Trends in day-to-day variability of surface air temperature in China during 1961-2012

Using daily mean, maximum, and minimum surface air temperature （abbreviated as Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively） data from CN05.2 and the Met Office Hadley Centre observation data-sets for 1961-2012, the trends in day-to-day variability of Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin （abbreviated as DVTFmean, DVTTmax, and DVTTmin, respectively） are examined. It is revealed that the annual trends of DVTTmean, DVTTmax, and DVTTmin are all negative in Northeast China （NEC）, and more obvious in North China than in South China. Seasonal trends of DVTTmean are also negative in NEC, except in summer. For DVTTmax, trends are generally more obvious than DVTTmin in all seasons in NEC; moreover, trends in spring are obvious in both the north and the south, but trends in summer and winter are more obvious in the southern region than in the northern part. As far as DVTT-Fmin is concerned, except in autumn, seasonal trends are more obvious in the north than in other regions of the country.

Compared with insulin glargine, insulin degludec narrows the day-to-day variability in the glucose-lowering effect rather than lowering blood glucose levels

Background: Changes in the day-to-day variability in the glucose-lowering effect of insulin [fluctuations of blood glucose levels (BG) seen during the same time period] that occur when insulin glargine (glargine) is replaced with insulin degludec (degludec) have not been sufficiently evaluated. Subjects: Five diabetics with unstable BG undergoing basal-bolus treatment using insulin glargine as basal insulin. Methods: Basal insulin was changed from glargine to same-dose degludec. The subjects’ HbA1c, glycoalbumin, and 1.5-anhydro-D-glucitol were measured before and after the switchover. Fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG) and predinner blood glucose concentration (PDBG) were measured continuously for 28 days immediately before the switchover, and 28 days immediately thereafter, to compare and evaluate 1) the changes in their mean values and standard deviations (SDs) before and after the switchover, and 2) the frequency of appearance of BG of over 180 mg/dL (BG ≥ 180) and under 70 mg/dL (BG Results: The levels of HbA1c, glycoalbumin, FBG’s mean value, SDs, BG ≥ 180 and BG Conclusion: The possibility was shown that degludec, to a greater extent than glargine, suppressed daily fluctuations of FBG and PDBG, suppressed the occurrence frequency of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and exerted more steady hypoglycemic actions.

Interstellar Refractive Scintillation and Intraday Polarization Angle Swings

Intraday polarization angle swings of ～180° observed in two sources (QSO0917+624 and QSO 1150+812) are discussed in the framework of refractive interstellar scintillationby a continuous interstellar medium. Model-fits to the I-, Q- and U- light curves were made for bothsources. It is shown that for the case of 0917+624 both the intraday intensity variations and thepolarization angle swing of ～180° could be explained consistently in terms of a four-componentmodel, which comprises one steady and two scintillating polarized components and one furthernon-polarized scintillating component. The polarization angle swing of ～180° observed in 1150+812,which occurred when the polarized flux density was almost constant, could not be explained in termsof refractive scintillation by a continuous medium and might be due to other mechanisms (e.g.,scintillation by interstellar clouds).

Assessing the Performance of a Dynamical Downscaling Simulation Driven by a Bias-Corrected CMIP6 Dataset for Asian Climate

In this study,we aim to assess dynamical downscaling simulations by utilizing a novel bias-corrected global climate model(GCM)data to drive a regional climate model(RCM)over the Asia-western North Pacific region.Three simulations were conducted with a 25-km grid spacing for the period 1980–2014.The first simulation(WRF_ERA5)was driven by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5(ERA5)dataset and served as the validation dataset.The original GCM dataset(MPI-ESM1-2-HR model)was used to drive the second simulation(WRF_GCM),while the third simulation(WRF_GCMbc)was driven by the bias-corrected GCM dataset.The bias-corrected GCM data has an ERA5-based mean and interannual variance and long-term trends derived from the ensemble mean of 18 CMIP6 models.Results demonstrate that the WRF_GCMbc significantly reduced the root-mean-square errors(RMSEs)of the climatological mean of downscaled variables,including temperature,precipitation,snow,wind,relative humidity,and planetary boundary layer height by 50%–90%compared to the WRF_GCM.Similarly,the RMSEs of interannual-tointerdecadal variances of downscaled variables were reduced by 30%–60%.Furthermore,the WRF_GCMbc better captured the annual cycle of the monsoon circulation and intraseasonal and day-to-day variabilities.The leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF)shows a monopole precipitation mode in the WRF_GCM.In contrast,the WRF_GCMbc successfully reproduced the observed tri-pole mode of summer precipitation over eastern China.This improvement could be attributed to a better-simulated location of the western North Pacific subtropical high in the WRF_GCMbc after GCM bias correction.

