Daily variations of airborne pollen in Beijing Olympic Park during August of three consecutive years and their relationships with meteorological factors

A three-year aeropalynological study was carried out in the month of August for each of the three years 2005, 2006 and 2007 in the Beijing Olympic Park. A total of 19550 pollen grains were counted （15057 grains in 2005, 2717 in 2006 and 1776 in 2007） for the following taxa： Gramineae, Chenopodiaceae, Humulus L., Artemisia L., Ambrosia L. and Pinus L. The analysis indicated that in the three consecutive years of 2005-007, airborne pollen types and daily number of pollen in August in the Beijing Olympic Park were closely related to environmental change and vegetation composition. The daily variations of airborne pollen displayed similar patterns in August in each of the three years, which were affected positively by periods of daily sunshine, negatively by daily relative humidity and daily precipitation. Continuously high daily temperatures and stable daily wind speeds seemed to have little effect on the fluctuation of airborne pollen.

Spatial variations in daily average CO_2 concentrations above wetland surface of Xianghai National Nature Reserve, China

Horizontal and vertical variations of daily average CO 2 concentration above the wetland surface were studied in Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China in August, 2000 The primary purpose was to study spatial distribution characteristics of CO 2 concentration on the four levels of height(0 1 m, 0 6 m, 1 2 m and 2 m) and compare the differences of CO 2 concentration under different land covers. Results showed that daily average CO 2 concentration above wetland surface in Xianghai National Natural Reserve was lower than that above other wetlands in northeast China as well as the worldwide average, suggesting that Xianghai wetland absorbed CO 2 in August and acted as “sink” of CO 2 The horizontal variations on the four levels of height along the latitude were distinct, and had the changing tendency of “decreasing after increasing” with the increase of height. The areas with obvious variations were consistent on different levels of height, and those with the highest variations appeared above surface of shore, sloping field, Typha wetland and Phragmites wetland; the vertical variations were greatly different, with the higher variations in Phragmites wetland and Typha wetland, and the lands near the shore and the sloping field with the lower variations. Spatial variations of daily average CO 2 concentrations above wetland surface were affected by surface qualities and land covers.

Dynamic thermo-mechanical responses of road-soft ground system under vehicle load and daily temperature variation

A complete road-soft ground model is established in this paper to study the dynamic responses caused by vehicle loads and/or daily temperature variation.A dynamic thermo-elastic model is applied to capturing the behavior of the rigid pavement,the base course,and the subgrade,while the soft ground is characterized using a dynamic thermo-poroelastic model.Solutions to the road-soft ground system are derived in the Laplace-Hankel transform domain.The time domain solutions are obtained using an integration approach.The temperature,thermal stress,pore water pressure,and displacement responses caused by the vehicle load and the daily temperature variation are presented.Results show that obvious temperature change mainly exists within 0.3 m of the road when subjected to the daily temperature variation,whereas the stress responses can still be found in deeper places because of the thermal swelling/shrinkage deformation within the upper road structures.Moreover,it is important to consider the coupling effects of the vehicle load and the daily temperature variation when calculating the dynamic responses inside the road-soft ground system.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Daily Ranges of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component in the Chinese Mainland

In this paper, we use the daily ranges of the vertical magnetic intensity of approximately 76 geomagnetic stations from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Temporally, we use regressive analysis and FFT analysis to analyze the data. The results show that the Z component daily ranges of all stations have an obvious cyclical variation, the computed Fourier spectra of all data sets have clearly resolved the required periodicities in the data, in the form of distinct peaks at days 365, 183, 22, and 73, and the power spectra of day 365 is the highest in all periods. (2) In terms of spatial variation, the daily ranges show nonlinear variation with latitude in China. The results show the existence of a point of inflexion (maximal value point) nearby at about 25°N, the daily ranges of Z rise from 15°~25°N and have a good linear decrease variation along with 25°~50°N. (3) Compared with the spatial and temporal variations of Z daily ranges with the Sq current inversion, we found that the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges are decided mainly by the spatio-temporal evolution of the Sq current system. (4) If the latitudes of the maximum amplitudes of variation of the vertical component in the geomagnetic quiet days are roughly taken as the latitudes corresponding to the foci of Sq overhead current system, we can see that these latitudes of foci become higher in summer, are lowest in winter and highest during Equinoxes, displaying conspicuous monthly and daily variations. For two successive geomagnetic quiet days, the latitudes of foci may vary ten degrees.

