基于Dynamic Daylighting软件的采光系数与实测采光系数的比较研究——以某学院多媒体教室为例

为了评价浙江同济科技职业学院多媒体教室的天然采光设计是否能够满足《建筑采光设计标准》中关于采光系数的要求,选取教学楼B311,B314,B319多媒体教室为对象,对实测计算的静态采光系数与应用Dynamic Daylighting软件模拟的动态采光系数进行比较分析。结果表明:教学楼B311,B314,B319多媒体教室的采光情况能够满足标准的要求;根据不同的天空亮度分布,Dynamic Daylighting软件可以对简单矩形房间内的实时动态采光系数进行模拟,与实测计算的静态采光系数相比,两者在结果和对各个参数的响应方面都较为一致。这为Dynamic Daylighting软件广泛应用于建筑光环境的模拟分析提供了一定依据。

Simulation Study of Heliostat-Based Daylighting System for Multi-Story Buildings

The following article has been retracted due to the fact that it cannot be accepted as Duplicate Publication. The Editorial Board takes a very strong respect to the author’s situation on this matter. This paper published in Journal of Power and Energy Engineering Vol.3 No.4, April 2015, has been removed from this site.

Evaluation of Daylighting and Thermo-EnergeticPerformance in Administrative Building in the South ofBrazil

Daylight is a fundamental element to obtain built environments that promote environmental comfort and energy efficiency. However, strategies that enhance the building daylight performance can affect its thermal energetic performance. In this sense, research that addresses these aspects at the same time is considered essential. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the daylighting and thermal-energetic performance of administrative environments in a public institution, and to propose strategies that will enhance the use of daylight and lower energy consumption. Therefore, for future projects, and considering new buildings, and retrofit, this research will be an important reference. The research was developed through a case study of an administrative building model, in which the characteristics of solar orientation, light shelf use, glass type, and light and dark colors in walls were modified and combined, deriving it into models proposed. The daylighting performance evaluations were performed through dynamic simulation with the Rhinoceros for Diva software, and the thermal-energetic performance evaluations with the EnergyPlus software. The results of the work showed that a suitable solar orientation has a great impact on the automation of daylight and the energy consumption of the evaluated models, followed by the type of glass and the use of the light colors in internal walls, and that the use of artificial lighting with dimerization is fundamental as a complement to the daylight autonomy. For the boundary conditions of the study, the use of light shelves modified neither the daylight performance nor the thermal-energetic performance of the evaluated models.

Windows Influence on Room Daylighting in Residential Buildings

Daylighting studies in buildings are key parts of environmental analysis and can be easily conducted at the early stages of design as part of environmentally responsive building design as well as to inform the final architectural layout and interior design. The main aim of this study is to demonstrate how such daylighting studies can be completed at the early stages of design and, at the same time, to show the impact of window design and positioning on building indoor environments. The paper is focused on a study of window influence on room daylighting in residential buildings and computer lighting simulations in software packages： Windows Daylighting System and Autodesk Ecotect Analysis, have been carried out for different style and positioning of windows using several case studies. The main findings clearly indicated that not only the window size and style matters, but also the positioning of windows considering external walls which would make a significant influence on room daylighting levels and, therefore, such daylight studies are very important for the early stage of environmental analysis during building design.

Development of Evaluation Method of Daylighting Duct System Considering Inner Light Flux

Currently, daylighting ducts system is widely used as a daylighting device. Generally, daylighting duct system efficiently takes light from outside during the day, and conveys daylight to required location through light duct manufactured by high reflectance mirror. Daylighting duct system can convey daylight to underground space that has no windows opening to external space. Daylighting system is composed of light collection part, light guide part and light emission part. Efficiency of daylighting system is depending on type of each part used in the system. However, it is very difficult to estimate exact light flow in the system considering type of the parts. Authors performed measurement experiments to make clear the light flow with real-size model and miniature model of daylighting duct system. We discussed effect of type of the parts on efficiency of daylighting duct system.

Uniformly Illuminated Efficient Daylighting System

Different approaches have been introduced for the daylighting system to reduce energy consumption, but they were not populated due to complex, high cost, and insufficient designs. There has been a recent problem in achieving uniform distribution of sunlight at a destination deep inside the building. Therefore, we propose a system to achieve high illumination by illuminating the surface of the absorber (optical fibers) uniformly. To capture sunlight, parabolic reflector and Fresnel lens are used. Different reflectors and lenses are considered, compared, and investigated to direct uniform light, which solves the heat problem, into the optical fibers. In addition, this study includes comparison between fiber-based daylighting systems. The proposed system has been verified through simulation and experimental results.

