A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Various studies have suggested several environmental,pharmacological,medical,and optical interventions and some are in use but their efficacy in myopia control may be transient,and the cellular,molecular,and biochemical mechanisms involved unclear.Daylight exposure is currently regarded as an effective and enduring strategy in the control of myopia development and progression.However,the mechanism behind the effect of outdoor exposure and its association with genetic predisposition and other relatively more significant environmental factors on myopia is still a conundrum.This review focuses on survey-based and intervention-based studies carried out to propose a mechanism that accounts for myopia development and important for its control.

基于Dynamic Daylighting软件的采光系数与实测采光系数的比较研究——以某学院多媒体教室为例

为了评价浙江同济科技职业学院多媒体教室的天然采光设计是否能够满足《建筑采光设计标准》中关于采光系数的要求,选取教学楼B311,B314,B319多媒体教室为对象,对实测计算的静态采光系数与应用Dynamic Daylighting软件模拟的动态采光系数进行比较分析。结果表明:教学楼B311,B314,B319多媒体教室的采光情况能够满足标准的要求;根据不同的天空亮度分布,Dynamic Daylighting软件可以对简单矩形房间内的实时动态采光系数进行模拟,与实测计算的静态采光系数相比,两者在结果和对各个参数的响应方面都较为一致。这为Dynamic Daylighting软件广泛应用于建筑光环境的模拟分析提供了一定依据。

Simulation Study of Heliostat-Based Daylighting System for Multi-Story Buildings

The following article has been retracted due to the fact that it cannot be accepted as Duplicate Publication. The Editorial Board takes a very strong respect to the author’s situation on this matter. This paper published in Journal of Power and Energy Engineering Vol.3 No.4, April 2015, has been removed from this site.

Evaluation of Daylighting and Thermo-EnergeticPerformance in Administrative Building in the South ofBrazil

Daylight is a fundamental element to obtain built environments that promote environmental comfort and energy efficiency. However, strategies that enhance the building daylight performance can affect its thermal energetic performance. In this sense, research that addresses these aspects at the same time is considered essential. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the daylighting and thermal-energetic performance of administrative environments in a public institution, and to propose strategies that will enhance the use of daylight and lower energy consumption. Therefore, for future projects, and considering new buildings, and retrofit, this research will be an important reference. The research was developed through a case study of an administrative building model, in which the characteristics of solar orientation, light shelf use, glass type, and light and dark colors in walls were modified and combined, deriving it into models proposed. The daylighting performance evaluations were performed through dynamic simulation with the Rhinoceros for Diva software, and the thermal-energetic performance evaluations with the EnergyPlus software. The results of the work showed that a suitable solar orientation has a great impact on the automation of daylight and the energy consumption of the evaluated models, followed by the type of glass and the use of the light colors in internal walls, and that the use of artificial lighting with dimerization is fundamental as a complement to the daylight autonomy. For the boundary conditions of the study, the use of light shelves modified neither the daylight performance nor the thermal-energetic performance of the evaluated models.

Windows Influence on Room Daylighting in Residential Buildings

Daylighting studies in buildings are key parts of environmental analysis and can be easily conducted at the early stages of design as part of environmentally responsive building design as well as to inform the final architectural layout and interior design. The main aim of this study is to demonstrate how such daylighting studies can be completed at the early stages of design and, at the same time, to show the impact of window design and positioning on building indoor environments. The paper is focused on a study of window influence on room daylighting in residential buildings and computer lighting simulations in software packages： Windows Daylighting System and Autodesk Ecotect Analysis, have been carried out for different style and positioning of windows using several case studies. The main findings clearly indicated that not only the window size and style matters, but also the positioning of windows considering external walls which would make a significant influence on room daylighting levels and, therefore, such daylight studies are very important for the early stage of environmental analysis during building design.

Development of Evaluation Method of Daylighting Duct System Considering Inner Light Flux

Currently, daylighting ducts system is widely used as a daylighting device. Generally, daylighting duct system efficiently takes light from outside during the day, and conveys daylight to required location through light duct manufactured by high reflectance mirror. Daylighting duct system can convey daylight to underground space that has no windows opening to external space. Daylighting system is composed of light collection part, light guide part and light emission part. Efficiency of daylighting system is depending on type of each part used in the system. However, it is very difficult to estimate exact light flow in the system considering type of the parts. Authors performed measurement experiments to make clear the light flow with real-size model and miniature model of daylighting duct system. We discussed effect of type of the parts on efficiency of daylighting duct system.

Daylighting Strategies： Building＇s Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Improving daylighting strategy is a mandatory step to achieve visual enjoyment and energy saving in buildings. Psycho, physiological effects and energy performance have to be investigated in order to define a range of different daylighting strategies, thanks to daylighting devices and climate based daylight modeling. Daylighting optimization ensures indoor healthier rooms, reduces electric light consumption and cuts the risk of glare. The best way to achieve these targets is to define users lighting needs, based on visual targets and to draw up some green measures to reduce electricity demands. Involving new climate-based daylight modeling metrics aims at defining proper illumination targets, in order to drastically reduce electrical lights, as well as reducing thermal loads deriving from cooling and HVAC （heating, ventilation and air conditioning） systems.

