cavity and of High/Low Risk HPV Detection in Women with Cervical Pathology

Oropharyngeal tumor is the eight most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Among the causes of oropharyngeal carcinoma significant are cigarette smoking, abuse of alcohol, multi-partners, high risk HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and etc. Cytological material (oral Pap smear) was taken from oral fundus and cheek mucous by the cytobrush. 47 participants with cervix pathology and 42 participants of the control group were investigated. Oral smears were stained by the Papanicolaou method and were diagnosed by a double blind method. After the cytological examination, we carried out detecting low and high risk HPV by chromogenic in-situ hy-bridization (CISH method) to use a positive and negative control. The quantitative statistical analysis was performed by SPSS V.19.0. Numeral data were processed using Pearson correlation and X2 tests. Confidence interval of 95% was regarded statistically significant. Study group’s oral pap smear with atypical cytology was detected in 61.7%. Atypical cytological changes in the control group were confirmed in 38.0%. High risk HPV detection by the CISH, in study group, showed positivity in 46.8% and in the control group—in 4.8%. Participants with cervix pathology will be considered as a risk-group to develop oropharyngeal tumor. Screening program for oropharyngeal cancer combines Pap smear and high risk HPV test together. For the control group, it is recommended to use oral pap smear and in the case of atypical changes using high risk HPV test too.

Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Exfoliative Cytological Studies of Oral Verruciform Xanthoma

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare tumor-like lesion, predominantly affecting the oral mucosa. Although several studies of verruciform xanthoma have been reported, the characteristic features and pathogenesis have not been fully clarified. The purpose of the present study is to perform immunohistochemical analysis using markers of proliferative cell activity and cytokeratins, and to perform comparative analysis between cytological and histological features in order to clarify the characteristic features of verruciform xanthomas. Histological findings showed exophitic proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium and accumulation of foamy macrophages between epithelial processes. Immunohistochemically, accumulated foamy cells showed positive immuno-reactivity for CD68, and positive cells were also present in the epithelium. Expression of pancy-tokeratin was observed in most layers of the epithelium, whereas cytokeratin 13 was also detected in prickle cell layers. Positive reactivity for Ki-67 was observed in epithelial cell nuclei. Positive reactivity was largely distributed in basal and/or parabasal cell layers, and the positive cell rate was 20%. In addition, exfoliative cytological findings showed hyperkeratotic epithelial cells with picnosis, thus suggesting the characteristics of hyperplastic epithelium in verruciforma, although foamy cells were not observed in the cytological specimens. These results suggest that benign morphological characteristics with local cellular immune response of verruciform xanthoma may be evaluated based on immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin and Ki-67, as well as exfoliative cytological findings.

Pemphigus vulgaris macroscopically and cytologically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma

We describe the clinical, macroscopic, cytological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, serodiagnostic and aspects of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in the oral gingiva that clinically mimicked oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a 57-year-old Japanese man. He developed slight haphalgesia of the buccal gingiva around teeth numbers 18 and 19 2 years ago. A dentist diagnosed intractable ulcer, but the patient ignored the condition for about 2 years until a sharp pain in the gingiva worsened. He consulted an otolaryngologist, who referred the patient to our hospital under a cytological diagnosis of OSCC. An oral examination revealed several extensive painful erosions/ ulcers from the buccal and lingual gingiva around teeth numbers 18 to 21 to the distal alveolar mucosa of no. 18 and the buccal and lingual gingiva around tooth number 31. A presumptive diagnosis of PV with dysplastic changes was determined from cytological smears. The cytological Nikolsky test was positive. The diagnosis of PV was confirmed from clinical and histopathological findings of a biopsy specimen obtained from the perilesional site. Although the definitive diagnosis of PV required only 2 weeks after this patient presented at our hospital, 2 years had elapsed since the onset of oral lesions.

