Exploring the attenuation mechanisms of Dalbergia odorifera leaves extract on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis

The attenuation function of Dalbergia odorifera leaves on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)is little known.The candidate targets for the Chinese herb were extracted from brain tissues through the high-affinity chromatography.The molecular mechanism of D.odorifera leaves on cerebral I/R was investigated.Methods:Serial affinity chromatography based on D.odorifera leaves extract(DLE)affinity matrices were applied to find specific binding proteins in the brain tissues implemented on C57BL/6 mice by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 h and reperfusion for 24 h.Specific binding proteins were subjected to mass-spectrometry to search for the differentially expressed proteins between control and DLE-affinity matrices.The hub genes were screened based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA).Then,predictive biology and potential experimental verification were performed for the candidate genes.The protective role of DLE in blood-brain barrier damage in cerebral I/R mice was evaluated by the leakage of Evans blue,western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescent staining.Results:952 differentially expressed proteins were classified into seven modules based on WGCNA under soft threshold 6.Based on WGCNA,AKT1,PIK3CA,NOS3,SMAD3,SMAD1,IL6,MAPK1,TGFBR2,TGFBR1,MAPK3,IGF1R,LRG1,mTOR,ROCK1,TGFB1,IL1B,SMAD2,and SMAD518 candidate hub proteins were involved in turquoise module.TGF-β,MAPK,focal adhesion,and adherens junction signaling pathway were associated with candidate hub proteins.Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that candidate hub proteins were related to the TGF-βreceptor signaling pathway,common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation,etc.DLE could significantly reduce the leakage of Evans blue in mice with cerebral I/R,while attenuating the expression of occludin,claudin-5,and zonula occludens-1.Western blotting demonstrated that regulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway played an essential role in the protective effect of DLE.Conclusion:Thus,a number of candidate hub proteins were identified based on DLE affinity chromatography through WGCNA.DLE could attenuate the dysfunction of bloodbrain barrier in the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway induced by cerebral I/R.

Discussion on Development of Hainan Huanghuali(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen)

On the morphological characteristics, growth environment and quality, rarity, and wood characteristics and value of Huanghuali, this paper discusses the development ways of Hainan Huanghuali It is suggested that Halnan Huanghuali could be well grown by guiding farmers to make full use of wasteland, slopes, scattered land, roadside and other resources; the landscaping greenbelt of the courtyard area and the residential area could be planned with nature as a main consideration for planting Huanghuali; and landscaping-type Huanghuali planting could make full use of local environment and surrounding local resources, highlighting the personalized landscaping greenbelt, forming good transition between residential area and urban space and creating a natural kindly living environment for the residents, so as to play the best ecological, social and economic benefits.

Present Situation and Recommendations on the Development of Dalbergia odorifera in Hainan

Dalbergia odorifera is particularly scarce,and the D. odorifera furniture and commercial raw materials on the market are mainly old furniture and agricultural tools,as well as commercially collected D. odorifera logs. The logs and high-grade furniture made from D. odorifera are extremely expensive. It takes several decades for D. odorifera to grow into wood. At present,there is only a small area of newly planted and regenerated forest,and the planting area of D. odorifera is about 15 000 ha in Hainan Island,distributed in the low altitude area of Hainan Island. It is suggested that Hainan D. odorifera island should be built through the transformation of low-yielding forest land,the use of wasteland and marginal cultivated land,land around houses,green belt and roadside land for the cultivation of D. odorifera,and the development area can be up to 100 000-150 000 ha. It is necessary to mobilize farmers to revitalize the rural green economy,plant D. odorifera,beautify the environment,and increase the economic resources of rural trees; actively publicize the legal nature and obligation of D. odorifera protection,and create a strong atmosphere for each family to plant and protect D. odorifera.