Uniformly Illuminated Efficient Daylighting System

Different approaches have been introduced for the daylighting system to reduce energy consumption, but they were not populated due to complex, high cost, and insufficient designs. There has been a recent problem in achieving uniform distribution of sunlight at a destination deep inside the building. Therefore, we propose a system to achieve high illumination by illuminating the surface of the absorber (optical fibers) uniformly. To capture sunlight, parabolic reflector and Fresnel lens are used. Different reflectors and lenses are considered, compared, and investigated to direct uniform light, which solves the heat problem, into the optical fibers. In addition, this study includes comparison between fiber-based daylighting systems. The proposed system has been verified through simulation and experimental results.

Daylighting Performance Design for Art Studios of Old Factory Renovation Buildings in Subtropical Regions

In the subtropical zone of China, a large number of old factory buildings rich in industrial historical and cultural value have been transformed into art studios. In the existing research on building renovation, there are still problems such as insufficient lighting, low uniformity, and ignoring the effect of glare in the lighting environment of buildings after transformation. To fill this research gap, this paper provides a daylighting design strategy for these factory buildings in subtropical zones to ensure that the transformed art studios can offer an excellent indoor daylighting environment. Through the control variable method, the window-to-wall ratio, the form of external windows, and the visible light transmittance of glass are set with quantitative and variable values, and a design strategy that meets the requirements of international general daylighting standards is obtained step by step through the simulation. The daylight factor, uniformity, daylight autonomy, and dynamic glare probability are used in this research process to measure whether the daylighting strategy meets the daylighting requirements of the CIBSE Lighting Guide for art studios. The results show that the average indoor lighting coefficient can be increased from 1.29 to 6.18, and the minimum value of the lighting coefficient can be increased from 0.4 to 4.4 by enlarging the windowed wall ratio from 1:30 to 1:3, using the combination method of the horizontal window, skylight and skylight recommended by the analysis results, and selecting veneer glass with 88% transmittance. This allows for better uniform lighting inside the building and reduces glare. This conclusion can support the lighting performance design of industrial buildings in the future.

An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Daylighting Performance for an Office Building

The urgency of increasing energy efficiency in new building design and retrofits has pushed lighting simulation to play a central role in sustainable lighting design. The shape of the building and its orientation, the reflectances of building surfaces and glazed areas are important parameters in the daylighting design of buildings. Glazing systems can cut energy consumption and associated pollution sources, reduce peak demand, enhance daylighting performance and improve occupant comfort. This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental comparison between the performances of an office building with and without external sunscreens. The aim was to analyse the illuminance distribution and some investigations have also been made with regards to the effect on daylight in rooms when sunscreens are used. The experimental results were obtained using an office building scale model and sky simulator. The numerical results were obtained through radiance, the ray-tracing program, to accurately predict the light levels and produce photo realistic images of the architectural space in all sky conditions： Illuminance values were obtained respectively through reference point measurements. The daylighting performances of the office building model with and without the sunscreens have been compared and analysed.

加拿大Daylight油田致密砂岩油藏优快钻井技术

为经济高效地开发致密砂岩油藏,并为国内同类型油气田开发提供借鉴,进行了Daylight油田优快钻井技术研究。对Daylight油田地层岩性进行了研究,根据地层压力优化了井身结构;通过分析测井资料并结合统计数据,研制了个性化的钻头;在分析钻井技术难点、地层压力的基础上,研制了油基钻井液体系,并采取严格措施确保其性能稳定;采取防碰技术控制井眼轨迹,满足了井工厂钻井的要求;优选先进的井下工具进行配套应用。该油田油气井井身结构按地区简化为二开和三开2种;研制了适应该地区软硬交错地层的复合钻头;油基钻井液体系为井壁稳定提供了保障;提前防碰技术缩短了滑动钻进时间;振荡钻井技术和AGITATOR井下工具可以解决水平井钻井中的托压问题,黑匣子为分析钻柱涡动提供了数据支持。应用结果表明,同地区平均井深为3 000m的井,平均钻井周期由原来的18d缩短为8d。Daylight油田优快钻井技术研究为快速钻井提供了保证,为国内致密油藏开发提供了技术参考。