Relationship between Bering Sea Ice Cover and East Asian Winter Monsoon Year-to-Year Variations

In this study, the relationship between year-to-year variations in the Bering Sea ice cover （BSIC） and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） for the period 1969-2001 was documented. The time series of total ice cover in the eastern Bering Sea correlated with the EAWM index at -0.49, indicating that they are two tightly related components. Our results show that the BSIC was closely associated with the simultaneous local and large-scale atmosphere over the Asian-northern Pacific region. Heavy BSIC corresponded to weaker EAWM circulations and light BSIC corresponded to stronger EAWM circulations. Thus, the BSIC should be considered as one of the possible factors affecting the EAWM variation.

海南翁田台地电场数据质量及频谱分析

地电场观测系统的观测对象是地电场强度矢量,其目的是通过观测地表的地电场强度,探索地震前地电场的变化,获得地下电性结构及其变化规律,开展孕震过程中大地电场的变化特征研究。本文对翁田台地电场自建台以来的数据进行了详细的梳理,通过计算差值和相关系数来分析数据自运行以来的质量情况,总结数据质量较好的原因,并对下一步如何提高数据质量给出一些建议。翁田台地电场观测数据曲线存在明显1峰1谷的日变形态,对其进行频谱分析,优势周期为24、12、6 h,以24 h为主。运用优势方位角的方法计算发现,2017—2018年优势方位角存在收窄和偏转现象,对该异常进行了分析与探讨。

民用机场温度年循环和日循环变化对民用飞机载量影响研究

为提升航空公司的经济效益和飞机利用率,结合前期研究成果,分析和比较我国48个4E和4F机场1980—2020年近40年的气候和地表面大气温度的年循环和日循环特征,采用插值法和一元线性回归分析方法对温度和计算得到的飞机载量数据进行研究分析,研究可知:1)我国大部分机场的最高气温一般会产生在7月份;2)随着机场的纬度增高,机场年平均气温值会随之减小;3)随着海拔高度的增加,机场年平均气温值会有所减小;4)我国机场一般夏季气温日较差大于冬季,但不如春季大;5)由于陆地上气温日较差大于海洋,机场地理位置距海(或大型水体)越远,日较差就会越大。建议从优化航班的班表时刻、选择优势机型执行特殊航线和加强高温条件的起飞性能减载放行评估三个方面提升民用飞机的有效载量。

1986-2018年黄土丘陵区典型小流域不同水文年水沙变化

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区罗玉沟典型小流域水沙变化趋势以及不同水文年径流输沙对水土流失治理的响应差异,量化降水和人类活动对流域水沙影响的相对贡献,以期为黄土丘陵第三副区流域水土流失治理和水资源管理提供参考。[方法]基于罗玉沟流域1986—2018年的降雨、径流、输沙等数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法及双累积曲线法分析流域水沙变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果]1986—2018年罗玉沟流域河流由常流河转变为季节性河流,干河日数显著上升(p<0.01),2000年以来干河日数多在300 d以上;同期,罗玉沟流域径流输沙显著下降(p<0.05),与基准期1986—1993年相比,1994—2007年减水减沙率分别为61.9%,44.3%,2008—2018年径流输沙分别减少67.5%,76.4%;在2008—2018年平水年和枯水年间罗玉沟流域输沙模数分别为(1 080.0±107.5) t/km^(2),(167.8±111.4) t/km^(2),而在暴雨频发丰水年,输沙模数仍接近4 000 t/km^(2);流域产流产沙能力降低,水沙关系发生改变,相同径流条件下输沙量减少,即流域径流含沙量水平降低,开始变清;相比降雨变化而言,人类活动是流域水沙变化的主导因素,1994—2007年人类活动对减水减沙的贡献率分别为83.3%和79.5%,而2008—2018年人类活动的贡献率分别为91.8%,94.4%,表明流域水沙变化受人类活动影响越来越大,其中,坡改梯及退耕还林还草工程是主要影响因素。[结论]因沟道治理工程建设不足,罗玉沟流域在丰水年因沟道重力侵蚀导致流域输沙仍然剧烈,因此,需要加强沟道治理进一步减少流域水土流失。