A clinico-pathological and cytological study of oral candidiasis

Candidiasis of the oral mucosa arises chiefly as a re- sult of infection with Candida albicans. Many clinico- pathological analyses of macroscopic findings have been described, although the clinical findings of oral candidiasis vary considerably and the conditions are complex. The present study analyzes the distribution, clinical, cytological and histological diagnoses of oral candidiasis, associated complex diseases and the di-agnostic value of cytology. The ratio of Candida in-fection was 28.9% among 1551 study participants. Females were infected significantly more often than men (p < 0.01) and the affected age range was 60 - 79 years (61.0%, p < 0.01). The predominantly affected areas were the tongue (48.3%, p < 0.01) and gingiva (20.0%, p < 0.01), and occurrence at multiple loci was seen in 43 (9.6%) patients. The typical clinical find- ings of oral candidiasis were ulcerative/erythematous lesions (33.2%, p < 0.01) and pseudomembranous candidiasis (31.6%, p < 0.01). A histopathological dia- gnosis of candidiasis based on biopsy specimens from 26 lesions in patients with Candida infection indicated by cytology was confirmed from cultures. The break- down of a cytological to a definite diagnosis was 6 positive (SCC 4, verrucous carcinoma 1, moderate to severe dysplasia 1), 6 suspected positive (mild dyspla- sia, 2;moderate to severe dysplasia, 2;papilloma, 1 and SCC, 1) and 14 negative (epulis, 3;papilloma, 3;granulation tissue, 2;fibrosis, 2 and others, 4). Exfo-liative cytology can easily judge the presence of Can-dida species, although experience is necessary for the presumptive diagnosis of an oral mucosal disease. The application of exfoliative cytology using the Pe- riodic acid-Schiff reaction is helpful for the earlier detection of oral candidiasis with various macrosco- pic findings.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Xp11.2 Translocation/TFE3 Gene Fusion: A Case Report with Immunohistochemical and Cytological Features

Gene fusions involving two of the MiT subfamily factors, such as TFE3, TFEB, TFC and MiTF, have been identified in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Xp11.2 translocation RCC is a rare pediatric neoplasm that harbors gene fusions involving TFE3, which plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival. We herein present a case of RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion in a 14-year-old Japanese boy presenting gross hematuria and body weight loss. The tumor was characterized by histopathology, cytology and TFE3-immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry. Knowledge of distinctive morphological and immunostaining features of this tumor can help to accurately diagnose this rare subset of translocation associated RCC in routine pathological diagnostic procedures.

Regeneration of Cytologically Stable Plants Through Dedifferentiation, Redifferentiation, and Artificial Seeds in Spathoglottis plicata Blume.(Orchidaceae)

Spathoglottis plicata Blume. is a horticulturally important vulnerable ground orchid with beautiful flowers blooming round the year. Highfrequency protocorm-like body(PLB) formation was established via callus culture from vegetative tissues of in vitro germinated seedlings of S.plicata. Media containing MS salts and Gamborg's B5 vitamins supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D), 3.0 mg·L^(-1) α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA), 1.0 mg·L^(-1) kinetin(KIN), and 10%(v/v) ‘Aloe vera gel'(Av G) were effective in fragile calli induction. A maximum of(22.3 ± 0.52) PLBs were induced from about 250 mg callus within 45–55 days in the presence of 2.0 mg·L^(-1) NAA and 3.0 mg·L^(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP). Briefly, 3.0% sodium alginate was found to be most suitable for the formation of an appropriate shape and good germination rates(86.7%)of artificial seeds. Out of three different temperatures(4, 15, and 24 °C), the best result was achieved at 4 °C with 66.7% germinability even after90 days of storage. Plantlets were acclimatized with 86.6% survival rate and 76.3% of these plants produced flowers within 12–15 months of field transfer. Chromosomal studies revealed cytological stability of all regenerants containing 2 n = 40 chromosomes as in the parental plants.The present protocol can be applied reliably for the purposes of large-scale commercial propagation and short-term conservation of this orchid.