An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Daylighting Performance for an Office Building

The urgency of increasing energy efficiency in new building design and retrofits has pushed lighting simulation to play a central role in sustainable lighting design. The shape of the building and its orientation, the reflectances of building surfaces and glazed areas are important parameters in the daylighting design of buildings. Glazing systems can cut energy consumption and associated pollution sources, reduce peak demand, enhance daylighting performance and improve occupant comfort. This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental comparison between the performances of an office building with and without external sunscreens. The aim was to analyse the illuminance distribution and some investigations have also been made with regards to the effect on daylight in rooms when sunscreens are used. The experimental results were obtained using an office building scale model and sky simulator. The numerical results were obtained through radiance, the ray-tracing program, to accurately predict the light levels and produce photo realistic images of the architectural space in all sky conditions： Illuminance values were obtained respectively through reference point measurements. The daylighting performances of the office building model with and without the sunscreens have been compared and analysed.

Daylighting Strategies： Building＇s Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Improving daylighting strategy is a mandatory step to achieve visual enjoyment and energy saving in buildings. Psycho, physiological effects and energy performance have to be investigated in order to define a range of different daylighting strategies, thanks to daylighting devices and climate based daylight modeling. Daylighting optimization ensures indoor healthier rooms, reduces electric light consumption and cuts the risk of glare. The best way to achieve these targets is to define users lighting needs, based on visual targets and to draw up some green measures to reduce electricity demands. Involving new climate-based daylight modeling metrics aims at defining proper illumination targets, in order to drastically reduce electrical lights, as well as reducing thermal loads deriving from cooling and HVAC （heating, ventilation and air conditioning） systems.

Daylighting Performance Design for Art Studios of Old Factory Renovation Buildings in Subtropical Regions

In the subtropical zone of China, a large number of old factory buildings rich in industrial historical and cultural value have been transformed into art studios. In the existing research on building renovation, there are still problems such as insufficient lighting, low uniformity, and ignoring the effect of glare in the lighting environment of buildings after transformation. To fill this research gap, this paper provides a daylighting design strategy for these factory buildings in subtropical zones to ensure that the transformed art studios can offer an excellent indoor daylighting environment. Through the control variable method, the window-to-wall ratio, the form of external windows, and the visible light transmittance of glass are set with quantitative and variable values, and a design strategy that meets the requirements of international general daylighting standards is obtained step by step through the simulation. The daylight factor, uniformity, daylight autonomy, and dynamic glare probability are used in this research process to measure whether the daylighting strategy meets the daylighting requirements of the CIBSE Lighting Guide for art studios. The results show that the average indoor lighting coefficient can be increased from 1.29 to 6.18, and the minimum value of the lighting coefficient can be increased from 0.4 to 4.4 by enlarging the windowed wall ratio from 1:30 to 1:3, using the combination method of the horizontal window, skylight and skylight recommended by the analysis results, and selecting veneer glass with 88% transmittance. This allows for better uniform lighting inside the building and reduces glare. This conclusion can support the lighting performance design of industrial buildings in the future.

DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES BASED ON DAYLIGHTING

This research looked to improve the daylighting performance of a shading device as a window component.The paper describes the development of the decision-making framework(DMF)for the selection and design of shading devices based on daylighting.The DMF presents the process of analysis of the shading devices’daylighting performance in the selection of existing shading devices and in the design of new shading devices.The research determined the shading device daylighting performance measures(such as illuminance and daylight autonomy)as well as the variables that influence daylight performance.Interactions among the variables and the effects of these interactions on the shading device daylighting performance were explained and quantified in the DMF.The DMF also included ways of present-ing the results of testing the shading devices and the process of making the decision.A case study for three blind systems was performed to determine if the DMF provides a concept for the analysis of the daylighting performance of shading devices and for making decisions about the design/selection of the shading device.Computer simulation was used to calculate the illuminance levels and the daylight autonomies(DAs)as a result of the application of these blinds.The values of the DAs are compared for three blind systems to select the most appropriate sys-tem to be applied on a proposed building.The DMF based on daylighting can help building designers to select the most suitable shading device based on its daylighting performance,and can help shading device manufacturers in designing new shading devices with improved daylighting performance.FIGURE 2.Simplified DMF diagram.