大连地区ECMWF细网格模式阵风预报误差检验与分析

阵风的预报误差检验对实际工作中的精细化预报订正具有一定的指导意义,同时对精细化预报中如何消除误差日变化的影响提供了借鉴。选取2017—2019年3~72 h逐日逐3 h欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast,ECMWF)细网格10 m阵风和10 m平均风预报资料,基于大连地区9个国家气象观测站实况逐3 h极大风资料进行预报误差检验分析。结果表明:按预报风级和实况风级分类的预报误差对比检验均表明ECMWF细网格预报整体偏大,平均误差为0.96 m·s-1,但具体到各风级时两种分类的预报误差统计结论并不一致,按预报风级分类的检验更符合基于模式预报开展的实际预报工作。以预报为基准统计,各风向、各风级、各站的预报误差均差异明显,风级越大预报偏大的程度越高,风向也表现出随风级增大误差增大的趋势。阵风预报的平均误差具有明显日变化,08:00(北京时,下同)前后误差最大,20:00前后误差最小,主要由10 m平均风的平均误差日变化所致。全部预报个例与实况各时效预报相关系数均在0.7以上,具体到各风级、风向时,各风向相关性均较好,而各风级的相关系数则明显降低,8级及以上风力预报的可信度大幅下降。

混合盐碱胁迫对骏枣叶片结构和光合荧光特性的影响

为进一步探究骏枣对混合盐碱胁迫的生理响应机制,在骏枣盛果期分别设计0、60、120、180、240、300 mmol·L^(-1)的NaCl和NaHCO_(3)混合盐溶液来模拟土壤盐碱复合胁迫环境,分析不同胁迫水平下骏枣叶片的显微结构、超微结构及光合、荧光参数的变化。结果表明,在混合盐碱胁迫下,骏枣叶片的厚度、角质层厚度、表皮厚度和栅栏组织厚度均随着胁迫水平的增加呈先上升后下降趋势;海绵组织厚度和细胞结构疏松度呈逐渐下降趋势。在混合盐溶液高于180 mmol·L^(-1)时,叶绿体内的嗜锇颗粒数量明显增多,且体积变大,基质片层结构松散;同时,随着胁迫水平的增加,叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度与蒸腾速率逐渐降低,胞间CO_(2)浓度升高,光合限制以非气孔因素为主。在240、300 mmol·L^(-1)高胁迫水平处理下,叶片初始荧光(F_(0))显著升高,而最大荧光(F_(m))、F_(v)/F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(0)显著降低,单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、用于还原QA的能量(TR_(o)/RC)、热耗散的能量(DI_(o)/RC)均呈先下降后上升趋势,而用于电子传递的能量呈持续下降趋势。综上,较高水平的盐碱胁迫会使骏枣叶片的超微结构发生明显变化,抑制其光合能力,使嗜锇小体增多、变大,并出现淀粉粒。以上结果为深入研究枣的耐盐机制提供了理论基础。

三种地宝兰属植物叶片解剖结构及光合特性的比较研究

为探讨地宝兰属植物的叶片解剖结构及光合特性,该研究对狭域濒危种贵州地宝兰(Geodorum eulophioides)及广布种地宝兰(G.densiflorum)、大花地宝兰(G.attenuatum)的叶片解剖结构、光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO_(2)响应曲线、叶绿素含量等指标进行测定。结果表明:(1)3种地宝兰属植物的叶肉细胞没有海绵组织和栅栏组织分化,气孔仅分布于下表皮;与地宝兰和贵州地宝兰相比,大花地宝兰具有更大的叶片厚度和较小的气孔密度,表现出更适应弱光环境的结构特征。(2)3种地宝兰属植物的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈“双峰型”曲线,其光合“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起;Pn和水分利用效率(WUE)日均值大小均表现为大花地宝兰>地宝兰>贵州地宝兰,表明贵州地宝兰积累光合产物的能力更弱,对干旱环境的适应能力可能更差。(3)3种地宝兰属植物均为阴生植物,地宝兰的光补偿点(LCP)最小、光饱和点(LSP)最大,对光强适应范围较宽;大花地宝兰具有较高的最大净光合速率(Pmax)和表观量子效率(AQY),其光合能力较强;贵州地宝兰的Pmax和潜在最大净光合速率(Amax)最小,其光合能力和对CO_(2)的利用能力更弱。(4)地宝兰和大花地宝兰的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量均显著(P<0.05)高于贵州地宝兰。(5)3种地宝兰属植物的叶片厚度、叶肉厚度、叶绿素含量与Pmax间存在显著(P<0.05)相关性。综上认为,与地宝兰和大花地宝兰相比,贵州地宝兰的光合能力和适应性较差,这可能与其濒危有很大关系;适当遮阴和增加CO_(2)浓度有利于3种地宝兰属植物的光合作用。该研究结果为贵州地宝兰濒危原因的分析及3种地宝兰属植物种质资源保育提供了参考依据。