Gynecologic infections seen in ThinPrep cytological test in Wuhan, China

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of bacterial, Candida, Trichomonas, and human papillomavirus （HPV） infections in ThinPrep cytological test （TCT） performed on women of Wuhan, China. ThinPrep smears were screened by two independent experienced pathologists and reported from 2008 to 2010. A total of 46 866 ThinPrep smears were studied, and smears with inflammation were analyzed. Of the 44 162 enrolled patients, inflammation changes were observed in 21 935 （49.7%） and specific infections in 6884 （31.4%）. The infections detected were as follows： bacteria, 5663 （82.3%）; Candida, 825 （12.0%）; Trichomonas, 273 （4.0%）; and HPV, 148 （2.1%）. Significant changes were found in the prevalence of bacteria and Candida among women who underwent TCT before and after 2010. Z2 revealed an increasing proportion of specific infections found in smears after 2010 （P = 0.000）. In conclusion, bacterial infection was the most detectable in the ThinPrep smears, followed by Candida and Trichomonas. The prevalence of infection identified by TCT was found to be similar in previous literature in China.

Genomic characterization of peritoneal lavage cytology-positive gastric cancer

Objective: Positive peritoneal lavege cytology(CY1) gastric cancer is featured by dismal prognosis, with high risks of peritoneal metastasis. However, there is a lack of evidence on pathogenic mechanism and signature of CY1and there is a continuous debate on CY1 therapy. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of CY1 is crucial for treatment strategies and targets for CY1 gastric cancer.Methods: In order to figure out specific driver genes and marker genes of CY1 gastric cancer, and ultimately offer clues for potential marker and risk assessment of CY1, 17 cytology-positive gastric cancer patients and 31matched cytology-negative gastric cancer patients were enrolled in this study. The enrollment criteria were based on the results of diagnostic laparoscopy staging and cytology inspection of exfoliated cells. Whole exome sequencing was then performed on tumor samples to evaluate genomic characterization of cytology-positive gastric cancer.Results: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO) algorithm identified 43 cytology-positive marker genes, while Mut Sig CV identified 42 cytology-positive specific driver genes. CD3G and CDKL2 were both driver and marker genes of CY1. Regarding mutational signatures, driver gene mutation and tumor subclone architecture, no significant differences were observed between CY1 and negative peritoneal lavege cytology(CY0).Conclusions: There might not be distinct differences between CY1 and CY0, and CY1 might represent the progression of CY0 gastric cancer rather than constituting an independent subtype. This genomic analysis will thus provide key molecular insights into CY1, which may have a direct effect on treatment recommendations for CY1and CY0 patients, and provides opportunities for genome-guided clinical trials and drug development.

Evaluation on Hot/Cold Drug Property of Acaí(Euterpe oleracea Mart.) by Cytological Study Methods

Objective: To determine the hot/cold of South American A?aí(Euterpe oleracea Mart.). Materials and Methods: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay was performed to compare the influence of A?aí and phellodendron bark(Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis) on the growth and proliferation of HepG2 and Hep3 B cell strains. The morphological changes of the two cell strains treated with A?aí and C. Phellodendri were observed using an inverted phase contrast microscope. Trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to compare and analyze the toxicity effects of A?aí. The content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH) and the ratio of NADH/NAD+ of the treated cells were detected using a spectrophotometer to determine the influence of A?aí to the energy metabolism of the two cell strains. Results: Within the range of measured concentrations, both A?aí and C. Phellodendri displayed separately the stronger inhibitory effects on cell growth, proliferation, and energy metabolism of the two cell strains. By MTT assay, A?aí showed significant(P < 0.05) or highly significant(P < 0.01) inhibitory effects on cell proliferation within the concentration range of 0.25–40 μg/mL, which was similar to the effects of C. Phellodendri. From the results of microscopic examination, the morphological of lower cell density, attenuated granularity, and more outstretched cells in irregular polygonal shape could be observed in the cells treated with A?aí, which was also similar to that of C. Phellodendri. In trypan blue staining assay, all concentrations of A?aí showed negligible toxicity effects, exactly as that of C. Phellodendri. A?aí showed a highly significant effect of decreasing the content of intracellular NADH as well as the ratio of NADH/NAD+(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The effect of A?aí on HepG2 and Hep3 B strains just as C. Phellodendri can reduce energy metabolism and inhibit the growth and proliferation. All performance characteristics of two cell strains treated with A?aí belong to that characteristic of cold property drug. From the study results, we can deduce that the drug property of A?aí is cold.