Dalbergia odorifera Essential Oil Protects against Myocardial Ischemia through Upregulating Nrf2 and Inhibiting Caspase Signaling Pathways in Isoproterenol-Induced Rats

Objective:Dalbergia odorifera has long been used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.This study aimed to determine the potential myocardial protective effect and possible mechanism of action of D.odor ife ra essential oil(DOEO).Materials and Methods:The essential oil of D.odorifera was extracted by hydrodistillation.The cardioprotective effects of DOEO were examined by histopathological observation,myocardial enzyme detection,peroxidation,anti-oxidant level detection,and related protein expression.The compounds in the blood were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:These results showed that DOEO had significant myocardial cell protection,with IC50 values ranging from 17.64 to 24.78μg/mL in vitro.Compared to the myocardial ischemia group,the DOEO pretreatment groups had lower levels of myocardial injury,creatinine kinase,lactate dehydrogenase,alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,hydrogen peroxide,and nitric oxide,and higher levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase.In addition,DOEO pretreatment significantly increased Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase levels.Moreove r,immunohistochemical e xperiments showed that DOEO remarkably increased the protein levels of NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2(Nrf2)and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)and reduced the expression of apoptotic caspases,including caspase 3 and caspase 9.The main components of the blood were transnerolidol and nerolidol oxide.Overall,the study showed that DOEO displayed myocardial protection by upregulating the NF-E2-related nuclear factor-antioxidant response element(Nrf2-ARE)and caspase pathways.DOEO has a therapeutic effect on MI by inhibiting the oxidant and apoptotic effects.Conclusions:D.odorifera may be a potential candidate drug for treating myocardial ischemic injury.

Multilevel profiling and identification of Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia stevensonii by FTIR,NMR and GC/MS

As a rare and valuable wood and herbal material, Dalbergia odorifera is often counterfeited by Dalbergia stevensonii in the market. For the confident chemical identification of D. odorifera and D. stevensonii, the ethanol-benzene extractives are characterized by multiple metabolomics tools, including Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）, and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. Conventional FTIR spectroscopy, second derivative infrared （SD-IR） spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared （2D-IR） spectroscopy are combined to interpret the functional groups of the ethanol-benzene extractives. Fingerprint-like characteristics make FTIR a rapid and accurate method to distinguish D. odor/fera from D. stevensonii. Chemical differences of the extractives revealed by FrIR methods can be further confirmed by ^1H NMR and ^13C NMR. Meanwhile, the volatile compounds in the extractives can be identified by GC/MS. The combination of FTIR, NMR and GC/ MS makes it possible to obtain the multiple profiles of the ethanol-benzene extractives, which is essential for the confident chemical identification of D. odorifera and D. stevensonii.

移植和钾肥对降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)比叶面积和水分利用效率的影响

为了解降香黄檀叶片性状和水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)对移植和钾肥两种抚育措施的响应,以中幼龄降香黄檀为研究对象开展了移植和钾肥两组试验,测定了比叶面积(specificleafarea,SLA)、WUE及相关因子。结果显示:移植各处理中去半冠不移叶干重最大为0.0613 g,断根不移叶干重最低为0.0487 g,去半冠不移叶面积最大为12.072 cm2;SLA的大小顺序为断根不移>去半冠不移>去半冠移植>CK>全冠移植。随着钾肥用量的增加叶干重、叶面积、SLA均呈增大趋势。在光强为1800μmol·m-2·s-1下,各处理中全冠移的净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)高于去半冠不移、去半冠移植和断根不移;蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)最大的为断根不移;WUE的大小顺序为全冠移植>CK>去半冠移植>去半冠不移>断根不移。WUE随钾肥用量的增加逐渐降低。移植和钾肥处理降香黄檀叶片的SLA、WUE均表现出显著的负相关关系。不同培育措施下,降香黄檀通过改变叶片形态,使SLA和WUE形成相反的趋势,反映了其适应光照、土壤等各种因素的资源利用策略和光合产物累积模式。本研究结果为人工培育降香黄檀提供一定的理论依据。