Example-based dynamic façade design using the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator

It remains challenging to conduct an efficient dynamic façade design.In this article authors try to address this issue introducing the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator aimed to evaluate the performance of a dynamic(adaptive)façade from its daylighting performance point of view.To illustrate the FDPI application the authors introduced the preliminary dynamic façade concept for an office building located in Tel Aviv(Hot-summer Mediterranean Climate Csa)with further shape modification based on the daylighting performance analysis compared to the three alternatives representative of different typologies of dynamic façades.Al Bahr,One Ocean and The University of Southern Denmark façade systems were simulated under the same weather and building conditions of the preliminary dynamic façade concept and were considered as a benchmark for the study.The final dynamic façade concept elaborated by the authors in the preliminary comparative workflow showed noticeable daylight performance improvement with respect to the case studies comparative scenarios.The FDPI metric allowed to estimate a daylighting performance improvement of 43%of the final dynamic façade concept over the case study dynamic façade that showed the best performance in the daylighting simulations.

Modular responsive facade proposals based on semi-regular and demi-regular tessellation:daylighting and visual comfort

Responsive facades can reduce building energy consumption and control daylight and natural ventilation to improve user comfort.This study aims to develop alternative responsive facade systems based on semi-regular and demi-regular tessellations.For this purpose,first,the tessellation method used to generate responsive facades is introduced.Then,the geometric and parametric design principles and the movement capabilities of the proposed facade systems are presented.Finally,a set of analyses are performed to test and compare the performances of the facade systems based on daylight metrics and indoor glare comfort.This study contributes to the literature with the proposed facade systems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions,provide flexibility in shape control and simplicity in mechanism design,and improve building performance.The analysis results show that all the proposed facade systems provide the desired visual comfort and daylight levels at different configurations.

An interactive approach to investigate brightness perception of daylighting in Immersive Virtual Environments:Comparing subjective responses and quantitative metrics

Daylighting plays an eminent role in the performance of indoor environments and their occupants,thus necessitating the need to investigate daylight perception of potential occupants at early design stages.The present study introduces an interactive approach to collect and visualize brightness perception of daylighting in a large-scale immersive virtual environment using a game engine as a daylight simulation tool.The developed system allows users to explore building models freely at different day times set in virtual reality and report their perceptions in real time.Following a validation study(N=36)to investigate the consistency of brightness perceptions in a real environment and its virtual replica,a set of 24 participants were recruited to use the system to report their brightness perception in a virtual model of a daylit art museum,through snapshotting the scenes where they perceive as one of the following in terms of daylighting:(very dark,dark,bright,or very bright).Using an output of 419 snapshots,a"Perceptual Light Map"(PLM)was developed to visualize the collective brightness perception of participants as a heat map.Subjective responses were found to be positively correlated with four daylight metrics,with the highest correlation to mean luminance and the lowest to luminance ratio.The findings of this exploratory study represent a step towards a user-oriented supplement tool to the existing quantitative daylight metrics,validating game engines’adequacy as a daylight simulation tool,and illustrating the potentials of immersion and interaction principles for the perception of daylit spaces in virtual reality.

Potential annual daylighting performance of a high-efficiency daylight redirecting slat system

While the primary role of window attachments is often to moderate glare and solar heat gains,they are also able to provide additional daylight to interior spaces.For this purpose,a variety of daylight-redirecting window systems have been developed over the past 150 years.Fixed reflective systems(slats/light shelves)or prismatic systems that rely on total internal reflection work well under specific solar conditions,but generally sacrifice performance over a much wider range of incident solar angles and sky conditions.Dynamic systems-typically reflective slats-are more responsive to sun angles but have not been able to achieve optimal performance for glare and daylight redirection efficiency.A previous investigation into an adjustable,reflective blind concept first conceived of in the late 1970s showed promise but was not reduced to practice due to lack of adequate simulation and analysis tools.In this paper,this concept is further developed and its energy and visual comfort performance evaluated for four mid-latitude,temperate climates using ray-tracing simulation techniques.Results indicate significant potential lighting energy savings when compared with conventional automated reflective blinds(2.1-4.9 kWh/(m^(2)·a),or 14%-42%,depending on climate and orientation)or,especially,manually-operated matte white Venetian blinds(1.4-7.9 kWh/(m^(2)·a),or 9%-54%,depending on climate and orientation),while maintaining acceptable or better visual comfort conditions throughout the interior space.

A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Various studies have suggested several environmental,pharmacological,medical,and optical interventions and some are in use but their efficacy in myopia control may be transient,and the cellular,molecular,and biochemical mechanisms involved unclear.Daylight exposure is currently regarded as an effective and enduring strategy in the control of myopia development and progression.However,the mechanism behind the effect of outdoor exposure and its association with genetic predisposition and other relatively more significant environmental factors on myopia is still a conundrum.This review focuses on survey-based and intervention-based studies carried out to propose a mechanism that accounts for myopia development and important for its control.