A Trend towards a Stable Warm and Windless State of the Surface Weather Conditions in Northern and Northeastern China during 1961–2014

This study investigates the trends in the mean state and the day-to-day variability （DDV） of the surface weather conditions over northern and northeastern China （NNEC） during 1961-2014 using CN05.1 observational data. In this study, we show that the surface temperature （wind speed） has increased （decreased） over NNEC and that the DDV of the surface temperatures and wind speeds has decreased, indicating a trend towards a stable warm and windless state of the surface weather conditions over NNEC. This finding implies a trend towards more persistent hot and windless episodes, which threaten human health and aggravate environmental problems. The trends are also examined in reanalysis data. Both the ERA-40 and the NCEP data show an increasing （decreasing） trend in the mean state of the surface temperatures （wind speeds）. However, the reanalysis data show a consistent decreasing trend in the DDV of the surface weather conditions only in the spring. The underlying reason for the decreased DDV of the surface weather conditions is further analyzed, focusing on the spring season. Essentially, the decreased DDV of the surface weather conditions can be attributed to a decrease in synoptic-scale wave activity, which is caused by a decrease in the baroclinic instability. There is a contrasting change in the baroclinic instability over East Asia, showing a decreasing （increasing） trend north （south） of 40°N. This contrasting change in the baroclinic instability is primarily caused by a tropospheric cooling zone over East Asia at approximately 40°N, which influences the meridional temperature gradient over East Asia.

赤道异常特征对桂林地区L波段电离层闪烁逐日变化的影响

为了研究桂林地区L波段电离层闪烁逐日变化的原因,利用桂林地区(地理坐标:25.29°N,110.33°E;地磁坐标:15.04°N,181.98°E)的L波段电离层闪烁监测仪GSV4004的观测数据和国际GNSS服务中心(IGS)提供的全球VTEC数据,在磁平静条件下研究东经110°地区的赤道异常特征对桂林地区L波段电离层闪烁逐日变化的影响。结果表明,与非闪烁日相比,东经110°地区的赤道异常特征在闪烁日内有明显区别。闪烁日日落后的赤道异常复苏现象更为明显,主要表现为:赤道异常峰区的VTEC数值更大,峰区与谷区的VTEC比值更大,峰区与谷区之间的VTEC梯度更大,日落后的赤道异常复苏现象持续时间更长,且日落后复苏的赤道异常结构的北峰所处的纬度更高。

类星体0917＋62快速射电变化和星际折射闪烁

本文分析类星体０９１７＋６２在波长６ｃｍ和１１ｃｍ上快速变化（时标１天）的结构函数．讨论在什么条件下，这种快速变化可用星际折射闪烁来解释．结果表明，折射闪烁解释对星际介质和射电源结构提出了相当明确的限制：散射介质应为连续介质，其有效距离应０．４ｋｐｃ；射电源应包含０．０５—０．１ｍａｓ的致密结构．对快变射电源方向上脉冲星的测量以确定星际介质特性和用ＶＬＢＩ测量快变射电源中的小角径成分，将是检验星际折射闪烁解释的必要途径．

Structure function analysis of RISS and model-fitting to J1128+5925

There has been great progress recently in the study of radio variability, including the phenomenon of intraday variability（IDV） which occurs on short timescales of 50 h or less. There are two common explanations for IDV： an intrinsic mechanism or the effect of radio propagation through the interstellar medium. We consider the case of refractive interstellar scintillation（RISS）, an extrinsic cause of radio variability. We theoretically derive the structure function of the ‘thick screen’RISS model by using an approximation method, and discuss its application to the IDV phenomenon with some simulated results. Finally, the IDV source J1128＋5925 is fitted with the ‘thin screen’ RISS model. Some possible combinations of parameters, namely source size, distance and relative velocity of the scattering screen, are presented.

致密射电源的快速偏振变化和星际闪烁模型

以类星体０９１７＋６２４中１９８９年５月观测到的ＩＤＶ事件为实例，尝试提出一个４成分模型（１个稳定成分和 ３个闪烁成分）以充分解释在 ６ ｃｍ波长上观测到的偏振变化，包括流量和偏振流量的相关性和反相关性以及它们之间的快速转化．对于 ２０ ｃｍ波长上观测到的偏振变化，３成分模型（１个稳定成分和３个闪烁成分）已足以解释全部现象．文中提出的闪烁模型在解释ＩＤＶ事件的偏振变化方面改进了以前的模型拟合．

塑料闪烁体探测器衰减长度特性的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

塑料闪烁体中的光衰减常被用来进行定位和修正信号的大小,对衰减规律的认识关系到一些物理量的测量精度。借助蒙特卡洛算法,系统研究塑料闪烁体衰减长度的影响因素及其影响方式。结合控制变量法,对塑料闪烁体的光学面类型、截面积、反射材料、表面粗糙程度这4类影响因素,逐一进行模拟测量和数据分析,进而得到衰减长度随该因素变化的趋势。然后,创新性的采用区间细分法,将塑料闪烁体按距离划分为若干个等距区间后,比较各区间的衰减长度的分布特性,总结区间细分法衰减长度的一般规律。结果表明,在其他条件相同时,背面涂层的抛光光学面的光收集效果最好,衰减长度随截面积、反射材料系数、表面粗糙度的增大而减小。同时,衰减长度是在闪烁体区间位置方向上不断变化的,并且衰减规律不是简单的指数规律,而是复合型的衰减规律。该模拟研究对塑料闪烁体探测器的实验设计具有较高的参考价值。