富营养化水体水淹和水淹后干旱对降香黄檀生理生态的影响

为探究富营养化水体水淹及水淹后干旱对陆生木本植物耐淹和耐旱性的影响,以1 a生降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)为对象,第1阶段设置对照(CK)、养分(H)、水淹(W)和富营养化水淹(WH)处理,第2阶段设置对照-干旱(CKD)、养分-干旱(HD)、水淹-干旱(WD)和富营养化水淹-干旱(WHD)处理,研究不同水分和养分处理对降香黄檀幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明,降香黄檀幼苗在所有处理下均有较高的存活率;W和WH处理降低了幼苗的茎高增量、总生物量、净光合速率、气孔导度、总叶绿素含量和叶片水势,但增加了幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白和H_(2)O_(2)含量,且这种变化在W组中更明显。与第1阶段相比,CKD和HD组幼苗的生物量增长量显著降低,而WD和WHD组呈现相反趋势。其次,与CKD和HD处理相比,WD和WHD处理增加了幼苗的净光合速率,降低了幼苗的SOD活性和H_(2)O_(2)含量,且WHD组幼苗具有比WD组更高的生物量增长量、总叶绿素含量、POD活性以及更低的类胡萝卜素含量。这表明养分供给在一定程度上能缓解水淹对幼苗生长的消极影响,前期水淹尤其是富营养化水淹有利于幼苗在后期干旱条件下的生物量积累。

石灰对降香黄檀生长和光合特性的影响

土壤酸化是影响植物生长发育的重要因素之一,为探讨石灰用量对降香黄檀Dalbergia odorif-era人工幼林生长及光合特性的影响,在降香黄檀人工幼林造林过程中施加不同量(2.5 kg·植穴^(-1);5 kg·植穴^(-1);10 kg·植穴^(-1))的石灰,分析生长指标和光合生理指标。结果显示,造林后33个月,降香黄檀净光合速率、叶面积、苗高、地径均随施加石灰量的增加逐渐上升。在施加石灰量为10 kg·植穴^(-1)时达到最大值,其净光合速率、叶面积、苗高、地径依次为9.76μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)、19.89 cm^(2)、359.97 cm、5.91 cm,比对照提高了192.20%、77.08%、35.03%、44.02%(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,在酸性立地条件下,添加石灰有利于降香黄檀人工幼林的生长,造林早期每植穴添加10 kg石灰较为适宜。

施钙对降香黄檀心材抽提物的影响

为探究施钙对降香黄檀心材抽提物的影响,为其人工林高效培育提供参考,以6年生降香黄檀为研究对象,采用注射CaCl_(2)溶液和填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体2种不同施钙方式,分析不同钙施加量对心材抽提物的影响。结果表明:注射CaCl_(2)溶液后,降香黄檀心材抽提率、黄酮类化合物和挥发油类化合物的含量具有明显提升,且随溶液浓度的提高,促心材抽提物效果变差;填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体后,降香黄檀心材抽提率基本不变,黄酮类化合物和挥发油类化合物含量降低。注射CaCl_(2)溶液具有较好的促心材抽提物形成效果,以2%浓度为宜;填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体未发现有促心材抽提物形成的效果。

不同林分密度降香人工林生长量与树冠层因子的关系

为给降香(Dalbergia odorifera)人工林经营措施优化提供理论依据,以降香人工林为研究对象,采用相关性分析法和通径分析法研究生长量与树冠层因子的关系。结果表明,随林分密度增大,降香人工林的胸径、冠幅和树冠体积均减小,树高和冠长率均呈先升后降的趋势,冠形率增大。相关性分析结果表明,不同林分密度降香人工林生长量和树冠层因子大多呈显著或极显著相关性。通径分析结果表明,冠幅、冠形率和冠长率对树高和胸径的直接影响和间接影响均较复杂,冠幅对胸径和树高的影响均较大。

施氮与pH处理对尾巨桉-降香黄檀间作体系幼苗生长的影响

探讨豆科树种降香黄檀与桉树间作体系下根瘤与幼苗生长生理对不同施氮处理与pH环境的响应,为探索高效生物固氮的桉树人工林可持续经营模式提供科学依据。采用盆栽可控实验模拟尾巨桉-降香黄檀间作体系;采用双因素完全随机区组设计,氮素及pH分别设置N1,N2,N3,N4及pH4.5,pH5.5,pH7.5,pH9.5各4个浓度梯度处理。结果表明:1)在N2与N3施氮处理下,降香黄檀的结瘤能力被显著抑制(P<0.05),而N1处理幼苗根系结瘤能力与对照组(CK)无显著差异,且均在pH7.5处理下根系结瘤能力最强;2)尾巨桉的生物量与光合指标随施氮量的增加而提高。除pH9.5处理外,降香黄檀的生物量与光合指标随施氮量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势;3)施氮后降香黄檀与尾巨桉的叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、硝酸还原酶(NR)含量均有提高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量表现相反趋势;4)除N3处理外,降香黄檀与尾巨桉幼苗在pH5.5处理下的生物量均大于pH4.5和pH9.5处理下的;5)冗余分析的结果表明,间作体系下,降香黄檀的结瘤能力会受到降香黄檀生理状况与尾巨桉生物量的限制。综上,适量氮添加与土壤pH处理调节有益于降香黄檀与尾巨桉幼苗在该体系中的共同发育。