地磁异常识别技术在松原5.7级地震前的应用研究

运用地磁异常识别技术对2018年5月28日松原5.7级地震前的地磁异常展开研究。采用加卸载响应比法、逐日比法、日变化空间相关法、异常叠加法对吉林省三岗台、通化台及东北地区邻近的大连台、营口台、朝阳台、铁岭台等台站,运用松原5.7级地震前18个月内的地磁预处理分钟值数据进行计算分析和异常判定识别。研究结果表明:在加卸载响应比法、逐日比法和日变化空间相关法的基础上,运用异常叠加法提取的地磁异常,其预测的位置与真实值更加接近,预测结果对省内地震具有重要的指示意义。

ECMWF模式对我国西南环横断山区冬季近地面2m温度的预报评估

从冬季平均温度、温度日变化及日较差等方面入手,基于2021年CLDAS逐小时产品评估了ECMWF全球高分辨率确定性数值预报产品对我国西南环横断山区复杂地形区近地面2 m温度的预报能力,并通过区分高地形区(川西高原)和低地形区(四川盆地南部),对比了不同地形区近地面2 m温度预报的偏差特征。结果表明:(1)ECMWF模式可合理预报我国西南环横断山区冬季平均2 m温度的空间分布特征,但偏差分布与地形高度有关,随着地形高度的增加,预报偏差呈增大趋势。(2)ECMWF模式很好再现了西南环横断山区冬季温度的日变化特征,峰值时刻出现在14:00(北京时);各时刻温度的预报偏差在不同地形高度存在差异,川西高原和横断山区的最大负偏差出现在下午,四川盆地南部的最大负偏差出现在早晨。同时,高地形区各时刻的预报偏差均高于低地形区。(3)ECMWF模式对日内各时刻不同地形处2 m温度的空间分布均有合理预报,但偏差存在日变化特征。特别是在横断山区高地形区,其在各时刻有不同的冷暖偏差特征。(4)在环横断山区温度日较差预报偏差较大的区域(大致为昆明准静止锋线发生频次较高的区域),模式对于温度日较差较大的日数,其2 m温度的预报偏差要大于日较差较小的日数,且在该区域内,温度日较差的预报偏差相对不稳定。

紫金白溪自然保护区白鹇活动节律分析

2020年7月至2022年8月,利用红外相机技术对广东省紫金白溪自然保护区内白鹇的日活动节律进行了调查和分析.分析结果显示:白鹇的行为具有明显的昼行性,日活动节律有2个高峰期,分别出现在6∶00—7∶00和15∶00—16∶00,活动低谷期在12∶00.白鹇在不同季节内的日活动节律存在变化,冬夏季差异最为显著,日活动节律重叠程度最低(Δ=0.860,P<0.01).在相同季节的不同海拔上白鹇的活动节律也存在一定差异,主要体现在夏季.夏季高海拔带个体活动比低海拔带个体活动频繁,早晨更为活跃;低海拔带个体活动则在午后更为活跃.