Statics of space syntax:Analysis of daylighting

Space syntax involves a set of techniques for analyzing the spatial configurations of various spaces at building and urban scales.Religious spaces,such as prayer halls,are exam ples of buildings where observers experience space mostly from a single point of view.Furthermore,traditional space syntax is mainly used in the analysis of visibility and space cognition in terms of isovists and graph-based measures.The other aspects of space cognition,such as day lighting,artificial lighting,and glare,are carried in the isolation of the space syntax analysis.This paper proposes the scaling of the space syntax field for the inclusion of other parameters,such as daylighting,and integration of the associated performative measures to space syntax analysis of the mosque typology to aid in the studying of overall space cognition based on com fort and environmental parameters.We present a case study on a typical mosque layout using m ulti-objective optim ization.The analysis presented in the paper has im plications for the architectural designs of spaces with respect to glare m anagem ent and daylight potential.Moreover,it is unique and builds on our previous work for the exploration of comfort,visibility,and proximity thresholds for stationary observers.

加拿大Daylight油田致密砂岩油藏优快钻井技术

为经济高效地开发致密砂岩油藏,并为国内同类型油气田开发提供借鉴,进行了Daylight油田优快钻井技术研究。对Daylight油田地层岩性进行了研究,根据地层压力优化了井身结构;通过分析测井资料并结合统计数据,研制了个性化的钻头;在分析钻井技术难点、地层压力的基础上,研制了油基钻井液体系,并采取严格措施确保其性能稳定;采取防碰技术控制井眼轨迹,满足了井工厂钻井的要求;优选先进的井下工具进行配套应用。该油田油气井井身结构按地区简化为二开和三开2种;研制了适应该地区软硬交错地层的复合钻头;油基钻井液体系为井壁稳定提供了保障;提前防碰技术缩短了滑动钻进时间;振荡钻井技术和AGITATOR井下工具可以解决水平井钻井中的托压问题,黑匣子为分析钻柱涡动提供了数据支持。应用结果表明,同地区平均井深为3 000m的井,平均钻井周期由原来的18d缩短为8d。Daylight油田优快钻井技术研究为快速钻井提供了保证,为国内致密油藏开发提供了技术参考。

Sky luminance distribution types in China

According to Chinese daylighting climate data,combined with the standard of Commission Inernationale de l'Eclairgae(CIE) general sky luminance distribution(SLD),the sky luminance distribution of typical daylighting climate zones in China was studied.Through the research on reference SLD of overcast,intermediate and clear types,the standards of clear and overcast SLD are consistent with CIE general sky,and the intermediate SLD has greater error with CIE general sky.The main types of Chinese sky luminance in different daylighting climate zones were obtained,which provide the basic data for simulation and forecast of China natural light,and provide reference for using the standard amendments of China future natural light.

Simplified prediction model for lighting energy consumption in office building scheme design

At the scheme design stage,the potential of daylighting is significant due to the saving for electric lighting use. There are few simple tools for architects to optimize the daylighting design. Therefore,it is useful to develop a design guideline related to the evaluation of lighting energy saving potential and sunlight design strategies. This paper analyzes the impacts of different artificial lighting control methods and design parameters on daylighting. A direct correlation between lighting energy consumption and parameters such as orientations,window to wall ratio (WWR) and perimeter depth is established. A simplified prediction model is proposed to estimate lighting energy consumption with the given perimeter depth,WWR,and window transparency. Validation of the model is carried out compared with detailed lighting simulation software for an office building. After the variation analysis for these parameters,design advises for the daylighting design at scheme design phase are summarized.

The Impact of Occupant Behavior on Daylight Performance of an Office Room in a Tropical Climate

This work explores three patterns of occupants’ control of window blinds and the potential influence on daylight performance of an office room in a tropical climate. In this climate, windows are frequently obstructed by curtains to avoid glare, despite the daylighting and the exterior view. The consequences are obstructed outside view, poor daylight quality and dependency on artificial lighting. This paper assesses the impact on available daylight using parametric analysis based on daylighting dynamic computer simulations using Grasshopper and Daysim software, combining WWR （window-to-wall ratio） （40% and 80%）, SVF （sky view factor） （small and large） and occupant behavior （active, intermediate and passive users）. The user patterns are based in an office buildings survey that identifies preferences concerning daylight use and control of shading devices. The daylight performance criteria combine UDI （useful daylight illuminance） （500-5,000 lux） and illuminance uniformity distribution. Results confirm the impact of occupant behavior on daylighting performance. The optimum combination of external shading devices, high SVF and high window size results in a useful daylighting for 1/3 of the time for passive users and 2/3 for active users.