植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀心材抽提物的影响

为探究不同生长调节剂对降香黄檀心材形成的影响,以6年生降香黄檀为研究对象,采用不同浓度的赤霉素(GA)、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)进行处理,以期为降香黄檀人工林的培育提供参考。结果表明,浓度为2%、3%、4%的GA和浓度2%、4%的6-BA和0.6%的IAA对降香黄檀心材形成有积极作用,浓度3%的6-BA和浓度为0.4%、0.8%的IAA部分指标低于对照(CK)组,浓度为0.6%的IAA处理效果最好。

降香檀不同部位挥发油成分的GC-MS分析研究

目的:对降香檀心材、叶、种子和边材的挥发油成分进行分析比较。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术顶空进样方式,获取降香檀不同部位挥发油成分的总离子流图,按面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量。结果:从降香檀心材、叶、种子及边材中分别鉴定出20、11、13、8种化学成分,分别占挥发油含量的80.77%、68.84%、94.69%、85.52%;从心材、叶、种子及边材中共分析出44种化合物,四者共有成分有1种,为橙花叔醇;心材、叶和边材三者共有成分有2种;心材与叶共有成分有2种;心材与种子共有成分有1种;心材与边材共有成分有3种。心材和叶中的挥发油主要成分为橙花叔醇,相对含量分别为41.99%、18.67%;种子中的挥发油主要成分为十四甲基环七硅氧烷(22.91%);边材中的挥发油主要成分为4-甲基吡啶氧化物(51.86%)。结论:降香檀心材与叶、种子和边材的挥发油成分组成有相似之处,但含量差别较大,为寻找降香资源的替代品,提高叶、种子和边材的资源利用提供直接的理论依据。

国家二级保护植物降香黄檀繁育技术研究进展

降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen)为豆科黄檀属常绿半落叶乔木,仅天然分布于海南岛,现为国家二级保护植物。它既是中国重要的战略资源,又是特有的名贵药材和香料树种。由于人类不合理的采伐以及大量的盗伐,降香黄檀的野生资源几近枯竭。同时,全球范围内降香黄檀的销售一直以来出现供不应求的现象,这也导致降香黄檀的市场价格持续攀升,已经达到“以斤计价”、“稀缺难寻”的地步。此外,降香黄檀心材在野外自然条件下的形成时间也比较漫长,一般7年左右才开始形成心材,而成熟需要30年以上的漫长时间。因此,开展降香黄檀繁育技术研究,不仅可以满足不断增长的市场需求,还可以减轻对其残留天然资源的盗伐压力。近年来,国内外学者对降香黄檀的繁育技术进行了大量研究,并取得了丰硕成果。基于此,文章从有性繁殖(种子萌发、幼苗生长)、无性繁殖(扦插、嫁接、组织培养)以及人工林定向培育(注射生长调节剂、接种微生物、种植管理措施)等方面,综述了降香黄檀繁育技术的研究进展;同时分析了降香黄檀产业发展中存在的主要问题,如优良种质资源不足、高效栽培技术和定向培育技术缺乏、新品种物质基础研究不足、活性成分挖掘不系统等,提出了加大新品种选育工作力度、创新栽培技术体系以及突破产业链结构升级等研究展望,以期为降香黄檀的优质种苗繁育技术研究提供参考。

降香药材质量标准历史沿革与现状分析

20世纪60年代以后,本草书籍及各地方标准中降香药材的来源已变为降香檀的心材部位,在质量评价时通常以色紫红、质硬、不带外皮和边材、油润、香气浓者为佳。然而,由于降香供不应求,市场上充斥着伪劣产品,亟须调整相关质量标准以规范降香药材市场。对降香质量标准、炮制规范和商品规格进行综述,以期为降香质量标准的提升和规范研究提供参考。