建筑室内人体太阳辐射得热特性及数值模拟

太阳辐射对建筑室内人体热舒适和建筑能耗有着显著影响。通过实测验证了daylight coefficient(DC)算法模拟太阳辐射强度的准确性。随后基于假人仿真模型采用DC算法计算室内人体平均辐射温度增量(ΔMRT),与SolarCal(SC)算法结果作对比,并对SC算法进行改进。相比原SC算法,改进SC算法与DC算法计算散射辐射ΔMRT最大差值从4.66℃优化到0.92℃。然后通过改进SC算法数值模拟案例分析了建筑室内人体全年太阳辐射得热特性,为评估被动太阳能建筑性能及改进暖通空调系统参数调控提供参考。

Sky luminance distribution types in China

According to Chinese daylighting climate data,combined with the standard of Commission Inernationale de l'Eclairgae(CIE) general sky luminance distribution(SLD),the sky luminance distribution of typical daylighting climate zones in China was studied.Through the research on reference SLD of overcast,intermediate and clear types,the standards of clear and overcast SLD are consistent with CIE general sky,and the intermediate SLD has greater error with CIE general sky.The main types of Chinese sky luminance in different daylighting climate zones were obtained,which provide the basic data for simulation and forecast of China natural light,and provide reference for using the standard amendments of China future natural light.

Optimized Design of LED Daylight Lamp Lighting System

In order to meet the requirements of indoor illumination, a LED daylight lamp model was designed, it can replace traditional fluorescent lamp without insteading additional power supply establishment. The optical properties of the model were simulated using optical analysis software. Its luminous efficiency is about 30.4 lm/W, and the illuminance is about 38 lux when the distance is 1.5 m between the center of the model and measured spot. With the theoretically-optimized design of LED model, experiments based on the results of the optimal simulation in the laboratory were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed LED model, it reaches a power factor of about 0.8 at 6 W. The simulation results are very similar with the measured values. It is testified that simulative method is one of the effective tools for LED lighting optical design.

Air temperature was associated with ambulance transports in Osaka area, Japan

We investigated the link between ambulance transports and meteorological parameters of summer by using daily data in Osaka area, Japan. Daily observations for ambulance transports (from July 1 to September 30, 2009) were obtained from Fire Department Service in Osaka. Data of meteorological parameters in Osaka area, Japan (from July 1 to September 30, 2009) were also obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. Effect of meteorological parameters on ambulance transports was analyzed. A total of 49,526 ambulance transports were observed from July 1 to September 30, 2009 in Osaka, Japan. Ambulance transports were significantly correlated with mean air temperature (r = 0.298), the highest air temperature (r = 0.347), the lowest air temperature (r = 0.209) and daylight hours (r = 0.301). The higher air temperature was associated with higher ambulance transports of summer in Osaka area, Japan.

Simplified prediction model for lighting energy consumption in office building scheme design

At the scheme design stage,the potential of daylighting is significant due to the saving for electric lighting use. There are few simple tools for architects to optimize the daylighting design. Therefore,it is useful to develop a design guideline related to the evaluation of lighting energy saving potential and sunlight design strategies. This paper analyzes the impacts of different artificial lighting control methods and design parameters on daylighting. A direct correlation between lighting energy consumption and parameters such as orientations,window to wall ratio (WWR) and perimeter depth is established. A simplified prediction model is proposed to estimate lighting energy consumption with the given perimeter depth,WWR,and window transparency. Validation of the model is carried out compared with detailed lighting simulation software for an office building. After the variation analysis for these parameters,design advises for the daylighting design at scheme design phase are summarized.

Light Environment Analysis and Design Strategies of Large Commercial Buildings-A Case Study in Harbin

This paper presents a comprehensive survey for the situation of light environment in large commercial building through architecture design information,subjective and objective fieldwork and online survey for three typical commercial building forms( centralized form, covered mall shopping center, lifestyle center).Descriptive method is used for statistical analysis which includes the evaluation of light environmental quality,subjective assessment among daylight and artificial illumination,effect of physical characteristics on subjective assessment of light environment. Based on the results of statistical analysis,the improving strategies for light environment are proposed in terms of making use of daylight,artificial lighting design and improvement of the overall light environmental quality. The design strategies which based on the consumer needs is very important can provide help for further impact prediction on the quality of light environment.

The“Fassadenladen”(Facade Shutter)—A New Interpretation of the Window Shutter,with Biogenic Materials

As part of a collaborative project,we took the window shutter—a widely used traditional facade element—and reinterpreted it for“adaptive”solutions using new,sustainable technologies.The aim was to design a modular construction kit that varies radiant energy,light and air flow to weather conditions and occupant requirements in new and existing residential and office buildings.

遮阳条件下的办公建筑日光眩光模拟研究

在办公建筑的使用中,天然采光可以大大降低建筑内部对人工光源的需求,对我国推进的碳达峰及碳中和工作、建筑节能等方面的实操层面具有重要意义。同时,适宜的天然采光能为建筑带来舒适的工作环境,对室内人眼的长时间聚焦有积极作用。但直接的天然采光在特定环境下极易产生眩光,强烈的光强及分布不均给人眼工作带来不适,严重影响建筑使用的光舒适度。