湖北省2000—2019年降水时空变化分析

为评估长序列降水时空变化及其对旱涝灾害的影响,采用趋势分析、累积距平分析等方法,选择降水集中指数(PCI)、降水异常指数(PAI)等指标分析了湖北省2000—2019年20 a间降水时空分布特征以及旱涝灾害发生状况。结果表明:近20 a湖北省累计年降水量增加了0.03%,降水多集中在4—8月份,雨热同期;2019年较2000年东部降水量增加;纬度决定了省内降水量的基数,总体呈现南部多于北部,经度影响降雨量变幅,表现为东西方向降水量空间分布的较大变异性;20 a间的PCI呈下降趋势,降水季节性和时段性特征较明显,PAI显示2005—2015年期间具有洪涝转干旱的趋势,2015年SPI值最大为1.425,出现了较严重洪涝;总体来看湖北省旱涝灾害呈现周期性波动特点,时间周期特征显著。研究成果对年际尺度上区域气候变化应对、旱涝灾害预警等方面具有重要意义。

安徽六安磁通门台阵数据质量分析及方法应用

安徽省地震局于“十三五”时期在皖大别山地区建设由15个台点组成的磁通门台阵,选取2023年6—9月地磁三分量的观测资料,通过该时间段的数据连续率、完整率判断仪器的运行状况,利用数据的拟合分析、地磁加卸载响应比、逐日比和大致处在相同经度、纬度仪器的日变特征分析对仪器运行以来的观测数据质量进行分析评估,得出安徽六安地区磁通门台站数据质量较好结论。

新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州暖季小时极端降水时空分布特征

利用2014—2021年克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州(简称“克州”)暖季(4—10月)103个自动站逐小时降水资料,对其小时极端降水时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)克州暖季降水量呈北部多,南部少,山区多,平原少,其中西南部山区较小;小时极端降水频次高值区集中在东北部山区、西部及南部高海拔山区(均在50次/a以上);小时降水平均强度≥10 mm/h的站点主要位于北部,平原小时降水强度高于西部和西南部山区。(2)克州暖季(4—10月)小时极端降水频次、强度有明显的局地差异,其贡献率高值区主要分布在平原和浅山区(其中平原高于20.0%)。(3)小时极端降水频次的高值时段为18:00—21:00,低值时段为13:00—16:00;降水强度在凌晨以及20:00—22:00较大,12:00—13:00较小。(4)山区、浅山区和平原3类不同海拔梯度区域的小时极端降水指标存在差异,其中平原(低于2000 m的区域)降水强度最大,频次最低;高海拔山区(高于3000 m的区域)降水强度最低,频次最高。

近60年黑龙江省极端降水事件分布特征

文中采用泰森多边形、反距离权重、Mann-Kendall检验和小波分析法分析黑龙江省1960—2021年33个气象站逐日降水数据,系统研究了6个极端降水指数的空间分布特征、时间尺度上的趋势变化、突变性和周期性。结果表明,极端降水指数空间分布变化显著,研究区北部和南部降水量较大、西部地区降水强度较大;在0.05的置信区间内,极端降水事件突变多发生在20世纪60年代和80年代左右,且主周期变化中心为41年前后;人为因素和自然因素极大地影响着极端降水指数的变化,极端降水事件对城市化进程、自然地理因素和大尺度气候因子有一定的指示作用。

Monitoring models for base flow effect and daily variation of dam seepage elements considering time lag effect

Affected by external environmental factors and evolution of dam performance, dam seepage behavior shows nonlinear time-varying characteristics. In this study, to predict and evaluate the long-term development trend and short-term fluctuation of the dam seepage behavior, two monitoring models were developed, one for the base flow effect and one for daily variation of dam seepage elements. In the first model, to avoid the influence of the time lag effect on the evaluation of seepage variation with the time effect component of seepage elements, the base values of the seepage element and the reservoir water level were extracted using the wavelet multi-resolution analysis method, and the time effect component was separated by the established base flow effect monitoring model. For the development of the daily variation monitoring model for dam seepage elements, all the previous factors, of which the measured time series prior to the dam seepage element monitoring time may have certain influence on the monitored results, were considered. Those factors that were positively correlated with the analyzed seepage element were initially considered to be the support vector machine(SVM) model input factors, and then the SVM kernel function-based sensitivity analysis was performed to optimize the input factor set and establish the optimized daily variation SVM model. The efficiency and rationality of the two models were verified by case studies of the water level of two piezometric tubes buried under the slope of a concrete gravity dam.Sensitivity analysis of the optimized SVM model shows that the influences of the daily variation of the upstream reservoir water level and rainfall on the daily variation of piezometric tube water level are processes subject to normal distribution.