不同施肥处理对降香黄檀生长和土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]通过设置不同配方及比例,筛选降香黄檀科学施肥的方法,为其增产提供理论依据。[方法]以10年生降香黄檀林木为试验对象,使用氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、钾肥(K)和对照(CK)配比设计,500、1000、1500 g/株和0 g/株的施肥量,测定降香黄檀胸径增长量、土壤理化性质等指标。[结果]肥料类型对土壤容重、田间持水量和含水率无明显影响,但对土壤毛管孔隙度有极显著影响;N、P、K肥和施肥量对土壤pH、有机质、有效钾、全钾、有效磷、全磷、碱解氮和全氮8种土壤化学性质指标均有不同程度的影响;肥料类型对降香黄檀林木胸径生长有影响,但施肥量对其生长无显著影响;降香黄檀胸径增长量与土壤有机质、全钾土壤化学性质指标存在较强正相关,与其余10种理化指标相关性较弱,且不存在显著相关。[结论]综合考虑,施P肥1500 g/株的土壤理化性质较为适宜10年生降香黄檀的生长。

降香黄檀的引种栽培技术研究

降香黄檀学名黄花梨,是蝶形花科黄植属植物,海南省是主要的原产地,主要分布于海南西部、南部、西南部以及三亚市,目前在广东、福建、广西也有零星分布。树高通常为10~25 m,属于落叶乔木树种,侧枝粗壮、分杈较低,树皮粗糙有裂纹,常见颜色为褐色与淡褐色。树木材质具有坚硬细密的特点,不宜变形,因此经常被应用于家具的制作。引种栽培技术的研究与使用,显著提升了降香黄檀的栽植水平,对生长速度进行了有效提升。本文从实际的研究情况出发,对降香黄檀的生物学特性、价值用途、引种栽培技术以及病虫害防治进行总结,为以后的黄檀种植提供参考。

海南省降香黄檀人工林资源现状与立地条件分析

通过问卷调查和实地踏查等方法,调查并分析海南省降香黄檀资源分布特征和产业发展现状,为科学制定海南省降香黄檀产业发展规划提供参考。结果表明:(1)海南省降香黄檀人工林分布总面积为6331.35hm^(2),总个体数为9 817 619棵,总蓄积量为123598.62m^(3)。(2)海南岛18个市县均有降香黄檀人工林分布,各市县分布面积相差较大,其中分布面积最大的是东方市,面积约为1745.05hm^(2),占比为27.56%,远远高于其它市县。(3)人工林个体树木胸径和树高分别集中于0≤D<10cm和5m≤H<10m。(4)海南省降香黄檀人工林分布的地貌类型、土壤类型和土壤厚度分别以平原与台地、砖红壤和薄土层为主;在坡向、坡度与坡位指标上,则分别以无坡向、平地、平坡为主。建议加大新品种选育工作力度、创新栽培技术体系及突破产业链结构升级等措施,以推动降香黄檀产业可持续健康发展。

不同栽培基质对降香黄檀幼苗生长的影响

为筛选出培育降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen)壮苗的适宜育苗基质,试验采用泥炭、珍珠岩、木材锯末粉和壤土为原料按照不同配比设置6种栽培基质,以无纺布育苗袋为育苗容器,测定栽培90 d后降香黄檀幼苗的生长及生理指标。结果表明,各栽培基质处理的降香黄檀幼苗生长及生理指标均有差异。其中处理3(即泥炭∶珍珠岩∶木材锯末粉∶壤土=12∶2∶2∶4)降香黄檀幼苗生长及生理代谢活性表现最好,且大部分指标显著优于对照(P<0.05),其总鲜重、总生物量、根冠比、单位质量根瘤数、根系活力、苗木质量指数分别是对照的2.37、2.46、1.29、2.90、1.31、2.84倍,因而处理3是本研究中降香黄檀育苗最佳栽培基质配比。此外,基质透气性也是影响降香黄檀壮苗培育的主要因子之一。